CN104498965A - Carburizing and quenching method for cylindrical gear - Google Patents
Carburizing and quenching method for cylindrical gear Download PDFInfo
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- CN104498965A CN104498965A CN201410720449.5A CN201410720449A CN104498965A CN 104498965 A CN104498965 A CN 104498965A CN 201410720449 A CN201410720449 A CN 201410720449A CN 104498965 A CN104498965 A CN 104498965A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a carburizing and quenching method for a cylindrical gear, and belongs to the technical field of heat treatment. The method comprises the following steps: heating until the temperature exceeds elastic-plastic transformation temperature of low-carbon steel for primary preheating; heating until the temperature is less than the phase-transition temperature Ac1 of the low-carbon steel for preheating again; performing carburizing, high-temperature tempering, quenching, and low-temperature tempering. According to the carburizing and quenching method for the cylindrical gear, effective measures for inhibiting or removing deformation are respectively performed for a plurality of process stages and supplement each other and are organically combined, so that the deformation of the cylindrical gear carburizing and quenching thermal treatment can be obviously reduced, the preset grinding allowance of the gear can be properly decreased, and as a result, the gear grinding time is reduced, and conditions are created for lowering the gear manufacturing cost.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of carburization quenching method, especially a kind of cylindrical gear carburization quenching method that can improve heat treatment deformation, belongs to technical field of heat treatment.
Background technology
Gear carburizing quenching, due to the existence of thermal stresses and transformation stress, deforms almost inevitable.The heat treatment deformation main manifestations of cylindrical gear is breathing degree, tapering, ovality and end face distortion four aspects.Affect the many factors of heat treatment deformation, comprise the structural shape of part self, starting material and metallurgical quality, forging and mach unrelieved stress, charging method and thermal treatment process and equipment etc.In the past, the measure such as grinding theeth allowance, increasing tooth root boss that the larger heat treatment deformation of gear has to increase in design is tackled.As a result, excessively dark mill amount not only makes gear lose and leaves beneficial surface residual compressive stress, have wear-resisting, the anti-spot corrosion top layer of best microstructure and hardness, also largely reducing the intensity of zone of transition, adds the tendency that cementation zone peels off.
Heat treatment deformation due to gear derives from heating in carburizing and quenching technology and process of cooling, therefore the common method improving gear heat treatment distortion at present to be quenched technique or deep fat stepped quenching process for taking pressure, and these techniques are all that deemphasis is being just or reduce heat treatment deformation from gear quenching process of cooling.Pressure technique of quenching can be corrected gear shape and is formed in any distortion in carburizing and quenching process, but needs to configure Quenching press, and needs to quench frock for the pressure that design of gears is special, and production efficiency is low, cost is high, is only applicable to the gear of batch production; Deep fat stepped quenching process can reduce the transformation stress being formed at quench cooled process, reach the object reducing gear quenching distortion, but cannot improve in gear wheel carburization and quenching process because thermal stresses exists the distortion caused, and this technique is strict to quenching process control overflow, distortion can not made at that time to be inclined in process control to strengthen on the contrary, even reduce heat treatment processing properties.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to: for prior art Problems existing, propose a kind of under common equipment condition, just effectively can suppress the cylindrical gear carburization quenching method of heat treatment deformation, thus no matter Production Batch Size, can conscientiously apply.
Applicant is through long-term practice, continuous analysis and summary, find in normal manipulation situation, the transformation stress when thermal stresses when major cause producing cylindrical gear breathing degree, tapering, ovality and end face torsional deformation concentrates on gear heat treatment heating and cooling, quenching and high temperature creep.
Therefore, in order to reach above object, proposing cylindrical gear carburization quenching method of the present invention, comprising the following steps:
The first step, first preheating---after soft steel cylindrical gear machining benchmark end face is put into cementing furnace upward, be incubated with the first preheating temperature, described first temperature is increase by 10 DEG C-50 DEG C on the elastoplasticity transition temperature basis of described soft steel;
Second step, again preheating---be warming up to the second preheating temperature and be incubated, described second temperature is described below soft steel transformation temperature Ac1 20 DEG C-30 DEG C;
3rd step, carburizing---manipulation cementing furnace, carries out the carburizing of predetermined depth by the soft steel cylindrical gear through first preheating and preheating again;
4th step, high tempering---the cylindrical gear after carburizing being completed is heated to 500 DEG C-650 DEG C, cooling of coming out of the stove after insulation;
5th step, quench treatment---the cylindrical gear after high tempering is turned into datum end face down, repeats the first preheating of the first step and the preheating again of second step, be then heated to more than quenching temperature Ac3, cooling rapidly after insulation;
6th step, low-temperaturetempering---the cylindrical gear after quenching is heated to 150 DEG C-250 DEG C, cooling of coming out of the stove after insulation.
Just thermal pretreatment is because steel are usually after being heated to elastoplasticity transition temperature above, and what it was original expand with heat and contract with cold, and distortion can change expendable plastic deformation into by recoverable elastic deformation, becomes heat treatment deformation and remains.Because first initial hot spots also reaches plastic deformation temperature in outside during steel part rapid heating, pin down the action of compressive stress of generation by inner inabundant hot spots and easily occur expendable non-homogeneous viscous deformation, after interior outside all arrives plastic deformation district, this non-homogeneous viscous deformation can make to produce depression outside steel part.For cylindrical gear, because outside pins down by the non-hot spots in inner side, be compressed the impact of stress and be out of shape, the net result of distortion makes to cave in outside gear, first preheating insulation can make steel basic synchronization reach elastoplasticity transition temperature, thus reduce or avoid the gear shifting quadrant texturing that non-homogeneous viscous deformation causes as far as possible.
Heat steel to meeting reason parent phase (ferrite or perlite phase) during transformation temperature Ac1 changes austenite into and produces Phase change shrinkage mutually.For cylindrical gear, if be now in the state of being rapidly heated, surface starts after reaching transformation temperature to occur that tendencies toward shrinkage and inside are still in thermal expansion deformation state and gear internal stress certainly will be caused unbalance, make the uneven breathing of gear, asymmetrical distortion, causes gear ovalizing deflection or end face warpage.And the present invention after first preheating with the heat-insulation preheating again of the temperature close to phase transformation, give the sufficient phase transformation of steel to prepare---pass through transformation temperature namely substantially simultaneously, thus make cylindrical gear that the deformation tendency of same nature occur everywhere, avoid the unbalance heat treatment deformation caused of stress.
In carburizing and Quench heating process, the major way that cylindrical gear is heated is radiation, and the yield of radiation that gear upper and lower end face is subject to differs, and therefore easily produces up-small and down-big distortion.And the cylindrical gear being in hot environment for a long time can produce creep because of its deadweight, occurs the sagging trend of periphery relative to centre, thus aggravates up-small and down-big distortion.And the time difference that gear can enter medium because of the upper and lower increment of part when quenching causes thermal stresses uneven, the lower surface of gear produces convex deformation tendency, gear is deformed, first enters heat-eliminating medium end meeting swell or reduce relatively less, up-small and down-big taper-deformation can be produced equally.Gear spins upside down at quenching Step by the present invention, can compensate the taper distortion of correcting and producing in cementation process.
High tempering of the present invention can make cylindrical gear effective hardness layer region alloy carbide disperse educt, and before quenching, eliminate the thermal stresses of gear carburization process formation; Low-temperaturetempering then can eliminate the internal stress that quenching process surface quenching produces.
As can be seen here, the present invention not only takes the effective behave suppressing or eliminate distortion respectively at multiple operation stage, and these behaves are mutually supported, are organically combined, therefore the carburizing and quenching distortion of cylindrical gear can significantly be reduced, thus suitably can reduce the gear grinding surplus reserved, and then reduce the roll flute time, create condition for reducing cost of gear manufacture.
In a word, compared with prior art, the present invention has following characteristics:
1) technique is simple---and for the deformation characteristics of cylindrical gear in carburizing and quenching process, adopt conventional control type of heating and carburizing and quenching charging mode can reach the object reducing cylindrical gear and be out of shape;
2) strong adaptability---the not restriction of heat-treated equipment and quenchant, for the cylindrical gear that deformation tendency is larger, under conventional working condition, all can adopt technical scheme proposed by the invention;
3) production efficiency is high---and pinion distortion in gear heat treatment deformation process, without the need to additional process, and a shove charge can complete the thermal treatment of multiple gear.
In a word, the present invention is directed to the basic reason of the various heat treatment deformation form of cylindrical gear, propose the effective ways of reduction and rectification distortion in cylindrical gear thermal treatment deformation process, solve cylindrical gear carburizing and quenching under conventional Heat Treatment appointed condition and be out of shape serious problem.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and subordinate list, specific embodiments of the invention are described in further detail.
Fig. 1 is the cylindrical gear structural representation of one embodiment of the invention.
When Fig. 2 is rapid heating, corner post steel part elastoplasticity changes the schematic diagram of distortion.
Fig. 3 is the distortion schematic diagram in Fig. 1 cylindrical gear heating and cooling process;
Fig. 4 is the existing conventional flowsheet schematic diagram of gear heat treatment.
Fig. 5 is Fig. 1 embodiment cylindrical gear thermal treatment scheme schematic diagram.
Embodiment
The cylindrical gear of the present embodiment is locomotive follower gear, as shown in Figure 1, material is low-carbon alloy steel 18CrNiMo7-6, its Ac1 point is 738 DEG C, and Ac3 point is 815 DEG C, and original thermal treatment process as shown in Figure 4, direct carburizing-high tempering-quench treatment-low-temperaturetempering, distortion obviously, needs to reserve larger grinding tolerance, and depth of case is difficult to control.
For this reason, applicant carried out deep analysis of experiments.Research shows, above-mentioned steel be heated to more than 500 DEG C can change plastic deformation into by elastic deformation, there is expendable viscous deformation, finally become heat treatment deformation and remain.Usually, during steel part rapid heating, first initial hot spots also enters plastic deformation temperature district outside steel part because outside by inner side fully hot spots pin down, be compressed the impact of stress and deform, can be recessed after cooling.For cylindrical gear, see Fig. 2, first initial gear outside is heated, and outside it, substantive size will be extended, and because being subject to the constraint of internal layer, produces elastic shrinkage.Owing to being rapid heating, therefore when this stress exceedes yielding stress, expand into " jumping-up effect " state shown in centre with regard to there is plasticity compression.When the abundant heating of internal layer warp during homogeneous temperature, due to the adjustment of distortion, then produce tensile stress at skin, internal layer generation stress.In order to make, elastic stress is lax to be easy to carry out with viscous deformation, and temperature is sufficiently high.As a result, along with outer field stress relaxation, will there is Plastic Compression contracting in internal layer, the tendency producing jumping-up effect is just larger, and result makes whole cylindrical gear balling under more complicated action of compressive stress.
During gear cooling, see Fig. 3, being in the soft internal layer of high temperature will there is jumping-up effect under stress under compression effect, and the gear skin be under swelling state produces residual compressive stress, and internal layer produces residual tension.After this continue in cooling, internal stress is reverse, if when outer field stress exceedes yielding stress herein, will make gear balling further due to further jumping-up.
In cementation process, the major way that gear is heated is thermal radiation conduction, for conventional without for the horse not carburizing equipment such as pit furnace, is difficult to ensure that gear is heated evenly.As the superiors' gear lower surface thermal radiation is large, heat block, the thick effect of pier produced because of thermal stresses is large, and upper surface heating is slow, and the thick effect of pier is little, will make gear that up-small and down-big distortion occurs.
In addition, the deadweight due to gear adds that long-time pyroprocessing must cause gear creep, and the feature of this distortion is: the periphery of workpiece is sagging relative to centre in heat-processed, thus exacerbates up-small and down-big distortion.
Result is researched and analysed according to above-mentioned, applicant proposed following cylindrical gear heat treatment step: the preheating-quench treatment-low-temperaturetempering of first preheating-preheating-carburizing-high tempering-first preheating again-again (slightly showing see the preheating of the first preheating before quenching in Fig. 5, figure-again).
Details are as follows for concrete steps:
The first step, first preheating---after soft steel cylindrical gear machining benchmark end face is put into cementing furnace upward, very first time t is incubated with the first preheating temperature, first temperature is increase by 10 DEG C-50 DEG C on the elastoplasticity transition temperature basis of low-carbon alloy steel, elastoplasticity transition temperature due to 18CrNiMo7-6 is 500 DEG C, then the first temperature controls at 510 DEG C-550 DEG C, and in the present embodiment, just preheating temperature is 520 DEG C.Very first time t is by t=(30H/25 ± 5) min, in formula, H is that (namely the net thickness of cylindrical gear often increases by 25 millimeters for the maximum ga(u)ge of soft steel cylindrical gear, the very first time just increases about 30min), the present embodiment H=139, therefore the very first time is defined as 3 hours.During first time shove charge, record Gear Processing datum end face, puts datum end face upward, performs mark for gear during follow-up quenching shove charge is inverted.
Second step, again preheating---be warming up to the second preheating temperature and be incubated for the second time, described second temperature is described below soft steel transformation temperature Ac1 20 DEG C-30 DEG C, the Ac1 of 18CrNiMo7-6 is 738 DEG C, then the second temperature controls at 708 DEG C-718 DEG C, in the present embodiment, preheating temperature is 710 DEG C again, and the calculating of described second time is identical with the very first time.
3rd step, carburizing---manipulate cementing furnace in the usual way, soft steel cylindrical gear through first preheating and preheating is again heated to the carburizing that 920 DEG C are carried out predetermined depth, preferred version carburizing comprises the stage of oozing by force of high carbon potential and the diffusion phase of low carbon potential, carbon can be made to infiltrate gear surface fast at the high carbon potential oozing by force the stage, in the surface hardness of diffusion phase according to design requirements, make gear surface carbon concentration reach target value, after carburizing completes, cool to 860 DEG C of air coolings of coming out of the stove with the furnace.
4th step, high tempering---the cylindrical gear after carburizing being completed is heated to 500 DEG C-650 DEG C, and the present embodiment high tempering temperature is 640 DEG C ± 10 DEG C, cooling of coming out of the stove after insulation very first time t adds 2 hours.
5th step, quench treatment---the cylindrical gear after high tempering is turned into datum end face down, repeat the first preheating of the first step and the preheating again of second step, then quenching temperature is heated to, the i.e. complete austenitic temperature district of more than Ac3, preferably exceed 10 DEG C-30 DEG C, 18CrNiMo7-6Ac3 is 815 DEG C, is therefore heated to 825 DEG C-845 DEG C, the present embodiment quenching temperature is 830 DEG C, cools rapidly after insulation very first time t.
6th step, low-temperaturetempering---the cylindrical gear after quenching is heated to 170 DEG C-240 DEG C, cooling of coming out of the stove after insulation very first time t adds 2 hours.
Table 1 is the gear significant parameter deformation data of normative heat treatment art breading, the upper and lower end face of prototype gear and 0 °, 180 ° four position datas after gear heat treatment, in common process, low-carbon alloy steel gear heat treatment technique refers to Fig. 4, gear about 900 DEG C enters stove, be rapidly heated to 920 DEG C and carry out carburizing treatment, 860 DEG C of air coolings of coming out of the stove are chilled to stove after carburizing completes, then at 640 DEG C of high temperings, directly be warming up to 830 DEG C of quenchings with former charging mode back into stove again, finally do low-temperaturetempering process.
The heat treatment deformation of table 1 common process gear
The heat treatment deformation of table 2 the present embodiment gear
As can be seen from the data of table 1 and table 2, after adopting method of the present invention, after the carburizing of low-carbon alloy steel cylindrical gear, the thick effect of pier obviously reduces, external diameter and common normal change reduce, though due to high temperature creep and fire box temperature uneven certain tapering that still had operative gear to occur, but tapering basically eliminate after the quenching that is inverted, obtains the effect of desirable suppression heat treatment deformation.
Facts have proved, the inventive method is adopted to carry out the cylindrical gear of carburizing and quenching process, owing to taking corresponding measure for the primary deformable reason in cylindrical gear thermal treatment each stage respectively, therefore effectively prevent distortion, thus reduce gear grinding surplus and roll flute time, for the manufacturing cost reducing this type of cylindrical gear further creates condition when allowing design.
More than explanation and specific embodiment are the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and those skilled in the art, can carry out changing and improving accordingly.
Claims (7)
1. a cylindrical gear carburization quenching method, is characterized in that comprising the following steps:
The first step, first preheating---after soft steel cylindrical gear machining benchmark end face is put into cementing furnace upward, be incubated with the first preheating temperature, described first temperature is increase by 10 DEG C-50 DEG C on the elastoplasticity transition temperature basis of described soft steel;
Second step, again preheating---be warming up to the second preheating temperature and be incubated, described second temperature is described below soft steel transformation temperature Ac1 20 DEG C-30 DEG C;
3rd step, carburizing---manipulation cementing furnace, carries out the carburizing of predetermined depth by the soft steel cylindrical gear through first preheating and preheating again;
4th step, high tempering---the cylindrical gear after carburizing being completed is heated to 500 DEG C-650 DEG C, cooling of coming out of the stove after insulation;
5th step, quench treatment---the cylindrical gear after high tempering is turned into datum end face down, repeats the first preheating of the first step and the preheating again of second step, be then heated to quenching temperature, cooling rapidly after insulation;
6th step, low-temperaturetempering---the cylindrical gear after quenching is heated to 150 DEG C-250 DEG C, cooling of coming out of the stove after insulation.
2. cylindrical gear carburization quenching method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: be incubated very first time t in the described the first step, and described very first time t is by t=(30H/25 ± 5) min, and in formula, H is the maximum ga(u)ge of soft steel cylindrical gear.
3. cylindrical gear carburization quenching method according to claim 2, is characterized in that: be incubated for the second time in described second step, the calculating of described second time is identical with the very first time.
4. cylindrical gear carburization quenching method according to claim 3, is characterized in that: described 3rd step comprises the stage of oozing by force of high carbon potential and the diffusion phase of low carbon potential.
5. cylindrical gear carburization quenching method according to claim 4, is characterized in that: cooling of coming out of the stove after described 4th step insulation very first time t adds 2 hours.
6. cylindrical gear carburization quenching method according to claim 5, is characterized in that: be heated to quenching temperature in described 5th step, cools rapidly after being namely incubated very first time t behind the complete austenitic temperature district of more than Ac3.
7. cylindrical gear carburization quenching method according to claim 6, is characterized in that: cooling of coming out of the stove after described 6th step insulation very first time t adds 2 hours.
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| CN104831290A (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2015-08-12 | 柳州金盾机械有限公司 | Carburizing and quenching process of straight-tooth cylindrical gear |
| CN104894573A (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2015-09-09 | 柳州金盾机械有限公司 | Method for carburizing and quenching of cylindrical gear |
| CN104894574A (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2015-09-09 | 柳州金盾机械有限公司 | Cemented quenching method of cylinder gear |
| CN105297036A (en) * | 2015-11-16 | 2016-02-03 | 南车戚墅堰机车车辆工艺研究所有限公司 | Method for restraining internal oxidation in gear deep carburizing and quenching process |
| CN105483603A (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2016-04-13 | 常州天山重工机械有限公司 | Thermal treatment process for hardness gradient of shallow deep carburized gear |
| CN105506539A (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2016-04-20 | 常州天山重工机械有限公司 | Carburizing and quenching process of high-hardness micro carbide on surface of carburizing part |
| CN106270807A (en) * | 2016-08-30 | 2017-01-04 | 哈尔滨汽轮机厂有限责任公司 | A kind of carburized gears flank of tooth method for grinding |
| CN106756750A (en) * | 2015-11-24 | 2017-05-31 | 西安航空动力控制科技有限公司 | A kind of heat treatment method of 2Cr3WMoV materials gear forgingses |
| CN106835004A (en) * | 2017-01-14 | 2017-06-13 | 山东海利传动机械制造有限公司 | A kind of gear shaft composite step carburizing quenching process |
| CN107937922A (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2018-04-20 | 沈阳透平机械股份有限公司 | A kind of impervious carbon distorsion during quenching control method of large scale double helical gear |
| CN108441619A (en) * | 2018-04-08 | 2018-08-24 | 何盼 | A kind of ring gear quenching technology |
| CN113957228A (en) * | 2021-10-09 | 2022-01-21 | 上海丰东热处理工程有限公司 | Heat treatment process for transmission motor shaft |
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Cited By (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104894573A (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2015-09-09 | 柳州金盾机械有限公司 | Method for carburizing and quenching of cylindrical gear |
| CN104894574A (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2015-09-09 | 柳州金盾机械有限公司 | Cemented quenching method of cylinder gear |
| CN104831290A (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2015-08-12 | 柳州金盾机械有限公司 | Carburizing and quenching process of straight-tooth cylindrical gear |
| CN105297036A (en) * | 2015-11-16 | 2016-02-03 | 南车戚墅堰机车车辆工艺研究所有限公司 | Method for restraining internal oxidation in gear deep carburizing and quenching process |
| CN106756750A (en) * | 2015-11-24 | 2017-05-31 | 西安航空动力控制科技有限公司 | A kind of heat treatment method of 2Cr3WMoV materials gear forgingses |
| CN106756750B (en) * | 2015-11-24 | 2019-06-25 | 西安航空动力控制科技有限公司 | A kind of heat treatment method of 2Cr3WMoV material gear forgings |
| CN105483603B (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2018-02-16 | 常州天山重工机械有限公司 | A kind of Technology for Heating Processing of shallow-layer deep cementing gear hardness gradient |
| CN105506539A (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2016-04-20 | 常州天山重工机械有限公司 | Carburizing and quenching process of high-hardness micro carbide on surface of carburizing part |
| CN105483603A (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2016-04-13 | 常州天山重工机械有限公司 | Thermal treatment process for hardness gradient of shallow deep carburized gear |
| CN106270807A (en) * | 2016-08-30 | 2017-01-04 | 哈尔滨汽轮机厂有限责任公司 | A kind of carburized gears flank of tooth method for grinding |
| CN106835004A (en) * | 2017-01-14 | 2017-06-13 | 山东海利传动机械制造有限公司 | A kind of gear shaft composite step carburizing quenching process |
| CN107937922A (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2018-04-20 | 沈阳透平机械股份有限公司 | A kind of impervious carbon distorsion during quenching control method of large scale double helical gear |
| CN108441619A (en) * | 2018-04-08 | 2018-08-24 | 何盼 | A kind of ring gear quenching technology |
| CN113957228A (en) * | 2021-10-09 | 2022-01-21 | 上海丰东热处理工程有限公司 | Heat treatment process for transmission motor shaft |
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