CN104271913A - 用于测量废气中成分的仪器 - Google Patents
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- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 claims description 58
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- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 55
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 description 25
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 9
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- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
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- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
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- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
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- G01M15/00—Testing of engines
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- G01M15/10—Testing internal-combustion engines by monitoring exhaust gases or combustion flame
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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- F01N3/208—Control of selective catalytic reduction [SCR], e.g. dosing of reducing agent
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- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B27/00—Use of kinetic or wave energy of charge in induction systems, or of combustion residues in exhaust systems, for improving quantity of charge or for increasing removal of combustion residues
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- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
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- G01N1/2252—Sampling from a flowing stream of gas in a vehicle exhaust
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- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0036—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector specially adapted to detect a particular component
- G01N33/0037—NOx
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- F01N2560/026—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting NOx
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Abstract
在测量来自燃式发动机排气管(6)中废气流(4)中的废气成分的情况下用来采样的装置(2)，所述装置包括定位在测量室(10)中的传感器(8)。装置(2)还包括至少两个采集管(12)，所述至少两个采集管定位在排气管(6)中并且具有面向废气流(4)并且定位在C-C平面中的孔(14)，所述平面大致垂直于废气流(4)的方向。采集管(12)适于将废气流的各种部分转移至测量室(10)，以使传感器(8)能够监测例如代表废气中NOX成分的平均值。利用废气中NOX成分的有代表性的平均值，能够对基于SCR技术的废气清洁***进行准确控制。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及依据独立权利要求前序部分所述的装置。本发明更具体地涉及主要适合于改进对燃式发动机排出的废气中NOX成分进行测量的装置，目的在于能够对废气后处理***进行更精确的控制。
背景技术
燃式发动机燃烧空气和燃料的混合物并且产生废气，废气尤其包含氮氧化物(NOX)、二氧化碳(CO2)、一氧化碳(CO)以及颗粒物。NOX是复合术语，主要用来涵盖一氧化氮(NO)和二氧化氮(NO2)。为了减少有害物质的排出，通常会在发动机的排气管线中配备废气后处理***。为减少NOX成分，就柴油发动机而言，废气后处理***通常包括与用于向催化剂上游喷射还原剂的***相结合的SCR催化剂。在催化剂中，还原剂与氮氧化物反应从而减少释放进大气的氮氧化物含量。更具体地，还原剂分解并且产生氨气(NH3)，氨气再与氮氧化物反应产生水和氮气(N2)。
为了实现所述的氮氧化物减少，NH3必须储存在SCR催化剂中。为使催化剂有效工作，储存级别必须适当。更详尽地，氮氧化物的减少或换能效率取决于储存级别。为了在不同的运转情况下维持高换能效率，应当维持NH3级别。然而，随着催化剂温度升高，NH3级别必须下降以避免NH3排出(也就是过剩的NH3从催化剂中释放出来)，所述NH3排出可能会减少催化剂的转换效率。
因此，废气清洁策略需要满足转换足够量的NOX并且与此同时为了环境和运转经济性的双重原因，还要试图不喷射太多的还原剂。
由于还原剂在催化剂上游分布不均，因此来自SCR催化剂的废气具有穿过催化剂横截面的不同浓度的NOX。这导致在催化剂下游测量NOX成分的情况下，催化剂下游废气流中NOX浓度分布发生偏离。使用NOX传感器反馈并且正确控制针对NOX浓度而添加的还原剂量涉及传感器测量废气流中NOX成分的平均值，所述测量很难进行，因为测量通常只能在废气流中的一点处进行。
存在各种测量气体成分的常规技术。
DD-249096涉及测量流经管的各种气体(例如呼吸空气)的装置。该装置的三个测量管全都具有相同的流阻，但是令气体从管中的不同点流经所述三个测量管到达测量室，气体在测量室中混合在一起并且进行测量。而后气体经由出口管被引导回管。
DE-1931170U涉及带有不同长度测量管的测量装置，测量管将气体引入配置有过滤器的混合壳体，过滤器将气体经管引入传感器。而后气体经由出口管被引回。
EP-0658756涉及测量装置，其中气溶胶经由五个导管被引入测量室。
GB 2 135 462涉及使用皮托管将废气流中的废气引入传感器。
US-6843104涉及为了从不同半径范围获得废气并在所述废气进入传感器前将所述废气进行混合的解决方法，在该方法中，排风管中的横向管具有数个入口。而后废气被引回排气管。
US 7497138涉及大致与US-6843104相似的解决方法。
本发明的目的在于提供用于废气取样的改良装置，该装置取得针对废气中物质测量成分的值，该值实质上等于废气中物质成分的平均值。这使得更准确控制废气清洁***成为可能。
发明内容
本发明的上述目的通过由独立权利要求限定的发明来实现。优选实施例由从属权利要求限定。
在依据本发明的取样装置中，废气从在遍及废气流横截面上的多个点被收集并且在由传感器进行测量前被混合。相对于仅基于从单点测量的值而言，结果是更有代表性的测量气体成分平均值。
依据本发明的装置特别适用于在测量来自燃式发动机的废气中NOX成分的情况下使用。所述装置包括有利地配置成皮托管的至少两个采集管，所述至少两个采集管配置有朝向废气流的孔并且适合于临近排气管线，以便将部分废气流转移至NOX传感器。所述采集管全部定位在与废气流主要流动方向成直角的同一平面内，所述孔优选在距排气管线纵向轴线的沿径向方向预定距离处均匀分布在所述平面内。
所述装置包括混合室，所述混合室如此布置使得以流动废气围绕排气管线。这样的混合室的优点在于其不会占用过多空间，以及从不同的测量点到混合室的距离最小，因为采集管可以径向向外延伸至排气管线的外壳表面。这导致管路在废气流中的长度较短，因此流阻较小。
依据本发明，使用所谓的文丘里效应来将气体从混合室引回排气管线。该效应通过给排气管线配置有靠近废气被引回位置的缩口来实现。结果是较好的流动性，因而使得转移气体较好地混合。
进一步的特点和优点将通过列举本发明的多个不同实施方式的所附具体实施方式部分来表明。
附图说明
图1描绘沿依据本发明第一实施方式的装置所配置的排气管线的纵向方向的剖视示意图；以及
图2-5描绘本发明的第一、第二、第三以及第四实施方式沿图1中B-B线的剖视示意图。
具体实施方式
在图中，相同或相似的结构使用相同的附图标记。
图1和图2描绘本发明的第一实施方式，在图1中示出的是依据图2的横截面A-A，在图2中示出的是依据图1的横截面B-B。
图1和图2描绘适用于在测量废气流4中的废气成分的情况下使用的采样装置2。在一个实施例中，传感器适于测量废气中的NOX成分。来自燃式发动机(例如柴油机)的废气被引经排气管线(例如排气管6)，装置2定位在所述排气管线上。装置2包括定位在测量室10中的传感器8。
装置2还包括两个采集管12，每个采集管部分地定位在排气管6中，并且每个采集管包括面向废气流4的至少一个孔14。在图1中，废气流由箭头代表。孔14优选都具有相同尺寸并且设置在平面C-C中，所述平面大体上垂直于废气流主要流动方向。所述孔优选均匀分布在所述平面C-C中。采集管12适于将部分废气流转移至所述测量室10，传感器8在所述测量室中测量被转移至测量室的废气中的诸如NOX成分。传感器被连接到基于SCR技术的废气清洁***(未描绘)并且形成所述废气清洁***的一部分，由此来自传感器的测量值尤其适用于定量供给还原剂。
孔14均匀分布在垂直于废气流流动方向的平面C-C中的事实意味着，在多个不同的实施方式中，所述孔平均分布在与废气流方向成直角的至少一个圆16上，所述圆的圆心与排气管6的纵向轴线18重合。参见在图2、3、4和5中描绘的实施方式。
图2中描绘的第一实施方式涉及有两个相似采集管12的装置。
图3和图4中描绘的替代实施方式与图2中的实施方式的区别仅在于采集管12的数量不同。因此，图3中描绘的实施方式涉及具有三个采集管的装置2，以及图4中描绘的实施方式涉及具有四个采集管的装置。重要的是至少存在两个采集管，并且采集管数量越多，测量准确性越高，但同时解决方法也越复杂。多于四个采集管仅仅导致测量准确度略高，但如果还希望有更高的准确度，则替代的是所述采集管可以如下参照图5所描绘的来配置。
每个采集管的孔14处于距排气管6的轴18的预定距离处。图中的距离是管半径的约一半。所述孔还沿圆周方向均匀分布。
图5描绘以下实施方式，其中每个采集管12具有沿各个管半径的两个孔14。特定部分(诸如具有传感器的测量室)在图5中未描绘。在其它实施方式中，孔14同样通过处于距排气管6的纵向轴线18沿径向的预定距离处来均匀分布，并且也沿圆周方向均匀分布。
在图1-4描绘的实施方式中，装置2包括混合室20，采集管12适于经由所述混合室将被转移的废气流4引至测量室10。所述混合室在排气管6的横截面上是环形的并且适于围绕所述排气管。因此，来自各个孔14的废气被引至混合室20，所述混合室对所有采集管是公用的，并且具有不同NOX成分的废气将在所述混合室中被混合。在这些具有不同NOX浓度的废气已被混合之后，所述废气将通过传感器8进行监测以基于排气管线的不同部分中的不同NOX成分获得排气管线中的废气NOX成分的有代表性的平均值。
采集管12全部具有基本上相同长度并且在排气管6中相对于所述排气管的基本上径向地延伸尺寸。这意味着来自各个采集管12的流体将在大致同一时间到达混合室20，这有利于得到正确的测量值。
如图1所示，每个采集管12以径向部分的形式部分地***排气管中，所述径向部分弯曲成90°后变为轴向方向，径向外部被连接到混合室20，以及径向内部在其端部具有面向废气流的孔14。
经由采集管12被转移至混合室20并且从而被转移至测量室10的废气然后被引回至排气管6，所述引回经过至少一个回路管24，所述至少一个回路管适于将废气从测量室引回排气管6。在图1中，回路管采用来自测量室10的连接的形式并且简单地作为穿过排气管壁的孔24。回路管/孔24在排气管中定位在采集管的相应孔14的下游位置。
排气管有利地配置有靠近废气从测量室10被引回的位置的收束部22。所述收束部可以有利地在孔24处采用排气管内凸的形式，废气经过所述孔被引回。所述收束部的目的在于利用所谓的文丘里效应，由此在收束部处的压力将会小于收束部上游的压力，导致有助于废气更好地流经传感器8的抽吸效果。所述收束部无须处于废气被引回的孔24处，而是例如可以在孔24所定位的横截面处处于沿排气管内表面的任何地方。
在本发明的针对重型车辆(诸如卡车)的柴油发动机的应用中，排气管的典型直径为约120mm-130mm，例如127mm。采集管12的尺寸需要尽可能地小，以便减小对来自发动机的废气流的妨碍。所述采集管的直径例如可以在2-10mm范围内。所述采集管的孔14优选全部为同一尺寸。
采集管12沿其基本上整个延伸尺寸具有相同内径，以及所述采集管的靠近孔14的配置与皮托管相似，这意味着所述采集管的外径在围绕孔的区域变窄并且从而逐渐变细，以致未被引入孔中的废气从流体角度看能够以有利方式流过。
采集管12可以有利地定位在沿排气管的在废气温度处于150-450℃范围内的位置处。
在本发明概念的范围内，同样可以省略混合室20并且使得废气从采集管被直接引入测量室10。这与上述收束部22相结合导致更好地流经传感器8，因而得到更好的测量结果。
本发明并不限于上述实施方式。可以使用各式各样的替代、改型以及等同方案。
本发明在上文中以如下实施例来描述，即所述装置是用于废气清洁的SCR***的一部分，以及测量NOX成分被用于调节还原剂喷射参数。这样的还原剂的实施例是作为商用的液体尿素水溶液。这种液体是无毒尿素溶液，其用于在化学上减少氮氧化物(NOX)排放，特别是减少来自配备柴油发动机的重型车辆的氮氧化物排放。
在针对替代目的的替代实施方式中，所述装置可以在排气管线中定位在SCR催化剂之前或之后，以及在排气管线中可以在所述装置之前和之后存在其它部件。
在其它申请中，所述装置可以用于测量来自燃式发动机废气流中的除NOX外的组分。此外，所述传感器无需是直接监测NOX浓度的NOX传感器，因为所述传感器也可以是能够间接监测NOX浓度的其它任何形式的传感器。所述传感器也可以例如是监测NO或NO2浓度的传感器。所述传感器也可以适合于测量废气中碳氢化合物(HC)成分。
所述装置在替代实施方式中可以在具有除由排气管示出的圆形以外的横截面形状(例如任何期望的横截面形状)的排气管线中类似地使用。
Claims (8)
1.用于对废气进行采样并且在测量燃式发动机的废气流(4)中废气成分的情况下使用的装置，所述装置(2)定位成邻近排气管(6)、包括定位在测量室(10)中的传感器(8)并且具有至少两个孔(14)，所述至少两个孔面向废气流(4)以便将部分废气流转移并且经由混合室(20)引入所述测量室(10)中，所述混合室是环形的并且适于围绕所述排气管(6)，所述装置适于在孔(14)的下游位置将废气从所述测量室(10)引回排气管(6)内，其特征在于，所述孔采用至少两个采集管(12)的形式，每个采集管至少部分地定位在排气管(6)中，以及所述装置具有收束部(22)，所述收束部靠近排气管(6)中的从测量室(10)将废气引回排气管(6)的位置，以便利用文丘里效应来改善经过传感器(8)的流动。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述孔(14)位于大致垂直于废气流(4)主要流动方向的平面(C-C)中，并且均匀分布在所述平面(C-C)中。
3.如权利要求2所述的装置，其中，孔(14)通过平均分布在与废气流成直角的至少一个圆(16)上来均匀分布，以及圆(16)的圆心与排气管(6)的纵向轴线(18)重合。
4.如权利要求2或3所述的装置，其中，孔(14)通过处于距排气管(6)的纵向轴线(18)沿径向的预定距离处来均匀分布。
5.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的装置，包括两个、三个或四个相似的采集管(12)。
6.如权利要求1至5中任一项所述的装置，其中，每个采集管(12)从径向外端朝向径向内端径向延伸，所述径向内端是斜角的并且朝向废气流(4)延伸。
7.如权利要求1至6中任一项所述的装置，包括适于将废气从所述测量室(10)引回至排气管(6)的至少一个回路管(24)。
8.如上述权利要求中的任一项所述的装置，其中，所述传感器(8)适于测量废气中NOX成分。
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR112014026382A2 (pt) | 2017-06-27 |
| KR20150015494A (ko) | 2015-02-10 |
| SE1250447A1 (sv) | 2013-11-05 |
| IN2014DN08914A (zh) | 2015-05-22 |
| RU2578922C1 (ru) | 2016-03-27 |
| SE538332C2 (sv) | 2016-05-17 |
| EP2893165A4 (en) | 2016-06-15 |
| EP2893165A1 (en) | 2015-07-15 |
| US20150122002A1 (en) | 2015-05-07 |
| WO2013165296A1 (en) | 2013-11-07 |
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