CN104764647A - Heavy casting and forging macrosegregation simple three-dimensional reconstruction method - Google Patents
Heavy casting and forging macrosegregation simple three-dimensional reconstruction method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a heavy casting and forging macrosegregation simple three-dimensional reconstruction method. The method is used for three-dimensional reconstruction of macrosegregation in heavy casting and forging, and is characterized by comprising the following steps: 1) polishing a sample: cutting a cubic sub-sample from the heavy casting and forging by using a linear cutting method, and grinding and polishing three surfaces of a common-vertex of the sub-sample; 2) carrying out chemical etching on a sample: chemically etching the polished sub-sample, marking feature points; 3) acquiring a picture and carrying out three-dimensional reconstruction: acquiring a metallograph of the chemically etched sub-sample, and carrying out three-dimensional reconstruction according to the marked feature points. Compared with the prior art, the three-dimension reconstruction method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of being simple in equipment and high in reconstruction efficiency, the problem that the conventional single metallographic phase cannot reflect the real condition of the sample segregation is solved, and the defects that the section-cutting method is low in efficiency and low in success rate are improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of three-dimensional reconstruction method, especially relate to the simple and easy three-dimensional reconstruction method of a kind of heavy casting and forging macrosegregation.
Background technology
Heavy casting and forging is national major technologies and equipment, the necessary important foundation part of key project construction, be widely used in the various aspects such as energy device, mining equiment, communications and transportation, war products, large-scale section grinding device, its manufacturing ability is one of mark of the national major technologies and equipment self-supporting capability of measurement one.
The production of heavy casting and forging need pass through the steps such as smelting-ingot casting-forging-thermal treatment-machine work, and because heavy casting and forging volume and quality are all very large, the macrostructure of steel ingot can be divided into chill, columnar zone, branch crystalline region, equiax crystal district, deposit cone district etc.After ingot solidification, from crystal grain to the different parts of macroscopical steel ingot, chemical composition is not uniform, and the existence of segregation is inevitable.Segregation can be divided into microsegregation and macrosegregation, and microsegregation refers to the uneven chemical components among a small circle, generally within a crystal particle scale scope; Macrosegregation refers to the uneven chemical components within the scope of large scale, as dendritic segregation, banded segregation etc.
The impact of microsegregation on steel ingot and forging mechanical property is obvious, because uneven components causes structural difference, causes impact flexibility and plasticity to decline, adds hot cracking tendency, sometimes also make steel ingot be difficult to processing.The generation of macrosegregation, makes the mechanical property of steel ingot and physical property produce very big-difference, and it is very difficult for wanting to eliminate macrosegregation, can only reduce as far as possible.
Large-scale segregation adopts single flour milling to observe can not react actual segregation situation, carry out macro morphology that metallographic observation obtains from different directions and microstructure all different, adopt single flour milling to carry out observing the conclusion that even can obtain mistake, three-dimensionalreconstruction must be adopted just to obtain the actual conditions of material segregation distribution.Conventional three-dimensional reconstruction method many employings section is carried out, and this equipment needing specialty carries out hierarchy slicing, then adopts the software of specialty to be reconstructed.Adopt microtomy to carry out three-dimensionalreconstruction to waste time and energy, can not there is any mistake in centre, certain is cut unsuccessfully, and whole reconstruct i.e. failure, and success ratio, efficiency are lower, can not meet the demand of factory's large-scale production.
Summary of the invention
Object of the present invention is exactly provide to overcome defect that above-mentioned prior art exists the simple and easy three-dimensional reconstruction method of heavy casting and forging macrosegregation that a kind of equipment is simple, reconstruct efficiency is high.
1) polishing step of sample: adopt wire cutting method to be polylith subsample by heavy casting and forging sample segment, and three faces on the common summit of every block subsample are polished and polishing;
2) the chemical etching step of sample: chemical etching process is carried out to the subsample after polishing, marker characteristic point;
3) acquisition of photo and three-dimensionalreconstruction step: the metallograph obtaining the subsample after chemical etching, carries out three-dimensionalreconstruction according to marked unique point.
Described polishing step is specially:
1a) the cutting of sample: the method for the sample Linear cut taken off from actual heavy casting and forging is cut cube subsample; 1b) the corase grind of sample: three faces on the common summit of chooser sample are polished, each face is successively through aluminium oxide or the grinding of silit water-proof abrasive paper of 180# → 320# → 600#, the speed setting of abrasive disk is 500 ~ 800rpm, change a time sand paper at every turn, by subsample along grinding face 90-degree rotation, till the polishing scratch being ground to new a time covers the polishing scratch of a time;
1c) the fine grinding of sample: ground on the aluminium oxide water-proof abrasive paper of 1200# by the subsample after corase grind, the speed setting of abrasive disk is 300 ~ 500rpm, till being ground to invisible upper a time polishing scratch along the direction that upper a time polishing scratch is vertical;
1d) the polishing of sample: the sub-sample after fine grinding is placed in polishing on woollen polishing cloth, use the diamond polishing liquid of 9 μm → 3 μm → 0.5 μm successively, rotating speed is 200 ~ 300rpm, obtains light and does not have pitted polished surface, rinse and dry up.
The seamed edge of described subsample is long is 13-18mm.
Described chemical etching step is specially:
2a) chemical etching: etching solution put into by the subsample just after polishing, facet upward, takes out after submergence corrosion 3 ~ 5min, after the burnt hair product on cleaned samples surface, rinses and dry up;
Described etching solution comprises nitric acid and alcohol, and its ratio is 4 ~ 5:100;
2b) unique point mark: mark the unique point of subsample under metaloscope, described unique point comprises all summits of three ribs on common summit.
Described three-dimensionalreconstruction step is specially:
3a) arrange enlargement factor, under Stereo microscope, obtain the metallograph in three faces on summit altogether in subsample, in described photo, the edge of subsample is parallel with its edges;
3b) carry out three-dimensionalreconstruction according to the physical location of photo with the unique point marked, during reconstruct, the shared seamed edge of adjacent surface overlaps.
Described enlargement factor is 5 ~ 25.
Object of the present invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions:
Compared with prior art, the present invention is for setting up high-temperature diffusion process and material segregation degree, the relation of macro-mechanical property particularly between low-temperature impact toughness of the segregation degree of material and material phase transformation dynamics, material, provides the basis that segregation characterizes, specifically has the following advantages:
(1) adopt from orthogonal three direction flour millings observations, the approximate distributed in three dimensions situation obtaining material segregation, solves the problem that microtomy three-dimensionalreconstruction efficiency is lower, can not meet factory's large-scale production demand.
(2) solving conventional single metaloscope can not the problem of response sample segregation truth.
(3) the method equipment needed thereby is simple, and do not need Special Equipment to carry out sample preparation, also do not need specific software to be reconstructed, less investment, output is high.
(4) the method success ratio is high, still can adopt remedial measures, unsuccessfully just affect whole reconstruct unlike a certain section in microtomy after a certain flour milling failure.
(5) the method carries out easy three-dimensionalreconstruction by three faces perpendicular to each other, also can carry out flour milling observation to cube 6 faces, and then infers the trend and the distribution that are segregated in material internal.
(6) the method is simple, less demanding to personnel's knowwhy, understandable easy to learn, can promote the use of in factory.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is schematic flow sheet of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram carrying out unique point mark;
Fig. 3 is the three-dimensional stereo photo obtained after three-dimensionalreconstruction in embodiment 1;
Fig. 4 is the three-dimensional stereo photo obtained after three-dimensionalreconstruction in embodiment 2;
Fig. 5 is the three-dimensional stereo photo obtained after three-dimensionalreconstruction in embodiment 3.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments, the present invention is described in detail.The present embodiment is implemented premised on technical solution of the present invention, give detailed embodiment and concrete operating process, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to following embodiment.
Embodiment 1
As shown in Figure 1, the present embodiment provides a kind of heavy casting and forging macrosegregation simple and easy three-dimensional reconstruction method, carries out three-dimensionalreconstruction, comprise the following steps heavy casting and forging sample:
Step S1, the polishing step of sample: adopt wire cutting method to be polylith subsample by sample segment, and polishing is carried out to every block subsample;
Step S2, the chemical etching step of sample: chemical etching process is carried out to the subsample after polishing, marker characteristic point;
Step S3, the three-dimensionalreconstruction step of sample: the metallograph obtaining the subsample after chemical etching, carries out three-dimensionalreconstruction according to marked unique point.
The polishing of step S1 is specially:
1a) the cutting of sample: the method for the sample Linear cut taken off from actual heavy casting and forging is divided into polylith subsample, ensure during cutting that subsample is cube, its seamed edge is long is 13mm, subsample is too large, when carrying out grinding and polishing, easily occur chamfering and destroy polishing disk, subsample is too little, not easily hold, subsample easily flies out.
1b) the corase grind of sample: three faces on the common summit of chooser sample are polished, each face is successively through aluminium oxide or the grinding of silit water-proof abrasive paper of 180# → 320# → 600#, the speed setting of abrasive disk is 500rpm, change a time sand paper at every turn, by subsample along grinding face 90-degree rotation, till the polishing scratch being ground to new a time covers the polishing scratch of a time, some can not be made to leak mill or leak throw, and cause polished surface cut too many, metallographic observation requirement can not be met, when grinding, use tap water to do lubricant.
When carrying out grinding and polishing, subsample uniform force should be ensured, not occurring tilting and chamfering, ensure that three polished surfaces of subsample are vertical between two, note ensureing that subsample is perpendicular to polishing disk surface, does not tilt, to ensure that sightingpiston is vertical between two, prevent chamfering, in order to avoid have an impact to reconstruct.
1c) the fine grinding of sample: ground on the aluminium oxide water-proof abrasive paper of 1200# by the subsample after corase grind, the speed setting of abrasive disk is 300rpm, till being ground to invisible upper a time polishing scratch along the direction that upper a time polishing scratch is vertical.
1d) the polishing of sample: the sub-sample after fine grinding is placed in polishing on woollen polishing cloth, use the diamond polishing liquid of 9 μm → 3 μm → 0.5 μm successively, rotating speed is 200rpm, obtains light and does not have pitted polished surface, uses water and alcohol rinse successively and use hair-dryer to dry up.
The chemical etching of step S2 is specially:
2a) chemical etching: etching solution put into by the subsample just after polishing, facet upward, takes out after submergence corrosion 3 ~ 5min, after the burnt hair product on cleaned samples surface, rinses and dry up.
Etching solution comprises nitric acid and alcohol, and its ratio is 4 ~ 5:100.What etching solution adopted is about 4% nitric acid alcohol, if desired carry out three-dimensionalreconstruction to other materials, select the mordant that this material is corresponding, as carried out grain size sign, the saturated picric acid solution of many employings is as mordant.In general, the nital prepared if having, directly uses the solution prepared.This method is distributed as object with the segregation observing macroscopic view, and etching time is advisable with 3min, corrodes too short or long, all well can not show the distribution of segregation.
2b) unique point mark: under metaloscope, the unique point of subsample is marked, described unique point comprises all summits of three ribs on common summit, and as shown in Figure 2, apex marker is O altogether, article three, rib is respectively Oa, Ob, Oc, and three faces are respectively aOb, bOc, aOc.
The three-dimensionalreconstruction of step S3 is specially:
3a) arranging enlargement factor is 10, and under Stereo microscope, obtain the photo in three faces on summit altogether in subsample, in described photo, the edge of subsample is parallel with its edges, for follow-up three-dimensionalreconstruction is provided convenience, during as observed aOb face, should ensure, Oa with Ob seamed edge is parallel with its edges.
3b) carry out three-dimensionalreconstruction according to the physical location of photo with the unique point marked, during reconstruct, the shared seamed edge of adjacent surface overlaps.
Above-mentioned three-dimensionalreconstruction is mainly by rotating realizing of the space angle of photo, and concrete angle is relevant with actual needs.According to visual imaging theory, same sample is when observer is in diverse location, and shape and the size of some that sees are all different, if photo in Fig. 2 is at the observable image in camera lens position, as in figure, aOb, bOc, aOc size and shape is different.The process of reconstruct is actually, and by the picture examined under a microscope by the conversion of size and shape with reconfigure, makes it have three-dimensional visible effect.According to the observation on position, calculate the conversion of photo angle and size, then the software with image conversion function is adopted to adjust the locus of each photo, rotate a certain angle, when being reconstructed, should ensure that original mark is still in correspondence position, the such as aOb face Ob seamed edge crossing with bOc face still must ensure when being reconstructed to overlap.
The aOb photo anglec of rotation is (x=316.9 °, y=327.5 °, z=26.9 °), the bOc photo anglec of rotation is (x=0 °, y=0 °, z=0 °), the aOc photo anglec of rotation is (x=70.7 °, y=314.7 °, z=296.4 °), and ensure that original mark is still in correspondence position, obtain three-dimensional stereo photo as shown in Figure 3, complete reconstruct.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment provides a kind of heavy casting and forging macrosegregation simple and easy three-dimensional reconstruction method, comprises the polishing of sample, the chemical corrosion of sample, three-dimensionalreconstruction three steps of sample, specific as follows:
Polishing step is specially:
1a) the cutting of sample: the method for the sample Linear cut taken off from actual heavy casting and forging is divided into polylith subsample, and subsample is cube, its seamed edge is long is 15mm;
1b) the corase grind of sample: three faces on the common summit of chooser sample are polished, each face is successively through aluminium oxide or the grinding of silit water-proof abrasive paper of 180# → 320# → 600#, the speed setting of abrasive disk is 600rpm, change a time sand paper at every turn, by subsample along grinding face 90-degree rotation, till the polishing scratch being ground to new a time covers the polishing scratch of a time;
1c) the fine grinding of sample: ground on the aluminium oxide water-proof abrasive paper of 1200# by the subsample after corase grind, the speed setting of abrasive disk is 400rpm, till being ground to invisible upper a time polishing scratch along the direction that upper a time polishing scratch is vertical;
1d) the polishing of sample: the sub-sample after fine grinding is placed in polishing on woollen polishing cloth, use the diamond polishing liquid of 9 μm → 3 μm → 0.5 μm successively, rotating speed is 250rpm, obtains light and does not have pitted polished surface, rinse and dry up.
Chemical etching step is specially:
2a) chemical etching: etching solution put into by the subsample just after polishing, facet upward, takes out after submergence corrosion 4min, after the burnt hair product on cleaned samples surface, rinses and dry up;
2b) unique point mark: mark the unique point of subsample under metaloscope, described unique point comprises all summits of three ribs on common summit.
Three-dimensionalreconstruction step is specially:
3a) arranging enlargement factor is 5, and under Stereo microscope, obtain the photo in three faces on summit altogether in subsample, in described photo, the edge of subsample is parallel with its edges;
3b) carry out three-dimensionalreconstruction according to the physical location of photo with the unique point marked, during reconstruct, the shared seamed edge of adjacent surface overlaps, the aOb photo anglec of rotation is (x=316.9 °, y=327.5 °, z=26.9 °), the bOc photo anglec of rotation is (x=0 °, y=0 °, z=0 °), the aOc photo anglec of rotation is (x=70.7 °, y=314.7 °, z=296.4 °), and ensure that original mark is still in correspondence position, obtain three-dimensional stereo photo as shown in Figure 4, complete reconstruct.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment provides a kind of heavy casting and forging macrosegregation simple and easy three-dimensional reconstruction method, comprises the polishing of sample, the chemical corrosion of sample, three-dimensionalreconstruction three steps of sample, specific as follows:
Polishing step is specially:
1a) the cutting of sample: the method for the sample Linear cut taken off from actual heavy casting and forging is divided into polylith subsample, and subsample is cube, its seamed edge is long is 18mm;
1b) the corase grind of sample: three faces on the common summit of chooser sample are polished, each face is successively through aluminium oxide or the grinding of silit water-proof abrasive paper of 180# → 320# → 600#, the speed setting of abrasive disk is 600rpm, change a time sand paper at every turn, by subsample along grinding face 90-degree rotation, till the polishing scratch being ground to new a time covers the polishing scratch of a time;
1c) the fine grinding of sample: ground on the aluminium oxide water-proof abrasive paper of 1200# by the subsample after corase grind, the speed setting of abrasive disk is 400rpm, till being ground to invisible upper a time polishing scratch along the direction that upper a time polishing scratch is vertical;
1d) the polishing of sample: the sub-sample after fine grinding is placed in polishing on woollen polishing cloth, use the diamond polishing liquid of 9 μm → 3 μm → 0.5 μm successively, rotating speed is 250rpm, obtains light and does not have pitted polished surface, rinse and dry up.
Chemical etching step is specially:
2a) chemical etching: etching solution put into by the subsample just after polishing, facet upward, takes out after submergence corrosion 3min, after the burnt hair product on cleaned samples surface, rinses and dry up;
2b) unique point mark: mark the unique point of subsample under metaloscope, described unique point comprises all summits of three ribs on common summit.
Three-dimensionalreconstruction step is specially:
3a) arranging enlargement factor is 25, and under metaloscope, obtain the photo in three faces on summit altogether in subsample, in described photo, the edge of subsample is parallel with its edges;
3b) carry out three-dimensionalreconstruction according to the physical location of photo with the unique point marked, during reconstruct, the shared seamed edge of adjacent surface overlaps, the aOb photo anglec of rotation is (x=316.9 °, y=327.5 °, z=26.9 °), the bOc photo anglec of rotation is (x=0 °, y=0 °, z=0 °), the aOc photo anglec of rotation is (x=70.7 °, y=314.7 °, z=296.4 °), and ensure that original mark is still in correspondence position, obtain three-dimensional stereo photo as shown in Figure 5, complete reconstruct.
Claims (6)
1. the simple and easy three-dimensional reconstruction method of heavy casting and forging macrosegregation, carries out three-dimensionalreconstruction to the macrosegregation in heavy casting and forging sample, it is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
1) polishing step of sample: adopt wire cutting method to be polylith subsample by heavy casting and forging sample segment, and three faces on the common summit of every block subsample are polished and polishing;
2) the chemical etching step of sample: chemical etching process is carried out to the subsample after polishing, marker characteristic point;
3) acquisition of photo and three-dimensionalreconstruction step: the metallograph obtaining the subsample after chemical etching, carries out three-dimensionalreconstruction according to marked unique point.
2. the simple and easy three-dimensional reconstruction method of heavy casting and forging macrosegregation according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described polishing step is specially:
1a) the cutting of sample: the method for the sample Linear cut taken off from actual heavy casting and forging is cut cube subsample;
1b) the corase grind of sample: three faces on the common summit of chooser sample are polished, each face is successively through aluminium oxide or the grinding of silit water-proof abrasive paper of 180# → 320# → 600#, the speed setting of abrasive disk is 500 ~ 800rpm, change a time sand paper at every turn, by subsample along grinding face 90-degree rotation, till the polishing scratch being ground to new a time covers the polishing scratch of a time;
1c) the fine grinding of sample: ground on the aluminium oxide water-proof abrasive paper of 1200# by the subsample after corase grind, the speed setting of abrasive disk is 300 ~ 500rpm, till being ground to invisible upper a time polishing scratch along the direction that upper a time polishing scratch is vertical;
1d) the polishing of sample: the sub-sample after fine grinding is placed in polishing on woollen polishing cloth, use the diamond polishing liquid of 9 μm → 3 μm → 0.5 μm successively, rotating speed is 200 ~ 300rpm, obtains light and does not have pitted polished surface, rinse and dry up.
3. the simple and easy three-dimensional reconstruction method of heavy casting and forging macrosegregation according to claim 2, is characterized in that, the seamed edge of described subsample is long is 13-18mm.
4. the simple and easy three-dimensional reconstruction method of heavy casting and forging macrosegregation according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described chemical etching step is specially:
2a) chemical etching: etching solution put into by the subsample just after polishing, facet upward, takes out after submergence corrosion 3 ~ 5min, after the burnt hair product on cleaned samples surface, rinses and dry up;
Described etching solution comprises nitric acid and alcohol, and its ratio is 4 ~ 5:100;
2b) unique point mark: mark the unique point of subsample under metaloscope, described unique point comprises all summits of three ribs on common summit.
5. the simple and easy three-dimensional reconstruction method of heavy casting and forging macrosegregation according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described three-dimensionalreconstruction step is specially:
3a) arrange enlargement factor, under Stereo microscope, obtain the metallograph in three faces on summit altogether in subsample, in described photo, the edge of subsample is parallel with its edges;
3b) carry out three-dimensionalreconstruction according to the physical location of photo with the unique point marked, during reconstruct, the shared seamed edge of adjacent surface overlaps.
6. the simple and easy three-dimensional reconstruction method of heavy casting and forging macrosegregation according to claim 5, is characterized in that, described enlargement factor is 5 ~ 25.
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