CN104280141A - Beam splitter prism and method and device for detecting topological charge of vortex beam - Google Patents
Beam splitter prism and method and device for detecting topological charge of vortex beam Download PDFInfo
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- CN104280141A CN104280141A CN201410558194.7A CN201410558194A CN104280141A CN 104280141 A CN104280141 A CN 104280141A CN 201410558194 A CN201410558194 A CN 201410558194A CN 104280141 A CN104280141 A CN 104280141A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a beam splitter prism and a method and device for detecting the topological charge of a vortex beam. The vortex beam is divided into two light beams through the beam splitter prism, and the beam splitter prism is used for carrying out interference so that the topological charge of the vortex beam can be measured; a cube prism is cut open in the direction parallel to a pair of edge opposite angles, after cut surfaces are ground and polished, one of the cut surface is plated with a metal film, and then the two prism bodies are bonded to form a cube again. The beam splitter prism and the method and device for detecting the topological charge of the vortex beam have the advantages that the method for measuring the topological charge of the vortex beam on the basis of a beam splitter prism self-interference technology is provided for overcoming the defects in an existing method for measuring the topological charge of the vortex beam; an optical path for measuring the vortex topological charge through the single beam splitter prism is compact and practical, and the measuring method is simple, fast and stable in experiment results.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to coherent optics fields of measurement, be specifically related to the method and apparatus of a kind of Amici prism and detection vortex beams topological charge.
Background technology
Vortex beams is the unusual light field that a class has helical phase wavefront, has the Wave-front phase structure that can be represented as exp (il θ) form.Wherein azimuth angle theta is the function about cartesian coordinate axes x, y, is defined as tan θ=y/x; L is topological charge, can be positive number, also can be negative, represents that phase place rotates a circle around beam center and changes 2l π, and the hand of spiral that different topology lotus symbol is corresponding contrary.The helical phase structure centre point of vortex beams, with radial all on same equiphase line arbitrarily, cause this phase place to define, is thus called as phase singularity.The helical phase structure of vortex beams makes photon transmit in the shape of a spiral around optical axis, and be similar to electronics and rotate around atomic nucleus and have orbital angular momentum, in vortex beams, photon carries the orbital angular momentum being proportional to topological charge l
wherein
represent that Planck's constant is divided by 2 π.The helical phase structure characterized by topological charge and quantized orbital angular momentum, make vortex beams have broad application prospects in technical fields such as optical micro-manipulation, quantum calculation, optical communication, corona observation, special appearance optical manufacturing.Thus, the measurement of vortex beams topological charge is had very important significance.
At present, the measuring method about vortex beams topological charge can be summarized as diffraction approach and interferometric method two class.Diffraction approach is by analyzing the optical field distribution of vortex beams after the optical element diffraction of particular design, obtaining topology information.The diffractive-optical element of these particular design comprises delthyrium, hexagon ring, looping pit and conical bore etc.But the singularity of these diffractive-optical element structures and complicacy have limited to its scope applied.Interferometric method is the interference of being restrainted reference beam (plane wave, spherical wave etc.) by vortex beams and another, differentiates the topological charge information of vortex beams, wherein comparatively typically based on the double beam interferometry of Mach-Zehnder interferometer light path.2004, Jonathan Leach etc. is published in and the interim paper of " PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS " the 92nd volume the 1st " Interferometric Methods to Measure Orbital and Spin; or the Total Angular Momentum of a Single Photon " and the Li Yang months in 2010 etc. is published in the interim paper " generation of vortex beams and interference " of " Acta Physica Sinica " the 59th volume the 3rd, is all the detection utilizing Mach-Zehnder interferometer device to realize vortex topological charge.But double beam interferometry also exists some inevitable problems, as complicated and comparatively responsive to the perturbation of environment in needed desirable reference beam, light path.
Summary of the invention
The technical matters solved
In order to avoid the deficiencies in the prior art part, the present invention proposes the method and apparatus of a kind of Amici prism and detection vortex beams topological charge, solve the limitation such as complicacy and instability existing for existing measurement vortex beams topological charge method, be a kind of light path compact, measure simple and quick, that result is stable measuring method.
Technical scheme
A kind of Amici prism for measuring vortex beams topological charge, it is characterized in that: one piece of cube prism is parallel to a pair seamed edge diagonal angle and cuts, after tangent plane grinding and polishing, wherein will become central reflector layer by a metal-coated membrane, and then two pieces of prisms be composed cube again and obtain Amici prism.
Utilize described Amici prism to detect a method for vortex beams topological charge, it is characterized in that step is as follows:
Step 1: enter to inject in Amici prism by vortex beams to be measured, adjusts the angle between the transmission optical axis of vortex beams to be measured and the central reflector layer of Amici prism, makes incident vortex beams enter Amici prism along the central reflector layer of Amici prism; The vortex beams entering Amici prism is divided into two parts, and on the central reflector layer of Amici prism, transmission and reflection occurs respectively, and then interferes superposition in Amici prism, forms interference fringe;
Step 2: utilize the interference pattern that the charge coupled device ccd record after being placed in Amici prism produces;
Step 3: according to number and the position of obtained interference pattern Fracture striped, obtain the topological charge information of tested vortex beams.
Realize a device for the method for described Amici prism detection vortex beams topological charge, it is characterized in that comprising laser instrument 1, inverted telescope system 2, collimation lens 3, catoptron 4, spatial light modulator 5, first Fourier transform lens 6, second Fourier transform lens 8, small filter 7, Amici prism 9, charge-coupled image sensor 10 and 11-computing machine; Laser instrument 1 and the optical axis of catoptron 4 are provided with inverted telescope system 2 and collimation lens 3 successively; Catoptron 4 and the optical axis of Amici prism 9 are provided with spatial light modulator 5-, the first Fourier transform lens 6, second Fourier transform lens 8 and small filter 7 successively; The rear of Amici prism 9 is provided with charge-coupled image sensor 10, and charge-coupled image sensor 10 is connected with computing machine 11; Described spatial light modulator 5 is loaded the hologram of the vortex beams required for generation.
Described laser instrument 1 is the Argon ion laser of wavelength 514.5nm.
Change the focal length size of the first Fourier transform lens 6 and the second Fourier transform lens 8, to control the change of vortex beams spot size, make it to meet R≤L [1-tan (arcsin (2/2n)]/2, wherein R is vortex beams spot radius, L is Amici prism central reflector layer length, and n is the refractive index of Amici prism.
Spatial light modulator 5 is replaced with hologram mask version, spiral phase plate or rotation minute surface Gaussian oscillation device.
Beneficial effect
A kind of Amici prism that the present invention proposes and the method and apparatus of detection vortex beams topological charge, utilize Amici prism that vortex beams is divided into two-beam, and make it the topological charge that carries out interfering to measure vortex beams.One piece of cube prism is parallel to a pair seamed edge diagonal angle to cut, after tangent plane grinding and polishing, incites somebody to action a wherein metal-coated membrane, then two pieces of prisms are composed cube again.The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: 1. at present about measuring deficiency existing in vortex beams topological charge method, propose a kind of method based on Amici prism self-interference commercial measurement vortex topological charge.2. single Amici prism proposed by the invention measure vortex topological charge the compact practicality of light path, measuring method is simple and quick, experimental result is stable.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is that light beam propagates schematic diagram at Amici prism
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of a kind of vortex beams generation device of providing of the embodiment of the present invention and topological charge measurement mechanism.
Fig. 3 be the experimental measurements figure utilizing the experiment of device in Fig. 2 to obtain vortex beams topological charge, figure (a)-(c) respectively corresponding topological charge be l=1,2, the situation of 3.
In Fig. 2: 1-laser instrument; 2-inverted telescope system; 3-collimation lens; 4-catoptron; 5-spatial light modulator; 6-first Fourier transform lens; 8-second Fourier transform lens; 7-small filter; 9-Amici prism; 10-charge-coupled image sensor; 11-computing machine.
Embodiment
Now in conjunction with the embodiments, the invention will be further described for accompanying drawing:
As shown in Figure 1, it is the schematic diagram that the light beam in the present embodiment is propagated in Amici prism.Angle between the central reflector layer of Amici prism and optical transport axle is γ, and its angle γ can be adjusted by the universal stage of fixing Amici prism.The light beam prism that is split is divided into A, B two parts (with reference to Fig. 1), and when A light beam is propagated in Amici prism, central reflector layer respectively reflection and transmission occurs, and reflection light field and Transmission field strength ratio depend on the splitting ratio of Amici prism.The dissemination of B light beam in Amici prism is identical with the dissemination of A light beam.
As shown in Figure 2, the structural representation measuring vortex beams topological charge device based on single Amici prism interferometric method that it proposes for the present embodiment,
Laser instrument 1 is the Argon ion laser of wavelength 514.5nm, its narrow laser beam sent is successively by inverted telescope system 2, collimation lens 3, after catoptron 4 reflects, normal incidence is in spatial light modulator 5, light beam is after spatial light modulator 5 is modulated, through small filter 7 filtering on the Fourier transform plane of Fourier transform lens 6, then produce required vortex beams through Fourier transform lens 8.
In the vortex beams generation system that the present embodiment provides, the light pencil that inverted telescope system 2 and collimation lens 3 pairs of laser instruments send carries out beam-expanding collimation.Computed hologram is loaded in spatial light modulator 5 by computer software, and the light beam after beam-expanding collimation produces the vortex beams of not at the same level time through spatial light modulator 5 diffraction.The different Fourier transform lens 6,8 of focal length and small filter 7 constitute a 4f system, spatial filtering is carried out to produced vortex beams, regulate the position of small filter 7, the vortex beams (vortex beams of corresponding different topology lotus) of not at the same level time can be chosen, simultaneously, because the focal length of Fourier transform lens 6,8 is different, the adjustment of vortex beams spot size can be realized.In this enforcement special case, usage space photomodulator 5 produces vortex light, in practical application, hologram mask plate, spiral phase plate or rotation minute surface Gauss oscillator etc. can also be adopted to produce required vortex beams.
First Fourier transform lens 6 and the second Fourier transform lens 8 constitute a beam expander simultaneously, regulate the focal length of Fourier transform lens 6,8, control the change of vortex beams spot size.Make it to meet R≤L [1-tan (arcsin (2/2n)]/2, wherein R is vortex beams spot radius, and L is Amici prism central reflector layer length, and n is the refractive index of Amici prism.Fourier transform lens 6,8 focal length is respectively f
6and f
8, work as f
6<f
8time, realize vortex beams spot size and amplify, enlargement factor is f
8/ f
6; Work as f
6> f
8time, realize vortex beams spot size and reduce, minification is f
6/ f
8.
Place Amici prism 9 at Fourier transform lens 8 rear, wherein Amici prism 9 is fixed on an adjustable universal stage, regulates position and the height of universal stage, makes the crossing crest line formed of Amici prism 9 plane of incidence 1,2 through the center of vortex beams.By regulating the fine thread of universal stage, vortex beams is propagated along the central reflector layer of Amici prism 9.Vortex beams is divided into two parts by Amici prism 9, on the central reflector layer of Amici prism 9, transmission and reflection occurs respectively, and after Amici prism 9 transmits a segment distance, interfere superposition to produce interference fringe.The charge coupled apparatus (CCD) 10 be connected with computing machine 11 is placed in the rear of Amici prism, utilizes charge-coupled image sensor (CCD) 10 to observe and be recorded in the interference pattern that Amici prism rear produces; Finally according to number and the position of obtained interference pattern Fracture striped, determine the topological charge information of tested vortex beams.
In the present embodiment, the splitting ratio of Amici prism 9 is 50:50, ensures that light beam is identical with Transmission field intensity through the reflection light field of central reflector layer.Choosing topological charge is that the vortex beams of l enters to inject Amici prism, and observe the interference fringe pattern recorded by charge-coupled image sensor (CCD) 10, the fracture striped number of interference fringe edge is vortex topological charge l.Experimental result as shown in Figure 3, figure (a)-(c) respectively to topological charge l=1,2, the situation of 3, clearly, figure (a)-(c) Fracture striped number is equally also 1,2,3.
The adjustment central reflector layer of Amici prism overlaps completely with the transmission axle of vortex beams, and its process is complicated and difficulty is larger.When there is angle γ between Amici prism central reflector layer and transmission axle, the phase differential of introducing
thus cause the spacing of interference fringe to change, and there is (or counterclockwise) rotation clockwise.When introducing phase differential and changing π, will reverse in the direction of its fracture striped, but the interference fringe number of fracture can not change.Even if thus prove to there is angle between Amici prism central reflector layer and transmission axle, also can not affect measurement result.Illustrate that the method that the present invention proposes is simple to operate.
Embodiment of the present invention measuring process is:
Step 1: by beam expander, realizes the adjustment of the spot size of vortex beams to be measured, and the size of hot spot is relevant with the size of Amici prism.
Step 2: make vortex beams to be measured enter to inject in Amici prism, Amici prism is placed on an adjustable universal stage, the angle between the transmission optical axis of vortex beams to be measured and the central reflector layer of Amici prism is adjusted by adjustment universal stage, regulate universal stage position, height and the anglec of rotation, incident vortex beams is made to enter Amici prism along the central reflector layer of Amici prism, the vortex beams entering Amici prism is divided into two parts, transmission and reflection is there is respectively on the central reflector layer of Amici prism, and then superposition is interfered in Amici prism, form interference fringe,
Step 3: the rear charge coupled apparatus (CCD) be connected with computing machine being placed in Amici prism, utilizes charge-coupled image sensor (CCD) observe and record produced interference pattern;
Step 4: according to number and the position of obtained interference pattern Fracture striped, determine the topological charge information of tested vortex beams.
Described beam expander is the different lens composition of two focal lengths, and first piece of focal length of lens is little, and second piece of focal length of lens is large, realizes light beam and amplifies; First piece of focal length of lens is large, and second piece of focal length of lens is large, realizes reducing of light beam.
The central reflector layer of the distribution of interference pattern and the optical field distribution E (r, θ) of incident beam and Amici prism and the angle γ of optical axis are correlated with.The optical field distribution of vortex beams can be expressed as E (r, θ)=E
0(r) exp (il θ), wherein E
0r () is determined by the bias light place of carrying vortex phase.Vortex beams is divided into A, B two parts after entering Amici prism, and optical field distribution can be expressed as E
a(r, θ)=E
a(r) exp (i φ
a) and E
b(r, θ)=E
b(r) exp (i φ
b).Background light field used in the present invention is approximately plane wave, can ensure | E
a(r) |
2=| E
b(r) |
2.The splitting ratio of Amici prism is 50:50, can ensure that the reflection light field through central reflector layer is identical with Transmission field intensity.A, B two light beam on the central reflector layer of Amici prism, there is transmittance and reflectance, again from exit facet 3 and 4 outgoing of Amici prism (conveniently, light beam is the plane of incidence 1 and 2 from the surface definition of Amici prism incidence by we, and is exit facet 3 and 4 by the surface definition of outgoing).From the interference pattern intensity distributions I of the light field of exit facet 3 and 4 outgoing
1and I
2be respectively
In formula, I
0=| E
a(r) |
2/ 2=|E
b(r) |
2/ 2; φ
a, φ
bbe respectively the PHASE DISTRIBUTION function of A, B light beam.Formula (1) shows, the change of fringe intensity is determined by following formula:
The existence of constant term π, affects moving integrally of interference fringe, but does not affect the distribution situation of interference fringe.The change of the just fringe intensity that the present invention pays close attention to, therefore can ignore the impact of constant term pi/2, only consider phase function Δ φ and
on the impact of interference fringe.When Amici prism central reflector layer and vortex beams transmit optical axis coincidence (
), interference fringe change only relates to phase function Δ φ, and its distribution form is
Δφ＝φ
A(θ)-φ
B(-θ-π)＝lθ-l(-θ-π)＝2lθ+lπ(-π2≤θ≤π2) (3)
As can be seen from formula (3), phase function Δ φ is about azimuth angle theta continually varying function.When θ=-pi/2, phase difference φ=0; When θ=pi/2, phase difference φ=2l π.Contrast finds, interference fringe distribution shape when interference fringe during θ=-pi/2 and θ=pi/2 is identical, and be that the former moves l order of interference to the latter relatively, thus overall interference pattern presents " distortion " shape.Because Amici prism is to the slabbing action of vortex beams, cause the interference fringe of " distortion " only to demonstrate a part, namely interference fringe presents fractured-shape, and appears at the edge of interference pattern, and the interference fringe number of its fracture just in time equals topological charge l.
Claims (6)
1. one kind for measuring the Amici prism of vortex beams topological charge, it is characterized in that: one piece of cube prism is parallel to a pair seamed edge diagonal angle and cuts, after tangent plane grinding and polishing, wherein will become central reflector layer by a metal-coated membrane, and then two pieces of prisms be composed cube again and obtain Amici prism.
2. utilize a method for Amici prism detection vortex beams topological charge described in claim 1, it is characterized in that step is as follows:
Step 1: enter to inject in Amici prism by vortex beams to be measured, adjusts the angle between the transmission optical axis of vortex beams to be measured and the central reflector layer of Amici prism, makes incident vortex beams enter Amici prism along the central reflector layer of Amici prism; The vortex beams entering Amici prism is divided into two parts, and on the central reflector layer of Amici prism, transmission and reflection occurs respectively, and then interferes superposition in Amici prism, forms interference fringe;
Step 2: utilize the interference pattern that the charge coupled device ccd record after being placed in Amici prism produces;
Step 3: according to number and the position of obtained interference pattern Fracture striped, obtain the topological charge information of tested vortex beams.
3. realize a device for the method for Amici prism detection vortex beams topological charge described in claim 2, it is characterized in that comprising laser instrument (1), inverted telescope system (2), collimation lens (3), catoptron (4), spatial light modulator (5), the first Fourier transform lens (6), the second Fourier transform lens (8), small filter (7), Amici prism (9), charge-coupled image sensor (10) and (11) computing machine; Laser instrument (1) and the optical axis of catoptron (4) are provided with inverted telescope system (2) and collimation lens (3) successively; Catoptron (4) and the optical axis of Amici prism (9) are provided with spatial light modulator (5), the first Fourier transform lens (6), the second Fourier transform lens (8) and small filter (7) successively; The rear of Amici prism (9) is provided with charge-coupled image sensor (10), and charge-coupled image sensor (10) is connected with computing machine (11); Described spatial light modulator (5) is loaded the hologram of the vortex beams required for generation.
4. device according to claim 3, is characterized in that: the Argon ion laser that described laser instrument (1) is wavelength 514.5nm.
5. device according to claim 3, it is characterized in that: change the first Fourier transform lens (6 and the second focal length size of Fourier transform lens (8), to control the change of vortex beams spot size, make it to meet R≤L [1-tan (arcsin (2/2n)]/2, wherein R is vortex beams spot radius, L is Amici prism central reflector layer length, and n is the refractive index of Amici prism.
6. device according to claim 3, is characterized in that: replace spatial light modulator (5) with hologram mask version, spiral phase plate or rotation minute surface Gaussian oscillation device.
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