CN104610987A - 一种等离子体热解生活垃圾制合成气装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种等离子体热解生活垃圾制合成气装置,包括等离子体反应器及给等离子体反应器供电的高压电源;等离子体反应器包括石英容器、上聚四氟乙烯法兰、下聚四氟乙烯法兰、不锈钢支架、尖端石墨电极、平底石墨电极、上铜密封圈、下铜密封圈、陶瓷坩埚、进气通道、出气通道;将生活垃圾破碎后装入等离子体反应器中,通过进气通道通入载气,启动高压电源,等离子体反应器开始工作;施加的高电压将电极之间的载气击穿电离,形成非热电弧等离子体,处于等离子体区域中的生活垃圾,在高能电子、自由基等活性物质以及电场的作用下,会发生热解反应,生成固体碳渣和富氢合成气,富氢合成气由出气通道排出。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生活垃圾处理技术,特别是一种等离子体热解生活垃圾制合成气装置。
背景技术
随着城市化进程的迅速加快,城市生产与生活过程中产生的垃圾废物也随之迅速增加,生活垃圾如处理处置不当,能通过不同途径污染环境和危害人体健康:侵占土地、污染土壤、污染水体、污染大气、影响公共环境卫生。城市生活垃圾的大量增加,使垃圾处理压力越来越大,生活垃圾处理技术选择的往往成为一个城市生活垃圾处理的难题。
发明内容
为解决上述问题,本发明提出一种等离子体热解生活垃圾制合成气装置。与传统热解和气化相比,等离子体热解生活垃圾具有许多独特的优势,如升温速率快,能量密度大,可在无氧纯热解的情况下将垃圾分解为高品质合成气。
本发明为达到以上目的,是通过以下的技术方案来实现的:提供一种等离子体热解生活垃圾制合成气装置,包括等离子体反应器及给等离子体反应器供电的高压电源;等离子体反应器包括石英容器、上聚四氟乙烯法兰、下聚四氟乙烯法兰、不锈钢支架、尖端石墨电极、平底石墨电极、上铜密封圈、下铜密封圈、陶瓷坩埚、进气通道、出气通道;尖端石墨电极和平底石墨电极通过高压电线与高压电源相连接,尖端石墨电极和平底石墨电极同轴置于石英容器内,石英容器通过上聚四氟乙烯法兰、下聚四氟乙烯法兰和不锈钢支架联合固定,平底石墨电极分别通过固定在上聚四氟乙烯法兰上的上铜密封圈固定,尖端石墨电极通过固定在下聚四氟乙烯法兰上的下铜密封圈固定;进气通道与上聚四氟乙烯法兰连接,出气通道与下聚四氟乙烯法兰相连接;底部开口的陶瓷坩埚放置在尖端石墨电极和平底石墨电极之间,用于装载生活垃圾,在装置工作时,陶瓷坩埚内的生物质将完全暴露在非热电弧等离子体区域中。
本发明所述的等离子体热解生活垃圾制合成气装置的工作原理是:将生活垃圾破碎后装入等离子体反应器的陶瓷坩埚中,通过进气通道通入氮气或氩气载气,启动与尖端石墨电极和平底石墨电极相连的高压电源,等离子体反应器开始工作;施加的高电压将电极之间的载气击穿电离,形成非热电弧等离子体,处于等离子体区域中的生活垃圾,在高能电子、自由基等活性物质以及电场的作用下,会发生热解反应,生成固体碳渣和富氢合成气,富氢合成气由出气通道排出;经数分钟的操作之后,陶瓷坩埚内的生活垃圾被处理完全,断开电源,停止通入载气,待等离子体反应器冷却后取出陶瓷坩埚,收集固体碳渣。
尖端石墨电极和平底石墨电极间隔要合理选择,过大的电极间隔会导致电压不足以击穿电极间的载气,从而无法形成非热电弧等离子体。另外,由于施加在两极上的电压很高,因此反应器在工作时,要特别注意不要碰触电极,以免触电危险。此外,放入陶瓷坩埚内的生活垃圾材料不应压实,要保持良好的气体通路,否则电极无法直接与载气接触,通电时无法形成非热电弧等离子体。还需要注意的是,反应器停止工作后不要立刻拆卸反应器、拿取陶瓷坩埚,因为反应器工作时放出大量的热,刚停止工作时,石墨电极、石英容器、陶瓷坩埚等部分温度很高,直接碰触易造成烫伤。
本发明可以根据实际要求完成生活垃圾制合成气过程,简单、低成本、高效的生产高品质富氢合成气。
附图说明
图1为本发明的结构示意图。
图1中:1等离子体反应器,2高压电源,3石英容器,4上聚四氟乙烯法兰,5下聚四氟乙烯法兰,6不锈钢支架,7尖端石墨电极,8平底石墨电极,9上铜密封圈,10下铜密封圈,11陶瓷坩埚,12非热电弧等离子体,13生活垃圾,14进气通道,15出气通道。
具体实施方式
实施例
如附图1所示,本发明包括等离子体反应器1及给等离子体反应器供电的高压电源2;等离子体反应器包括石英容器3、上聚四氟乙烯法兰4、下聚四氟乙烯法兰5、不锈钢支架6、尖端石墨电极7、平底石墨电极8、上铜密封圈9、下铜密封圈10、陶瓷坩埚11、非热电弧等离子体12、生活垃圾13、进气通道14、出气通道15;尖端石墨电极(φ15mm)和平底石墨电极(φ15mm)通过高压电线与高压电源(10kV/200mA)相连接,尖端石墨电极和平底石墨电极同轴置于石英容器(采用石英玻璃管,长400mm,内径31mm)内,电极间隔固定保持在13mm,石英容器通过上聚四氟乙烯法兰、下聚四氟乙烯法兰和不锈钢支架联合固定,平底石墨电极分别通过固定在上聚四氟乙烯法兰上的上铜密封圈固定,尖端石墨电极通过固定在下聚四氟乙烯法兰上的下铜密封圈固定;进气通道与上聚四氟乙烯法兰连接,出气通道与下聚四氟乙烯法兰相连接;底部开口孔径9mm的陶瓷坩埚放置在尖端石墨电极和平底石墨电极之间。
选取废弃玉米芯作为生活垃圾代表物,将玉米芯木材破碎成2-5mm颗粒后装入等离子体反应器的陶瓷坩埚中,通过进气通道通入2.5-7.5L/min氮气载气,启动与尖端石墨电极和平底石墨电极相连的高压电源,等离子体反应器开始工作;施加的高电压将电极之间的载气击穿电离,形成非热电弧等离子体,处于等离子体区域中的玉米芯颗粒,在高能电子、自由基等活性物质以及电场的作用下,会发生热解反应,生成固体碳渣和富氢合成气,富氢合成气由出气通道排出;经数分钟的操作之后,陶瓷坩埚内的玉米芯被处理完全,断开电源,停止通入载气,待等离子体反应器冷却后取出陶瓷坩埚,收集固体碳渣。实验中,玉米芯为0.2g,由于玉米芯中氮和硫含量极少,产气中几乎未检测到氮氧化物和硫氧化物的含量,因而不考虑N和S的转化。根据玉米芯进量,为保证所有物料参与反应,实验过程中物料的停留时间为6min。实验结果如表1。
表1不同输入等离子体功率玉米芯热解实验结果
随着等离子体功率的增大,气体产率也相应增大,并且,气体产率的增速呈一定值递增。功率低至9.2W时,气体产率为57.1%,功率增大至25.2W时,气体产率也增大到79.0%。结合前述分析,可解释为功率增大,满电离、高电离的区域比例增大,即产生的等离子体增多,电子的不断碰撞使得单位质量的物质接受到的能量更多,从而引发键的断裂,并加强了键的断裂程度。
Claims (1)
1.一种等离子体热解生活垃圾制合成气装置,其特征是包括:等离子体反应器及给等离子体反应器供电的高压电源;等离子体反应器包括石英容器、上聚四氟乙烯法兰、下聚四氟乙烯法兰、不锈钢支架、尖端石墨电极、平底石墨电极、上铜密封圈、下铜密封圈、陶瓷坩埚、进气通道、出气通道;尖端石墨电极和平底石墨电极通过高压电线与高压电源相连接,尖端石墨电极和平底石墨电极同轴置于石英容器内,石英容器通过上聚四氟乙烯法兰、下聚四氟乙烯法兰和不锈钢支架联合固定,平底石墨电极分别通过固定在上聚四氟乙烯法兰上的上铜密封圈固定,尖端石墨电极通过固定在下聚四氟乙烯法兰上的下铜密封圈固定;进气通道与上聚四氟乙烯法兰连接,出气通道与下聚四氟乙烯法兰相连接;底部开口的陶瓷坩埚放置在尖端石墨电极和平底石墨电极之间,用于装载生活垃圾,在装置工作时,陶瓷坩埚内的生活垃圾将完全暴露在非热电弧等离子体区域中。
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CN109681884A (zh) * | 2018-12-29 | 2019-04-26 | 广东蓝新氢能源科技有限公司 | 一种燃烧布朗气的固体有机废弃物热解炉 |
CN109681884B (zh) * | 2018-12-29 | 2019-12-24 | 广东蓝新氢能源科技有限公司 | 一种燃烧布朗气的固体有机废弃物热解炉 |
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