CN104868132B - Nano carbon balls modified electrode and preparation method thereof and the application in microbiological fuel cell - Google Patents
Nano carbon balls modified electrode and preparation method thereof and the application in microbiological fuel cell Download PDFInfo
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- CN104868132B CN104868132B CN201510193868.2A CN201510193868A CN104868132B CN 104868132 B CN104868132 B CN 104868132B CN 201510193868 A CN201510193868 A CN 201510193868A CN 104868132 B CN104868132 B CN 104868132B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
- H01M4/8885—Sintering or firing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Abstract
Application the present invention relates to a kind of Nano carbon balls modified electrode and preparation method thereof and in microbiological fuel cell, methods described comprises the following steps：(1) graphite flake is pre-processed；(2) organic wastewater and pretreated graphite flake are carried out into hydrothermal carbonization reaction, preliminary modified electrode is obtained；(3) preliminary modified electrode is carried out into high-temperature process and obtains Nano carbon balls modified electrode.The Nano carbon balls modified electrode for preparing has larger specific surface area, preferable oxidation-reduction quality and electrochemistry, the adhesion amount that can increase microorganism in microbial dye battery is applied it to, the electricity generation performance and waste water treatment efficiency of microbial dye battery is improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of microbial fuel battery, and in particular to Nano carbon balls modified electrode and preparation method thereof
With the application in microbiological fuel cell.
Background technology
With continuing to increase for world population number, the mankind are increasingly subject to the influence of energy resources deficiency and environmental degradation,
Therefore tap a new source of energy and widely paid attention to, and be a kind of effective means using reproducible biomass power generation.Micro- life
Thing fuel cell (Microbial fuel cells, MFC) produces the new method of electric energy as a kind of utilization microbial metabolism, closely
Paid close attention to by more people over year.It is a kind of device that chemical energy is changed into electric energy by the use of microorganism as catalyst,
Microorganism can be metabolized the organic substance in waste water, while producing electric energy, have treatment waste water concurrently with the function of production capacity so as to significantly
Reduce cost of sewage disposal.But, existing microbiological fuel cell generally has the shortcomings that electricity production is low.
Anode plays microorganism of the enrichment with electro-chemical activity as the important component of microbiological fuel cell,
And the key effect for drawing electronics, therefore anode material has critical effect to the performance of microbiological fuel cell.At present,
The research of anode material is concentrated mainly on high conductivity, non-corrosiveness, high-specific surface area, high porosity, cheap, easily making etc.
Several aspects.With the foundation of microbiological fuel cell engineering, the demand of anode material is increasing, cost performance anode high
Material also increasingly attracts attention.Anode is modified using Nano carbon balls, can increase electrode based on modified electrode compares table
Area, can increase microorganism adhesion amount, and the electricity generation performance and waste water treatment efficiency of microbiological fuel cell can be improved with this.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to overcome existing microbiological fuel cell (MFC) generally to have, electricity production is low, at waste water
A kind of low shortcoming of reason efficiency, there is provided Nano carbon balls modified electrode and preparation method thereof, and applied in MFC.It is prepared into
To Nano carbon balls modified electrode there is larger specific surface area, preferable oxidation-reduction quality and electrochemistry, apply it to
In MFC, the electricity generation performance and waste water treatment efficiency of MFC can be improved.
Therefore, the invention provides a kind of preparation method of Nano carbon balls modified electrode, methods described comprises the following steps：
(1) graphite flake is pre-processed；
(2) organic wastewater and pretreated graphite flake are carried out into hydrothermal carbonization reaction, preliminary modified electrode is obtained；
(3) preliminary modified electrode is carried out into high-temperature process and obtains Nano carbon balls modified electrode.
According to the present invention, the step (1) keeps 1- including graphite flake is immersed in the hydrochloric acid solution of 0.5-2mol/L
3h, is then cleaned for several times with deionized water, until the pH of rinse water is 7, is dried stand-by.Graphite flake is pre-processed, can be with
The impurity of electrode surface is removed, increases the specific surface area of electrode, improve electrical conductivity.
According to the present invention, the COD (COD) minimum 500,000 of organic wastewater, institute of the present invention in the step (2)
The organic wastewater carbon content for using is higher, is used as carbon source, on the one hand can make substantial amounts of liquid phase carbon conversion in organic wastewater
It is solid carbon, is directly separated out using direct growth method carbon and be attached on graphite flake, for preparing electrode material；On the other hand, have
Liquid-phase C in machine waste water is converted into solid carbon, can reduce the COD of organic wastewater.Therefore electricity is made using organic wastewater carbonization
Not only cost of manufacture is cheap and realizes the recycling of organic wastewater for pole material, and relatively reduces the treatment of organic wastewater
Burden.How much relevant the height of COD is with the solid carbon being carbonized out, if COD value is less than 500,000, organic wastewater carbonizing degree
Low, the solid carbon being carbonized out is few, is unfavorable for preparing electrode, and COD high is conducive to improving the carbonization amount of solid carbon, the electricity prepared
Ultimate ratio surface area can increase.
According to the present invention, the step (2) fills 60-85ml organic wastewaters including pretreated graphite flake is put into
In reactor, reactor is put into baking oven, 15-18h is reacted at 180-210 DEG C, obtain the modified electrode after carbonization for the first time；
Modified electrode after first time is carbonized is put into the reactor for filling 60-85ml organic wastewaters, and reactor is put into baking oven,
15-18h is reacted at 180-210 DEG C, the modified electrode after second carbonization is obtained；Second is washed respectively with methyl alcohol, distilled water
Modified electrode after secondary carbonization 3 times, then to put it into and dry 1-3h in baking oven, obtains preliminary modified electrode.Due to a carbon
The carbon of graphite flake surface attachment is less after change, carries out second carbonization treatment, and more carbon can be made to be attached to graphite flake surface,
Obtain the bigger modified electrode of specific surface area.
According to the present invention, the step (3) including preliminary modified electrode is put into porcelain boat, in N2Under atmosphere, with 3-6
DEG C/heating rate of min is warming up to 200-400 DEG C of holding 0.5-2h, then it is warmed up to the heating rate of 3-6 DEG C/min again
700-900 DEG C, constant temperature 1.5-3.5h, finally in N2Room temperature is naturally cooled under protection, Nano carbon balls modified electrode is obtained.It is organic
Contain substantial amounts of organo-functional group in waste water, therefore contain more oxygen-containing official using preliminary modified electrode prepared by organic wastewater
Can roll into a ball, preliminary modified electrode is carried out into high-temperature process, can be pyrolyzed oxygen-containing functional group, generation carbon dioxide, water, methyl alcohol
Can reduce oxygen-containing functional group and can cause that the Nano carbon balls on modified electrode surface are sent out Deng volatile materials, therefore high-temperature process
Raw expansion.Solid particle to Nano carbon balls modified electrode surface is scanned Electronic Speculum test, as a result shows to be attached to electrode table
The solid particle in face is that Nano carbon balls, a diameter of 100-10000nm, therefore the modified electrode for preparing are that Nano carbon balls are modified
Electrode.
According to the Nano carbon balls modified electrode that the method for the invention is prepared.
According to the present invention, be used as Nano carbon balls modified electrode by application of the Nano carbon balls modified electrode in MFC
The anode of MFC.
The specific surface area of the Nano carbon balls modified electrode that the present invention is prepared is big, applies it to and can increase on MFC
The adhesion amount of microorganism；Nano carbon balls modified electrode has preferable oxidation-reduction quality, applies it on the anode of MFC,
It is easier redox reaction on anode, such that it is able to improve the waste water treatment efficiency of MFC, COD clearances.Nano carbon balls
The resistance of modified electrode is relatively low, with preferable chemical property.Nano carbon balls modified electrode is applied on the anode of MFC,
Power density, electricity generation performance and the COD clearances of MFC can be improved, the internal resistance of MFC can be reduced.The present invention utilizes organic waste
Water prepares Nano carbon balls modified electrode as carbon source, organic wastewater is processed again while modified electrode is prepared, both
The recycling that production cost realizes organic wastewater is again saved.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the Nano carbon balls modified electrode of embodiment 1；
Fig. 2 is the cyclic voltammetric electro-chemical test figure of embodiment 1 and comparative example 1；
Fig. 3 is the power density curve map of embodiment 1 and comparative example 1；
Fig. 4 is the internal drag curve figure of embodiment 1 and comparative example 1；
Fig. 5 is the COD clearance curve maps of embodiment 1 and comparative example 1；
Fig. 6 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the Nano carbon balls modified electrode of embodiment 2；
Fig. 7 is the cyclic voltammetric electro-chemical test figure of embodiment 2 and comparative example 2；
Fig. 8 is the power density curve map of embodiment 2 and comparative example 2；
Fig. 9 is the internal drag curve figure of embodiment 2 and comparative example 2；
Figure 10 is the COD clearance curve maps of embodiment 2 and comparative example 2.
Specific embodiment
Specific embodiment of the invention is described in detail below, it should be appreciated that described herein specific
Implementation method is merely to illustrate and explain the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention.
Method of testing of the present invention is as follows：
Surface topography is tested using ESEM；
Specific surface area is tested using methylene blue test adsorption；
Electro-chemical test is tested using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemistry resistance spectrum；
COD clearances are tested using rapid-digestion method.
Graphite flake used in the present invention is graphite flake commonly used in the art, and organic wastewater derives from Sinopec Shandong stone
The organic wastewater that oily chemical company workshop is expelled directly out.
Embodiment 1
(1) graphite flake is immersed in the hydrochloric acid solution of 1mol/L and keeps 1h, then cleaned for several times with deionized water, until
Cleaning fluid pH is 7, is finally dried stand-by.
(2) pretreated graphite flake is put into the reactor for filling the organic wastewater that 70ml, COD are 520,000, will be anti-
Answer kettle to be put into baking oven, 17h is reacted at 190 DEG C, obtain the modified electrode after carbonization for the first time；It is modified after first time is carbonized
Electrode is put into the reactor for filling 70ml organic wastewaters, and reactor is put into baking oven, and 17h is reacted at 190 DEG C, obtains second
Modified electrode after secondary carbonization；The modified electrode 3 times after second charing is washed respectively with methyl alcohol, distilled water, is then put
Enter and dry 1h in baking oven, obtain preliminary modified electrode.
(3) preliminary modified electrode is put into porcelain boat, in N2Under atmosphere, 250 DEG C are warming up to the heating rate of 4 DEG C/min
1.5h is kept, 850 DEG C, constant temperature 2h, finally in N are then warmed up to the heating rate of 4 DEG C/min again2Naturally cooled under protection
Room temperature, obtains Nano carbon balls modified electrode.
Surface particles thing to Nano carbon balls modified electrode is scanned Electronic Speculum test, as a result as shown in figure 1, showing the table
Face particulate matter is that Nano carbon balls, a diameter of 10000nm, therefore the modified electrode for preparing are Nano carbon balls modified electrode.
Comparative example 1
Graphite flake is immersed in the hydrochloric acid solution of 1mol/L and keeps 1h, then cleaned for several times with deionized water, until clearly
Washing lotion pH is 7, is finally dried, as graphite plate electrode.
The specific surface area of Nano carbon balls modified electrode and graphite plate electrode is tested by methylene blue test adsorption, is as a result shown
The absorbance change of Nano carbon balls modified electrode is 0.03, and the absorbance change of graphite plate electrode is 0.01.With graphite plate electrode
Compare, the specific surface area increase of Nano carbon balls modified electrode after applying it to MFC, can increase the adhesion amount of microorganism.
Electrochemistry survey is carried out to Nano carbon balls modified electrode and graphite plate electrode with cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Examination, cyclic voltammetry test curve result is as shown in Figure 2.Compared with graphite plate electrode, Nano carbon balls modified electrode has higher
Oxidation-reduction potential, therefore its redox property strengthen.The resistance for obtaining electrode is fitted with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, as a result such as
Shown in table 1.Compared with graphite plate electrode, the resistance of Nano carbon balls modified electrode is low, by its as MFC anode, on anode
Easily there is redox reaction, such that it is able to strengthen the electricity generation performance of MFC.
By Nano carbon balls modified electrode and graphite plate electrode, application is the anode of MFC respectively, obtains the modified electricity of Nano carbon balls
Pole MFC and graphite plate electrode MFC.By changing the known load resistance of MFC, the open-circuit voltage of MFC is surveyed with universal meter, further
The power density and current density of MFC are calculated, electric current are mapped with power density is obtained its power density curve, as a result such as
Shown in Fig. 3.The power density ratio graphite plate electrode MFC of Nano carbon balls modified electrode MFC improves 18%, illustrates that Nano carbon balls change
Property electrode improves the electricity generation performance of MFC.
Matched curve is obtained by parameter fitting, i.e., Nano carbon balls is obtained by voltage and current relationship slope of a curve
The internal resistance of modified electrode MFC and graphite plate electrode MFC, as a result as shown in Figure 4.The internal resistance of Nano carbon balls modified electrode MFC is 68
The internal resistance of Ω, graphite plate electrode MFC is 91 Ω, the internal resistance of the internal resistance than graphite plate electrode MFC of Nano carbon balls modified electrode MFC
It is small.
The COD clearances of Nano carbon balls modified electrode MFC and graphite plate electrode MFC are tested using rapid-digestion method, as a result
As shown in Figure 5.The COD clearances of Nano carbon balls modified electrode MFC are 79%, and the COD clearances of graphite plate electrode MFC are
76%, illustrate that the waste water treatment efficiency of Nano carbon balls modified electrode MFC is improved.
Embodiment 2
(1) graphite flake is immersed in the hydrochloric acid solution of 1.5mol/L and keeps 2h, then cleaned for several times with deionized water, directly
It is 7 to rinse water pH, finally dries stand-by.
(2) pretreated graphite flake is put into the reactor for filling the organic wastewater that 80ml, COD are 650,000, will be anti-
Answer kettle to be put into baking oven, 16h is reacted at 200 DEG C, obtain the modified electrode after carbonization for the first time；It is modified after first time is carbonized
Electrode is put into the reactor for filling 80ml organic wastewaters, and reactor is put into baking oven, and 16h is reacted at 200 DEG C, obtains second
Modified electrode after secondary carbonization；The modified electrode 3 times after second carbonization is washed respectively with methyl alcohol, distilled water, is then put
Enter and dry 2h in baking oven, obtain preliminary modified electrode.
(3) preliminary modified electrode is put into porcelain boat, in N2Under atmosphere, 300 DEG C are warming up to the heating rate of 5 DEG C/min
2h is kept, 750 DEG C, constant temperature 3h, finally in N are then warmed up to the heating rate of 5 DEG C/min again2Room is naturally cooled under protection
Temperature, obtains Nano carbon balls modified electrode.
Surface particles thing to Nano carbon balls modified electrode is scanned Electronic Speculum test, as a result as shown in fig. 6, showing the table
Face particulate matter is that Nano carbon balls, a diameter of 5000nm, therefore the modified electrode for preparing are Nano carbon balls modified electrode.
Comparative example 2
(1) graphite flake is immersed in the hydrochloric acid solution of 1.5mol/L and keeps 2h, then cleaned for several times with deionized water, directly
It is 7 to rinse water pH, finally dries stand-by.
(2) pretreated graphite flake is put into filling the reactor that 80ml, COD are 650,000 organic wastewaters, will be reacted
Kettle is put into baking oven, and 16h is reacted at 200 DEG C, obtains the modified electrode after carbonization for the first time；Modified electricity after first time is carbonized
Pole is put into the reactor for filling 80ml organic wastewaters, and reactor is put into baking oven, and 16h is reacted at 200 DEG C, is obtained second
Modified electrode after carbonization；The modified electrode 3 times after second carbonization is washed respectively with methyl alcohol, distilled water, is then put it into
2h is dried in baking oven, preliminary modified electrode is obtained.
The specific surface area of Nano carbon balls modified electrode and preliminary modified electrode is tested by methylene blue test adsorption, as a result table
Bright, the change of Nano carbon balls modified electrode absorbance turns to 0.031, and the change of preliminary modified electrode absorbance turns to 0.016.With it is first
Step modified electrode is compared, and is increased by Nano carbon balls modified electrode specific surface area after high-temperature process, is applied it on MFC, can
To increase the adhesion amount of microorganism.
Electrochemistry is carried out to Nano carbon balls modified electrode and preliminary modified electrode with cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Test, cyclic voltammetry test curve result is as shown in Figure 7.Compared with modified electrode, Nano carbon balls modified electrode has higher
Oxidation-reduction potential, therefore its redox property strengthen.The resistance for obtaining electrode is fitted with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, as a result such as
Shown in table 1.Compared with the resistance of preliminary modified electrode, the resistance of Nano carbon balls modified electrode is low, by its as MFC anode,
It is easier redox reaction on anode, such that it is able to strengthen the electricity generation performance of MFC.
By Nano carbon balls modified electrode and preliminary modified electrode, application is the anode of MFC respectively, obtains Nano carbon balls and is modified
Electrode MFC and preliminary modified electrode MFC.By changing the known load resistance of MFC, the open-circuit voltage of MFC is surveyed with universal meter, entered
One step calculates the power density and current density of MFC, current density is mapped with power density obtains power density curve, ties
Really as shown in figure 8, the preliminary modified electrode MFC power densities of the power density ratio of nanosphere modified electrode MFC improve 40%, say
Bright Nano carbon balls modified electrode improves the electricity generation performance of MFC.Preliminary modified electrode without high-temperature process, contain largely by its surface
Oxygen-containing functional group, therefore electric conductivity is poor, oxidation-reduction quality is poor, therefore the power density of preliminary modified electrode MFC is less than carbon
The power density of nanosphere modified electrode MFC.
Matched curve is obtained by parameter fitting, i.e., Nano carbon balls is obtained by voltage and current relationship slope of a curve
The internal resistance of modified electrode MFC and preliminary modified electrode MFC, as a result as shown in Figure 9.The internal resistance of Nano carbon balls modified electrode MFC is
The internal resistance of 67.6 Ω, preliminary modified electrode MFC is 164 Ω, and the internal resistance of Nano carbon balls modified electrode MFC is than preliminary modified electrode
MFC is small, therefore the MFC conductive capabilities of Nano carbon balls modified electrode are strong, and COD clearances are high.
The COD clearances of Nano carbon balls modified electrode MFC and preliminary modified electrode MFC, knot are tested using rapid-digestion method
Fruit is as shown in Figure 10.The COD clearances of Nano carbon balls modified electrode MFC are 80%, and the COD clearances of graphite plate electrode MFC are
73%, illustrate that the waste water treatment efficiency of Nano carbon balls modified electrode MFC is improved.This conclusion is with preliminary modified electrode without high temperature
Treatment, its electric conductivity is poor, and it is consistent that oxidation-reduction quality is poor.
The resistance of the electrode of table 1.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of preparation method of Nano carbon balls modified electrode, it is characterised in that methods described comprises the following steps：
(1) graphite flake is pre-processed；
(2) organic wastewater and pretreated graphite flake are carried out into hydrothermal carbonization reaction, preliminary modified electrode is obtained；
(3) preliminary modified electrode is carried out into high-temperature process and obtains Nano carbon balls modified electrode；
Wherein, described step (2) fills the reactor of 60-85ml organic wastewaters including pretreated graphite flake is put into
In, reactor is put into baking oven, 15-18h is reacted at 180-210 DEG C, obtain the modified electrode after carbonization for the first time；By first
Modified electrode after secondary carbonization is put into the reactor for filling 60-85ml organic wastewaters, reactor is put into baking oven, in 180-
15-18h is reacted at 210 DEG C, the modified electrode after second carbonization is obtained；Second carbonization is washed respectively with methyl alcohol, distilled water
Modified electrode afterwards 3 times, then to put it into and dry 1-3h in baking oven, obtains preliminary modified electrode.
2. a kind of preparation method of Nano carbon balls modified electrode as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the step (1)
1-3h is kept including graphite flake is immersed in the hydrochloric acid solution of 0.5-2mol/L, is then cleaned for several times with deionized water, until
The pH of rinse water is 7, is dried stand-by.
3. a kind of preparation method of Nano carbon balls modified electrode as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the step (2)
The COD minimum 500,000 of middle organic wastewater.
4. a kind of preparation method of Nano carbon balls modified electrode as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the step (3)
Including preliminary modified electrode is put into porcelain boat, under N2 atmosphere, 200-400 DEG C is warming up to the heating rate of 3-6 DEG C/min
0.5-2h is kept, then 700-900 DEG C is warmed up to the heating rate of 3-6 DEG C/min again, constant temperature 1.5-3.5h is finally protected in N2
Room temperature is naturally cooled under shield, Nano carbon balls modified electrode is obtained.
5. the Nano carbon balls modified electrode that the method as any one of claim 1-4 is prepared.
6. application of the Nano carbon balls modified electrode as claimed in claim 5 in microbiological fuel cell, it is characterised in that will
Nano carbon balls modified electrode is used as the anode of microbiological fuel cell.
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Effective date of registration: 20181112 Address after: 266042 No. 43 Zhengzhou Road, North District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province Patentee after: Qingdao soft controlled marine environmental protection Co., Ltd. Address before: 266062 Environmental College, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao City, Shandong Province Patentee before: Qingdao University of Science & Technology |
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Granted publication date: 20170613 Termination date: 20210422 |
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