CN104521089B - 蓄电池***和具有蓄电池***的机动车 - Google Patents

蓄电池***和具有蓄电池***的机动车 Download PDF

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CN104521089B
CN104521089B CN201380033864.7A CN201380033864A CN104521089B CN 104521089 B CN104521089 B CN 104521089B CN 201380033864 A CN201380033864 A CN 201380033864A CN 104521089 B CN104521089 B CN 104521089B
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voltage
alarm signal
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CN104521089A (zh
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H·芬克
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Robert Bosch GmbH
Samsung SDI Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0016—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using shunting, discharge or bypass circuits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/21—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having the same nominal voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/549—Current
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/60—Navigation input
    • B60L2240/66—Ambient conditions
    • B60L2240/662—Temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2250/00—Driver interactions
    • B60L2250/10—Driver interactions by alarm
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/165—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values
    • G01R19/16533—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application
    • G01R19/16538—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies
    • G01R19/16542—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies for batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
    • H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种蓄电池***(300)，其包括蓄电池管理单元、蓄电池单池监控单元(304)、至少一个蓄电池单池(306)和蓄电池单池(306)的安全电子装置(302)。该安全电子装置(302)具有第一比较装置(308)和用于报警信号(312)的报警信号输出端(310)。第一比较装置(308)将蓄电池单池(306)的蓄电池单池电压(410)与预先确定的电压阈值(314)进行比较并取决于该比较地产生报警信号(312)。电压阈值(314)在此小于正常运行中的蓄电池单池电压(410)并且大于临界电压值。此外，本发明提出一种具有蓄电池***(300)的机动车，其中，蓄电池***(300)与机动车的驱动***相连接。

Description

蓄电池***和具有蓄电池***的机动车
技术领域
本发明涉及一种蓄电池***，其包括蓄电池管理单元、蓄电池单池监控单元、至少一个蓄电池单池和蓄电池单池的安全电子装置。该安全电子装置具有第一比较装置和用于报警信号的报警信号输出端。此外，本发明涉及一种具有蓄电池***的机动车。
背景技术
情况表明，未来无论是在例如风力发电设备的静态应用中，在例如混合动力车辆和电动车辆的车辆中，还是在笔记本电脑和移动电话机上均使用锂离子蓄电池***，对蓄电池***在可靠性、安全性、功率和使用寿命方面提出了非常高的要求。
在图1中示出了依据现有技术的蓄电池***的基本的功能结构。为利用这种蓄电池***取得所要求的功率和能量数据，大多将多个单独的蓄电池单池100串联并部分附加地并联成一个蓄电池。一组蓄电池单池100在此分别与英语也称为“Cell SupervisionCircuit(单池监控电路)”或CSC的多个蓄电池单池监控单元102中的一个连接。另一功能单元形成蓄电池管理***104，多个蓄电池单池监控单元102与其连接。蓄电池管理***104在此负责蓄电池***的高度安全性、性能和使用寿命。除了蓄电池状态识别外，蓄电池管理***还包括诊断和安全功能以及对于其他***的、例如热管理蓄电池的通信接口。
设置在多个蓄电池单池100与蓄电池***的多个极之间的蓄电池分离单元106还承担将蓄电池与用电器接通或断开的任务。蓄电池分离单元106由蓄电池管理***104控制并确保蓄电池***免受不允许高的电流和电压以及提供安全功能，例如在对蓄电池***进行维护工作时，将多个蓄电池单池100与多个蓄电池电极两极地分离。在传统的蓄电池管理***中，为此目前通常计算总的提前量或安全距离，以便使蓄电池***以最高优先级遵守的安全性不由于提供过高功率的原因而受到危害。
传统的蓄电池单池监控单元102的功能在图2中示出。蓄电池单池监控单元102公知包括通过滤波电路202与多个蓄电池单池100中的一个相连接的模数转换器200。该模数转换器200将蓄电池单池100的蓄电池单池瞬时电压数字化并将其提供给分析电子装置204。该分析电子装置204据此能够为与多个蓄电池单池100并联连接的、英语也称为“cellbalancing(单池均衡)”的充电状态平衡电路206提供控制信号。为确保蓄电池单池100的安全运行，通常也并联比较装置208。因为公知传统的锂离子蓄电池单池100具有典型的2.8伏至4.2伏的工作电压，所以比较装置208被这样设置，使其在低于或高于下工作电压或上工作电压时在报警信号总线210上产生报警信号。
蓄电池单池电压一方面通过蓄电池单池监控单元102并且另一方面通过比较装置208进行测量，因此目前已经确保蓄电池单池10比较可靠的监控。
发明内容
依据本发明提供一种蓄电池***，其包括蓄电池管理单元、蓄电池单池监控单元、至少一个蓄电池单池和蓄电池单池的安全电子装置。安全电子装置具有第一比较装置和用于报警信号的报警信号输出端。第一比较装置将蓄电池单池的蓄电池单池电压与预先确定的电压阈值进行比较并取决于该比较地产生报警信号。电压阈值在此小于正常运行中的蓄电池单池电压并且大于临界的电压值。
此外，提供一种具有蓄电池***的机动车，其中，蓄电池***与该机动车的驱动***连接。
依据本发明的具有安全电子装置蓄电池***可以以有利的方式实现蓄电池单池的安全运行。安全电子装置在此不是像公知的伴随电子装置那样监控正常运行中的蓄电池单池电压，而是将蓄电池单池电压与小于正常运行中的蓄电池单池电压的电压阈值进行比较。也就是说，安全电子装置基本介入故障情况并在蓄电池单池的蓄电池单池电压偏离了正常范围并接近临界的电压值、尤其负电压时，产生报警信号。
如果蓄电池***中出现故障情况，如因为连接在蓄电池***上的用电器短路或因为蓄电池单池本身损坏，那么总体上断开出于安全原因集成在蓄电池单池中的蓄电池单池安全装置。在此，典型地与多个蓄电池单池连接的多个蓄电池单池监控单元上会出现高的负电压。如果断开特定的蓄电池单池的蓄电池单池安全装置，那么在该蓄电池单池安全装置上以及因此在各自的蓄电池单池监控单元上会存在带负符号的其余蓄电池单池的总电压。蓄电池单池监控单元会被高的负电压损坏，例如起火和烧毁。
通过断开蓄电池单池安全装置，总体上降低相关的蓄电池单池的蓄电池单池电压。在比较得出蓄电池单池电压小于电压阈值的情况下，第一比较装置优选产生报警信号。比较装置这样基本上探测到用电器侧的短路。
例如，如果断开蓄电池单池的蓄电池单池安全装置，其中，同时该蓄电池单池的蓄电池单池电压保持在典型的约2.8V至约4.2V的允许范围内，那么安全电子装置识别出基本上不存在临界状态并且第一比较装置在这种情况下尤其不产生报警信号。
虽然公知测量和进一步处理蓄电池单池电压的蓄电池单池监控单元，但依据本发明的蓄电池***的安全电子装置尤其为公知的蓄电池单池监控单元形成一种冗余、独立或附加的测量手段，可以使装备安全电子装置的蓄电池***获得高的安全等级级别。安全电子装置可以按照有利的方式使这种蓄电池***获得例如ASIL(Automotive SavetyIntegrity Level：汽车安全完整性级别)C或D的等级级别。
依据一个优选的实施例，蓄电池***包括具有第二比较装置的伴随电子装置。第二比较装置尤其是监控正常运行中蓄电池单池的蓄电池单池电压。正常运行基本上是处于蓄电池单池的充电终止电压与放电终止电压之间的蓄电池单池电压的一个电压范围。优选蓄电池单池是锂离子蓄电池单池。锂离子蓄电池单池总体上具有约4.2V的充电终止电压和约2.8V或2.5V的放电终止电压。在例如-30℃的非常低的环境温度下，放电终止电压也可以更低，例如2.1V。
伴随电子装置能够与每个蓄电池单池连接并借助第二比较装置基本上检查蓄电池单池电压是否高于充电终止电压或低于放电终止电压。取决于这种检查，伴随电子装置能够产生其他的报警信号。优选地，安全电子装置补充伴随电子装置和蓄电池单池监控单元，以便提高蓄电池***的运行安全性。
伴随电子装置和蓄电池单池监控单元总体上具有低的输入电阻并因此在高的负输入电压情况下很容易损坏。例如在数据页中详细列举的伴随电子装置或蓄电池单池监控单元的电压下限优选地形成临界电压值。第一比较装置优选地这样设计，使其在蓄电池单池电压达到临界电压值之前产生报警信号，从而能够防止伴随电子装置和蓄电池单池监控单元在故障情况下受到损坏。
如果第一比较装置具有最好数千欧或兆欧的输入电阻，那么第一比较装置对存在的高电压很耐抗。
此外有利的是蓄电池***装备蓄电池分离单元，其将蓄电池***取决于报警信号地与用电器分离。用电器总体上包括电动机、脉冲逆变器、换流器和诸如此类的装置。如果在故障情况下例如用电器内出现短路，安全电子装置的第一比较装置将其识别，那么报警信号可以这样控制蓄电池分离单元，使蓄电池***尤其是两极地与用电器分离。为能够保证蓄电池***高的运行安全性和故障安全性，优选单独的硬件线路，其将报警信号从安全电子装置传送到蓄电池单池监控单元或蓄电池管理单元。
在一种优选的结构中，依据本发明的蓄电池***能够包括短路线路，蓄电池单池监控单元取决于报警信号地将其与蓄电池单池并联。短路线路使各自的蓄电池单池短接并由此防止蓄电池***内出现高的负电压。
附图说明
图1示出了现有技术中的蓄电池***；
图2示出了现有技术中的蓄电池单池监控单元；
图3示出了依据本发明的一个实施例的蓄电池***；以及
图4示出了依据本发明的另一个实施例的蓄电池***。
具体实施方式
图3示出了蓄电池***300，其具有用于蓄电池单池306的安全电子装置302和蓄电池单池监控单元304。安全电子装置302包括第一比较装置308和用于报警信号312的报警信号输出端310。第一比较装置308将预先确定的电压阈值Uschwell314与蓄电池单池306内存在的蓄电池单池电压Ucell进行比较。取决于该比较，比较装置产生报警信号312。
蓄电池单池监控单元304用于蓄电池单池306的监控。为此蓄电池单池监控单元304包括模数转换器316和分析电子装置318。模数转换器316具有多个输入端，其与多个蓄电池单池306连接并在那里截取蓄电池单池电压Ucell。为遵守Nyquist采样定理，多个模数转换器输入端中的每个前置连接一个低通滤波器320。为使模数转换器的测量精度不会因为可能的电压降或诸如此类的情况变差，模数转换器的多个输入电阻和在低通滤波器320内的多个电阻被低欧姆地选择。
此外，蓄电池单池306也能够与伴随电子装置208并联连接，如由图2所知。
在正常运行中，蓄电池单池电压Ucell处于约2.8V的放电终止电压Udischarged与约4.2V的充电终止电压Ucharged之间。
蓄电池单池监控单元304和伴随电子装置208在本施例中各自具有在数据页中给定的、形成临界电压Ucrit、例如负5伏的电压下限。低于此值会使其损坏。
电压阈值Uschwell因此能够被如下地预先规定：
Ucrit＜Uschwell＜Udischarged。
图4示出故障情况下的蓄电池***300。多个蓄电池单池306中的多个在图4中形成与用电器402相连接的蓄电池400。该用电器402例如由于图4中示意性标识的短路404而损坏。用电器402一般是换流器、脉冲逆变器、发电机和/或电动机。
多个蓄电池单池306为这种故障情况包括多个蓄电池单池安全装置406。多个蓄电池单池安全装置406中的一个在位置408上断开，也就是说，它将蓄电池***300的电路在该位置408上分离。
蓄电池单池监控单元304在该故障情况期间也监控图4中通过箭头410示出的蓄电池单池电压Ucell。模数转换器316和低通滤波器320共同形成电压测量单元412。因为本实施例中蓄电池***300的电路包括n个蓄电池单池306的串联电路，所以在所示的故障情况下，例如电压测量单元412上存在故障电压Uschad。
Uschad＝-(n-1)*Ucell
通过短路404在电压测量单元412上出现会导致其损坏的高的负的损坏电压。可能与蓄电池单池306连接的伴随电子装置208也会损坏。
但与蓄电池单池306相连接的第一比较装置308将蓄电池单池电压Ucell(t)与电压阈值Uschwell持续地进行比较，并在蓄电池单池电压Ucell(t)低于电压阈值Uschwell的情况下产生报警信号312。
Ucell(t)＜Uschwell
报警信号312被提供给蓄电池单池监控单元304和蓄电池管理单元。蓄电池管理单元从它那方面控制蓄电池分离单元414，其将用电器402并由此将短路404与蓄电池***300或蓄电池400两极地分离。蓄电池单池监控单元304和伴随电子装置208上因此不存在高的负的电压。
报警信号312也能够直接控制蓄电池分离单元410。通过这个实施例，安全电子装置302与可能的软件无关并且蓄电池***300从从用电器402的分离更加快速地进行。
所描述的蓄电池***尤其能够提高装备有该蓄电池***的机动车的故障安全性和运行安全性。

Claims (9)

1.蓄电池***(300)，其具有
蓄电池管理单元；
蓄电池单池监控单元(304)；
至少一个蓄电池单池(306)；以及
用于蓄电池单池(306)的安全电子装置(302)，所述安全电子装置具有第一比较装置(308)和用于报警信号(312)的报警信号输出端(310)；
其中所述第一比较装置(308)将所述蓄电池单池(306)的蓄电池单池电压(410)与预先确定的电压阈值(314)进行比较并取决于所述比较地产生所述报警信号(312)，其中，所述电压阈值(314)小于正常运行中的所述蓄电池单池电压(410)并且大于临界的电压值，
其中所述至少一个蓄电池单池(306)并联连接有伴随电子装置，
其特征在于，所述伴随电子装置或所述蓄电池单池监控单元的规定电压下限形成所述临界的电压值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的蓄电池***(300)，其中所述伴随电子装置包括用于在正常运行中监控所述蓄电池单池的所述蓄电池单池电压的第二比较装置。
3.根据权利要求1所述的蓄电池***(300)，其中，在所述比较得出所述蓄电池单池电压(410)小于所述电压阈值(314)的情况下，所述第一比较装置(308)产生所述报警信号(312)。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的蓄电池***(300)，其中，所述第一比较装置(306)具有数千欧姆或兆欧姆的输入电阻。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的蓄电池***(300)，其具有单独的硬件线路，所述硬件线路将所述报警信号(312)从所述安全电子装置(302)传送到所述蓄电池单池监控单元(304)或所述蓄电池管理单元。
6.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的蓄电池***(300)，其具有蓄电池分离单元(414)，所述蓄电池分离单元取决于所述报警信号(312)地将蓄电池***(300)与用电器(402)分离。
7.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的蓄电池***(300)，其具有短路线路，所述蓄电池单池监控单元(304)取决于所述报警信号(312)地将所述短路线路与所述蓄电池单池(306)并联连接。
8.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的蓄电池***(300)，其中，所述蓄电池单池(306)是锂离子蓄电池单池(306)。
9.机动车，其具有根据前述权利要求之一所述蓄电池***(300)，其中，所述蓄电池***(300)与所述机动车的驱动***相连接。
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