CN104458553A - Test device and method for studying erosion damage under pipe bag dam joint breakage condition - Google Patents

Test device and method for studying erosion damage under pipe bag dam joint breakage condition Download PDF

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CN104458553A
CN104458553A CN201410766576.9A CN201410766576A CN104458553A CN 104458553 A CN104458553 A CN 104458553A CN 201410766576 A CN201410766576 A CN 201410766576A CN 104458553 A CN104458553 A CN 104458553A
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pipeline
pipe bag
sandbox
wave
erosion damage
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CN104458553B (en
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满晓磊
束一鸣
蔚成亮
郝雪航
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Hohai University HHU
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Hohai University HHU
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Abstract

The invention discloses a test device and a test method for studying erosion damage under the condition that joints between bags of a pipe bag dam are broken. Water flow states such as stable unidirectional water flow, reciprocating water flow and wavy water flow are provided for a pipeline sandbox system through a water flow control system, the hydraulic boundary condition of a pipeline side wall breakage is simulated, and water flow related information and sand particle related information in a test process are acquired by an information acquisition system, so that the simulation of the erosion damage process generated under the conditions that the joint pipelines of the pipe bag dam are broken under the action of different water flows is completed. According to the test device and method provided by the invention, the rule of erosion damage under the condition that joints of the pipe bag dam are broken is revealed from the macroscopic aspect, the dynamic change characteristics of a sand body structure can be observed from the mesoscopic point of view, and an erosion damage mechanism under the condition that the joint pipelines of the pipe bag dam are broken is revealed and a distinguishing criterion and method of erosion damage are summarized by establishing a relation between water flow and macroscopic and mesoscopic variables of particles and phenomena so as to seek damage control measures.

Description

A kind of test unit and method thereof studying pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage
Technical field
Test unit and the test method of erosion damage is there is under the present invention relates to a kind of pipe bag dam joint failure condition, this device passes through seamed pipe road between bag in order to tide simulation current and wave to filling sand body in pipe bag dam bag and the process of erosion damage occurs, and belongs to hydraulic engineering physical model experiment field.
Background technology
Along with the protective development to coastal waters, Hekou Area, fill technology in filled geotube dam obtains applying more and more widely in estuary coast engineerings such as keeping away salt water storehouse is stored fresh water in reclaiming coastal land epeirogenetic, river mouth.The typical form of construction work on reservoir pipe bag dam of storing fresh water is, the large geotechnical pipe bag of filling both sides forms cofferdam first under water, reaches after more than the water surface until cofferdam elevation, and in the middle of cofferdam, both sides, hydraulic reclamation sand soil forms dash dykes and dams.Than traditional river, the fill technology of extra large embankment, mud-filled bag embankment technology have gather materials on the spot, dam body is comparatively strong to the adaptive faculty of soft base, cost is low, without the need to a large amount of heavy construction equipment, construction technology is simple, speed of application is fast, construction is not subject to the advantages such as general meteorological effect substantially.
Pipe bag dam is layering by multiple sandstone charging pipe bag and forms, and there is elongated seam between pipe bag and pipe bag.Because external sand work pipe bag selects high-strength sand work fabric to make mostly, pipe bag can do very long, and pipe bag overlap joint is less, and pipe bag dam body seam scouring stability is not given prominence to, and delivers so there is no correlative study achievement so far.And in China, due to the split yarn braiding geotextile that pipe bag multiselect intensity is lower, limit by the strength of materials, pipe bag length is general shorter, highly little, the number of plies is more, so the dam body piled can form a lot of seam pipeline, the existence of these seams along axis of dam direction, easily cause the loss that dam core bankets, for this problem, the team that Hohai University Shu Yiming teaches has done Primary Study.But, for in work progress, due to reasons such as mechanical damages, be easy to again the breakage causing seamed pipe trackside wall, when the construction time does not protect and protection of having constructed is not in place, under the fluctuating flow long term of the reciprocal current that the differential water pressures that fluctuation in stage causes inside and outside pipe bag dam, tidal phenomena produce and wave formation, there is the risk run off by current scour in seamed pipe trackside wall breakage filling silt, brings larger hidden danger to safety of dam body equally.Erosion damage problem at present about pipe bag dam seam sidewall breakage under unimodal current, back and forth current and wave action there is no research.
Summary of the invention
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the invention provides a kind of accurately and comprehensively can characterize the damaged condition of pipe bag dam seam sidewall under there is test unit and the test method of erosion damage.
For achieving the above object, the test unit that erosion damage occurs under studying the damaged condition of pipe bag dam seam sidewall in the present invention can adopt following technical scheme:
Study a test unit for pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage, comprise for simulated flow and sand body interactional pipeline sandbox system in damaged pipe bag, the water flow control system be connected with output terminal with the input end of pipeline sandbox system, be laid in information acquisition system inside and outside pipeline sandbox system; Described water flow control system comprises two water tanks that can maintain constant head, tank bracket, water tank hoisting device and wave-producers, for providing stable unimodal current, the back and forth flow-shape such as current, wave current, simulates different working condition; Described pipeline sandbox system comprises pipeline input end, pipeline output terminal, seam pipeline, damaged pipe bag wall, pipe bag sandbox, sand material collecting box; Described information acquisition system comprises the ultrasonic current metre gathering water flow velocity, the water pressure sensor being laid in seam pipeline and high-definition camera, and in addition, described water pressure sensor is connected to terminal by data collecting card.
The test unit of described research pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage, is characterized in that: comprise pipe bag sandbox, and cover plate and the pipe bag sandbox on pipe bag sandbox top are bolted; Pipe bag sidewall is fixed between pipe bag sandbox and seam pipeline by screw rod and built-in screw, the damaged mouth of deployment tube bag on pipe bag sidewall; The two ends of seam pipeline are respectively pipeline input end and pipeline output terminal, and nearly pipeline output is provided with sand material collecting box, and pipeline input end is connected with seam pipeline through plenum chamber, and seam line upper portion has vent port, and side-wall hole connects water pressure sensor; It is outside that ultrasonic current metre is connected to seam pipeline, and water pressure sensor and ultrasonic current metre are all connected to computing machine by data collecting card, and high-definition camera is positioned near seam pipeline.
In way flow and back and forth under current operating mode, what be connected respectively with above-mentioned pipeline input end and pipeline output terminal is the first water tank and the second water tank; First water tank is connected with hand wheel by wire rope with the second water tank, and middle wirerope pile warp is fixed on the fixed pulley of semi-girder end; Semi-girder is fixed on the mullion that is connected with base.
Under wave action operating mode, what be connected with above-mentioned pipeline output terminal is wave water tank, and wave water tank side has the wave tank outlet of three differing heights, and one of them can be selected to be connected with pipeline output terminal; Wave water tank is built with push wave plate, and push wave plate is connected with crank by connecting rod and link slot; Crank is connected with buncher through shaft coupling.
According to above technical scheme, test unit provided by the present invention, has following beneficial effect:
1, the water flow control system that this device is used can to pipe bag sandbox system provide unimodal current, back and forth current and wave current with the filling sand body realizing simulative tube bag madial wall breakage under different operating mode by bag between seamed pipe road time the souring that produces; Wave-producer wherein can realize the simulation of the wave current to different element of wave, and device is simple, easy to operate, processing cost is low, is applicable to small-sized physical model test.
2, all terminal is connected to by data collecting card in order to the ultrasonic current metre measuring flow velocity with the water pressure sensor measured for water pressure in this device information acquisition system, automatically to gather and to collect the data that said apparatus measures respectively, compare with record with labor measurement, this device not only saves human cost largely, and ensure that the record accuracy of data, avoid the generation of mistake from data source header, improve the precision of data; To the above-mentioned data analysis process collected, flow rate versus time, pressure time histories can be drawn out, in conjunction with sand production rate-time curve that real-time recording and the rule of video camera are drawn, the erosion damage process of seam sidewall breakage placing sand between bag can be described comparatively all sidedly.
3, the pipeline sandbox system of this device all adopts organic glass to make, and it is also convenient to observe flow-shape in seam pipeline, the scour law of sand particle and the thin sight migration process after entering seam pipeline intuitively on the basis reaching requirement of strength; The movement locus that sand particle carefully sees is obtained by video camera captured in real-time, in conjunction with particle informations such as the porositys obtained through the analysis of matlab software process camera review, three relation curves that can obtain with data analysis describe out the erosion damage process of pipe bag dam seamed pipe trackside wall breakage with mutually verifying all sidedly.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of test method studying the test unit of pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage.
Another object of the present invention realizes like this, study the test method of the test unit of pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage as previously mentioned, under comprising the steps: A, unimodal current effect, erosion damage situation step is as follows: the input end of pipeline sandbox system is connected with two water tanks with output terminal by (1) respectively; (2) in pipe bag sandbox, evenly load sand material, two water tanks identical by water level add water to seam pipeline and pipe bag sandbox, make sand material slowly saturated; (3) keep a water tank location motionless, promote another water tank location by runner, and then apply to stablize head difference, with one way stable current inside and outside simulative tube bag dam to pipeline sandbox system, under the effect of hydrostatic head difference, current form Mono direct percolation field in pipeline sandbox system; (4) the water pressure data of diverse location sand body in water pressure sensor real-time acquisition system are utilized; Utilize the flow speed data of diverse location current in ultrasonic current metre acquisition system, until sand sample reaches steady state (SS), namely sand sample is no longer outer moves; (5) phenomenon by occurring in high-definition camera shooting process of the test, to carry out post-processed analysis; (6) record the index of sand production rate as pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage, the factor of analyzing influence sand production rate, and analyze the relation between sand production rate and each influence factor, and then obtain macroscopical discrimination standard of pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage; To data analysis such as the water pressure recorded, flow velocitys, make the relation curve of they and time respectively, the image gathered in control test process, and the data analysis such as comprehensive sand production rate, make analysis from thin angle of seeing to pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage mechanism.Under B, back and forth flow action, erosion damage situation step is as follows: the input end of pipeline sandbox system is connected with the water tank of two in water flow control system with output terminal by (1) respectively; (2) in pipe bag sandbox, evenly load sand material, two water tanks identical by water level add water to seam pipeline and pipe bag sandbox, make sand material slowly saturated; (3) controlled the relative position of two water tanks by runner, and then apply periodic reverse current, with the reciprocal current of tide simulation large period to pipeline sandbox system; (4)-(6) the same A of step.Under C, wave action, erosion damage situation step is as follows: the output terminal of pipeline sandbox system is connected with wave-producer by (1), and input end is closed to maintain constant voltage; (2) in sandbox, evenly load sand material, added water to pipeline sandbox system by the wave-producer of output terminal and the water tank of input end, under the condition that both maintenances water level is identical, make sand material slowly saturated, and note the intrasystem air of discharge line sandbox; (3) set wave period by buncher, by the regulating connecting rod position control rocker amplitude of oscillation to set Wave energy, and then ripple made by starting wave-producer, forms wave flow field in system; (4)-(6) the same A of step.
According to above technical scheme, following beneficial effect can be realized:
1, the test method of erosion damage is there is under the damaged condition of pipe bag dam provided by the present invention seam sidewall, by laying ultrasonic current metre and pressure transducer at the diverse location of seam pipeline to feed back the hydraulic parameters such as the water flow velocity of correspondence position and water pressure respectively, in conjunction with the sand production rate that video camera and rule collect, different flow action operating modes is realized by regulating water flow control system, after data preparation under different operating mode is analyzed, flow rate versus time can be obtained, the relation curve of pressure versus time and sand production rate-time, and then the erosion damage process of seamed pipe trackside wall breakage placing sand between bag can be characterized comparatively all sidedly.
2, motion state and the distribution of particles of test method provided by the present invention by adopting the image collecting devices such as high-definition camera to take whole erosion damage process medium sand particle.Inputted computing machine, pass through specific program, analyze movement locus and other particle informations of the particle that shakes out, then in conjunction with corresponding flow rate versus time, pressure versus time and sand production rate-time three relation curves, just can analyze whole erosion damage process in a computer comparatively truly.
3, all data that the present invention measures all are gathered automatically by data collecting card, therefore, the data that detection probe feeds back can be received exactly, avoid the generation of the lower situation of precision that manual record causes, namely ensure that the present invention can characterize whole erosion damage process truly from data source header.
Accompanying drawing explanation
The following drawings is only intended to schematically illustrate the present invention and explain, not delimit the scope of the invention
Fig. 1 is the structure front elevation of pipeline sandbox system of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structure side view of pipeline sandbox system of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is way flow of the present invention and the reciprocal structural representation of test unit under current operating mode;
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of test unit under wave current operating mode of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the process flow diagram of test method of the present invention.
In figure: 1, pipe bag sandbox, 2, cover plate, 3, seam pipeline, 4, pipe bag sidewall, 5, water pressure sensor, 6, pipeline input end, 7, plenum chamber, 8, the damaged mouth of pipe bag, 9, vent port, 10, pipeline output terminal, 11, sand material collecting box, 12, high-definition camera, 13, data collecting card, 14, computing machine, 15, ultrasonic current metre, 16-1, first water tank, 16-2, second water tank, 17, fixed pulley, 18, semi-girder, 19, mullion, 20, base, 21-1, first hand wheel, 21-2, second hand wheel, 22, wave water tank, 23, wave tank outlet, 24, rocker, 25, connecting rod, 26, crank, 27, link slot, 28, shaft coupling, 29, buncher.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, technical scheme of the present invention is described in detail:
As shown in Figure 1, 2, under the damaged condition of a kind of pipe bag dam seamed pipe trackside wall, erosion damage failure test device occurs, comprise pipe bag sandbox 1, cover plate 2 and the pipe bag sandbox 1 on pipe bag sandbox 1 top are bolted, and in figure, bolt is represented by short-term; Pipe bag sidewall 4 is fixed between pipe bag sandbox 1 and seam pipeline 3 by screw rod and built-in screw, the damaged mouth 8 of deployment tube bag on pipe bag sidewall 4; The two ends of seam pipeline 3 are respectively pipeline input end 6 and pipeline output terminal 10, nearly pipeline output terminal 10 place is provided with sand material collecting box 11, pipeline input end 6 is connected with seam pipeline 3 through plenum chamber 7, and seam pipeline 3 top has vent port 9, and side-wall hole connects water pressure sensor 5; Ultrasonic current metre 15 is external in the optional position of seam pipeline 3, and water pressure sensor 5 and ultrasonic current metre 15 are all connected to computing machine 14 by data collecting card 13, and high-definition camera 12 is positioned near seam pipeline 3.
As shown in Figure 3, semi-girder 18 of the present invention is fixed on the mullion 19 that is connected with base 20, semi-girder 18 end arranges fixed pulley 17, the wire rope be connected with the first water tank 16-1 and the second water tank 16-2 is respectively connected to hand wheel 21-1 and 21-2 through fixed pulley 17, and the first water tank 16-1 and the second water tank 16-2 is connected with pipeline output terminal 10 respectively by rubber water tube and tube road input end 6.
As shown in Figure 4, wave water tank 22 of the present invention arranges the wave tank outlet 23 of three differing heights, and one of them can be selected to be connected with pipeline output terminal 10, and cover plate shutoff is used in all the other outlets; It is inner that push wave plate is positioned at wave water tank 22, push wave plate 24 one end connects hinged-support 29 bottom wave water tank 22, the other end is connected with one end of connecting rod 25, and connecting rod 25 other end is connected by link slot 27 with crank 26, and crank 26 is connected with buncher 29 through shaft coupling 28; By arranging the speed setting wave period of buncher 29, by the amplitude of fluctuation of the position control push wave plate 24 of regulating connecting rod 25 in link slot 27 to set Wave energy, start speed regulating motor 29, can form wave flow field in the seam pipeline 3 be connected with wave water tank 22.
As shown in Figure 5, the test method described in the present embodiment, comprises the steps:
Under A, unimodal current effect, erosion damage situation step is as follows:
(1) the pipeline input end 6 of pipeline sandbox system is connected with two water tanks 16-1,16-2 respectively with pipeline output terminal 10;
(2) in pipe bag sandbox 1, evenly load sand material, two water tank 16-1, the 16-2s identical by water level add water to seam pipeline 3 and pipe bag sandbox 1, make sand material slowly saturated;
(3) keep the second water tank 16-2 position motionless, the first water tank 16-1 position is promoted by runner, and then apply to stablize head difference to pipeline sandbox system, with one way stable current inside and outside simulative tube bag dam, under the effect of hydrostatic head difference, current form Mono direct percolation field in pipeline sandbox system;
(4) the head data of diverse location sand body in water pressure sensor 5 real-time acquisition system are utilized; Utilize the flow speed data of diverse location current in ultrasonic current metre 15 acquisition system, until sand sample reaches steady state (SS), namely sand sample is no longer outer moves;
(5) phenomenon occurred in process of the test is taken by high-definition camera 12, to carry out post-processed analysis;
(6) record the index of sand production rate as pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage, the factor of analyzing influence sand production rate, and analyze the relation between sand production rate and each influence factor, and then obtain macroscopical discrimination standard of pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage; To data analysis such as the water pressure recorded, flow velocitys, make the relation curve of they and time respectively, the image gathered in control test process, and the data analysis such as comprehensive sand production rate, make analysis from thin angle of seeing to pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage mechanism.
Under B, back and forth flow action, erosion damage situation step is as follows:
(1) the pipeline input end 6 of pipeline sandbox system is connected with two in water flow control system water tank 16-1, a 16-2 respectively with pipeline output terminal 10;
(2) in pipe bag sandbox 1, evenly load sand material, two water tank 16-1, the 16-2s identical by water level add water to seam pipeline 3 and pipe bag sandbox 1, make sand material slowly saturated;
(3) controlled the relative position of two water tanks 16-1,16-2 by runner, and then apply periodic reverse current, with the reciprocal current of tide simulation large period to pipeline sandbox system;
(4)-(6) the same A of step.
Under C, wave action, erosion damage situation step is as follows:
(1) be connected with the wave tank outlet 23 of a certain position by the pipeline output terminal 10 of pipeline sandbox system, close two other outlet, pipeline input end 6 is closed to maintain constant voltage;
(2) in pipe bag sandbox 1, evenly sand material is loaded, added water to pipeline sandbox system by wave water tank 22 and the first water tank 16-1, make sand material slowly saturated under the condition that both maintenances water level is identical, and note by the intrasystem air of vent port 9 discharge line sandbox;
(3) set wave period by buncher 29, by the amplitude of fluctuation of the position control rocker 24 of regulating connecting rod 25 in link slot 27 to set Wave energy, start speed regulating motor 29, forms wave flow field in system;
(4)-(6) the same A of step.
The above, it is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, not any pro forma restriction is done to the present invention, anyly do not depart from technical solution of the present invention content, the any simple modification done above embodiment according to technical spirit of the present invention, equivalent variations and modification, all still belong to technical scheme scope of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. study a test unit for pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage, it is characterized in that: comprise pipe bag sandbox, cover plate and the pipe bag sandbox on pipe bag sandbox top are bolted; Pipe bag sidewall is fixed between pipe bag sandbox and seam pipeline by screw rod and built-in screw, the damaged mouth of deployment tube bag on pipe bag sidewall; The two ends of seam pipeline are respectively pipeline input end and pipeline output terminal, and nearly pipeline output is provided with sand material collecting box, and pipeline input end is connected with seam pipeline through plenum chamber, and seam line upper portion has vent port, and side-wall hole connects water pressure sensor; It is outside that ultrasonic current metre is connected to seam pipeline, and water pressure sensor and ultrasonic current metre are all connected to computing machine by data collecting card, and high-definition camera is positioned near seam pipeline.
2. study the test unit of pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in way flow and back and forth under current operating mode, what be connected respectively with above-mentioned pipeline input end and pipeline output terminal is the first water tank and the second water tank; First water tank is connected with hand wheel by wire rope with the second water tank, and middle wirerope pile warp is fixed on the fixed pulley of semi-girder end; Semi-girder is fixed on the mullion that is connected with base.
3. study the test unit of pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: under wave action operating mode, what be connected with above-mentioned pipeline output terminal is wave water tank, wave water tank side has the wave tank outlet of three differing heights, and one of them can be selected to be connected with pipeline output terminal; Wave water tank is built with push wave plate, and push wave plate is connected with crank by connecting rod and link slot; Crank is connected with buncher through shaft coupling.
4. study the test method of the test unit of pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, comprise the steps:
Under A, unimodal current effect, erosion damage situation step is as follows:
(1) input end of pipeline sandbox system is connected with two water tanks respectively with output terminal;
(2) in pipe bag sandbox, evenly load sand material, two water tanks identical by water level add water to seam pipeline and pipe bag sandbox, make sand material slowly saturated;
(3) keep a water tank location motionless, promote another water tank location by runner, and then apply to stablize head difference, with one way stable current inside and outside simulative tube bag dam to pipeline sandbox system, under the effect of hydrostatic head difference, current form Mono direct percolation field in pipeline sandbox system;
(4) the water pressure data of diverse location sand body in water pressure sensor real-time acquisition system are utilized; Utilize the flow speed data of diverse location current in ultrasonic current metre acquisition system, until sand sample reaches steady state (SS), namely sand sample is no longer outer moves;
(5) phenomenon by occurring in high-definition camera shooting process of the test, to carry out post-processed analysis;
(6) record the index of sand production rate as pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage, the factor of analyzing influence sand production rate, and analyze the relation between sand production rate and each influence factor, and then obtain macroscopical discrimination standard of pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage; To data analysis such as the water pressure recorded, flow velocitys, make the relation curve of they and time respectively, the image gathered in control test process, and the data analysis such as comprehensive sand production rate, make analysis from thin angle of seeing to pipe bag dam joint failure erosion damage mechanism;
Under B, back and forth flow action, erosion damage situation step is as follows:
(1) input end of pipeline sandbox system is connected with the water tank of two in water flow control system respectively with output terminal;
(2) in pipe bag sandbox, evenly load sand material, two water tanks identical by water level add water to seam pipeline and pipe bag sandbox, make sand material slowly saturated;
(3) controlled the relative position of two water tanks by runner, and then apply periodic reverse current, with the reciprocal current of tide simulation large period to pipeline sandbox system;
(4)-(6) the same A of step;
Under C, wave action, erosion damage situation step is as follows:
(1) be connected with wave-producer by the output terminal of pipeline sandbox system, input end is closed to maintain constant voltage;
(2) in sandbox, evenly load sand material, added water to pipeline sandbox system by the wave-producer of output terminal and the water tank of input end, under the condition that both maintenances water level is identical, make sand material slowly saturated, and note the intrasystem air of discharge line sandbox;
(3) set wave period by buncher, by the regulating connecting rod position control rocker amplitude of oscillation to set Wave energy, and then ripple made by starting wave-producer, forms wave flow field in system;
(4)-(6) the same A of step.
CN201410766576.9A 2014-12-12 2014-12-12 Test device and method for studying erosion damage under pipe bag dam joint breakage condition Expired - Fee Related CN104458553B (en)

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CN112504948A (en) * 2020-10-17 2021-03-16 浙江水利水电学院 Concrete durability detection device under load-ion-biological combined action
CN112697673A (en) * 2020-12-14 2021-04-23 中国水利水电科学研究院 Visual test device and method for contact seepage damage of through-embankment pressureless culvert pipe

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CN107655778A (en) * 2017-11-17 2018-02-02 长安大学 A kind of programmable water-stable gravel two-phase rolls scouring instrument
CN107655778B (en) * 2017-11-17 2024-02-02 长安大学 Two-phase rolling and flushing instrument for programmable water-stabilized macadam base
CN110241775A (en) * 2019-05-20 2019-09-17 河海大学 Slope protection bank failure test device and method under a kind of wave load
CN110241775B (en) * 2019-05-20 2021-02-09 河海大学 Device and method for slope protection embankment damage test under wave load
CN112504948A (en) * 2020-10-17 2021-03-16 浙江水利水电学院 Concrete durability detection device under load-ion-biological combined action
CN112504948B (en) * 2020-10-17 2023-04-11 浙江水利水电学院 Concrete durability detection device under load-ion-biology combined action
CN112697673A (en) * 2020-12-14 2021-04-23 中国水利水电科学研究院 Visual test device and method for contact seepage damage of through-embankment pressureless culvert pipe
CN112697673B (en) * 2020-12-14 2021-09-17 中国水利水电科学研究院 Visual test device and method for contact seepage damage of through-embankment pressureless culvert pipe

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