CN104271803A - 具有功能覆层的流体机械部件 - Google Patents

具有功能覆层的流体机械部件 Download PDF

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CN104271803A
CN104271803A CN201380020377.7A CN201380020377A CN104271803A CN 104271803 A CN104271803 A CN 104271803A CN 201380020377 A CN201380020377 A CN 201380020377A CN 104271803 A CN104271803 A CN 104271803A
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fluid machinery
machinery parts
layer
chromium
parts according
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约亨·巴尼克尔
克里斯蒂安·伯默尔
托尔斯滕-乌尔夫·克恩
约尔格·许尔霍夫
盛世伦
阿尔明·德拉泽尔
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Siemens AG
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Abstract

一种流体机械部件，所述流体机械部件具有基体(2)和直接施加到基体(2)上的多层覆层(3)以及多个直接彼此叠加地施加的层(4，5)，所述多层覆层为最小5μm厚并且最大35μm厚，其中直接施加到基体上的所述层是增附层(4)，所述增附层具有氮化铬，并且其余的所述层(5)中的至少一个具有硬质材料。

Description

具有功能覆层的流体机械部件
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有功能覆层的流体机械部件。
背景技术
在蒸汽轮机中水蒸气为了产生旋转能而膨胀。蒸汽轮机具有多个级，其中每个级具有带有多个导向叶片的导向叶片环和带有多个转子叶片的转子叶片环。转子叶片安置在蒸汽轮机的轴上并且在蒸汽轮机运行时旋转，导向叶片安置在蒸汽轮机的壳体上并且是静止的。
叶片在此在蒸汽轮机运行时经受不同的退化过程，例如蠕变。蠕变是在温度提高的情况下在负荷影响下叶片的缓慢进行的塑性变形。负荷例如能够源自在蒸汽轮机中流动的水蒸气并且在转子叶片中通过由于所述转子叶片的旋转引起的离心力产生。此外叶片的表面在温度相应高的情况下在存在水蒸气时能够氧化，其中能够定期地在高压蒸汽轮机中或者在中压蒸汽轮机中达到这样高的温度水平并且所述温度水平典型为大于540℃。
在转子叶片和/或导向叶片的表面上形成氧化层的情况下，在所述表面上能够形成微缺口或者微裂纹。由此降低了转子叶片和/或导向叶片的强度，使得例如降低或者至少影响转子叶片和/或导向叶片的交变弯曲强度。
通常为了避免氧化，转子叶片和/或导向叶片由成本密集的合金制造。
从US2009/123737A1中已知具有基体的流体机械部件，所述基体具有铬钢。基体以氮化的硬质层覆层。在所述硬质层上通过气相沉积施加具有氮化铬的层。
从DE10 2008 020 607A1中已知一种具有第一表面和施加在所述第一表面上的覆层的物件。覆层包括具有氮化铬的第一层，在所述第一层上施加有另一个层。
从DE10 2008 019 891A1中已知一种特别是用于燃气轮机构件的防腐蚀覆层。覆层在此交替地具有相对硬的和相对软的层。为了更好地附着，直接在燃气轮机构件上设有具有氮化铬的增附层。
从EP2 230 330A1中对于具有抗腐蚀要求的应用而言已知一种具有防腐蚀层的塑料构件。防腐蚀覆层是具有由金属构成的层和由陶瓷构成的层的多层层***或者是不同硬度的陶瓷层。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，提出一种流体机械部件，其中克服了上述问题并且所述流体机械部件具有好的抗氧化性以及长的使用寿命。
根据本发明的流体机械部件具有基体和直接施加到基体上的、最小5μm厚并且最大35μm厚的多层覆层以及多个直接彼此重叠地施加的层，其中直接施加到基体上的层具有增附层，所述增附层具有氮化铬，并且其余层中的至少一个具有硬质材料。多层覆层也称为功能覆层。多层覆层具有好的抗氧化性进而也保护基体防止氧化。借助于多层覆层，与不具有多层覆层的情况相比可行的是，基体能够经受更高的温度，而不会出现基体的显著的氧化。多层覆层能够完全地覆盖基体或者所述多层覆层能够仅施加到如下部位上，所述部位在流体机械运行时直接暴露于腐蚀性的介质。如果流体机械部件例如是转子叶片或者导向叶片，那么将多层覆层设置在转子叶片或者导向叶片的叶身上并且空出转子叶片或导向叶片的叶根是足够的。
通过设置增附层，多层覆层有利地具有多层覆层到基体上的好的联接，由此多层覆层具有高的抗脱落强度。通过多层覆层构成为最大仅35μm厚的方式，有利地得到：对流体机械中的流的影响是可忽略的。因此在设计流体机械部件时不需要考虑多层覆层。通过多层覆层有利地不对基体的机械特性产生影响、特别是不对其抗蠕变强度和抗疲劳强度产生影响。除了抗氧化性之外，流体机械部件还具有高的抗颗粒腐蚀性。当颗粒在流体机械部件运行时由流携带且碰撞到流体机械部件的表面时，会出现颗粒腐蚀。这在转子叶片中是尤其重要的，因为在此由于转子叶片的旋转，在颗粒和转子叶片之间的相对速度是尤其高的进而颗粒以尤其高的动能碰撞到转子叶片上。
基体优选具有铬钢、奥氏体钢和/或镍基合金。这些材料有利地具有高的抗振动应力性和抗蠕变性。优选硬质材料具有氮化铬、氮化铬铝和/或氮化钛铝。铬钢中的铬的质量含量优选为最小8％并且最大13％。铬钢优选是马氏体铬钢。具有质量含量为8％至13％的铬的马氏体铬钢有利地具有高的抗振动强度和高的抗蠕变性。
优选的是，铬钢具有氮。优选铬钢中的氮的质量含量为最小0.010％并且最大0.080％。在将增附层施加到基体上时会引起原子从增附层扩散到基体中并且反之亦然。通过在基体中设有氮，在扩散时杂质元素不会进入到基体的近表面的区域中，使得在施加增附层的情况下有利地抑制基体的结构变化。铬钢此外优选具有钼和/或钒。铬钢优选具有9.0质量百分比至11.0质量百分比的铬、1.0质量百分比至2.0质量百分比的钼、0.1质量百分比至1.0质量百分比的镍和0.10至0.30质量百分比的钒。其余的组成部分优选基本上是铁。
优选多层覆层的层借助于物理气相沉积法(英语是：physical vapourdeposition,PVD)来施加。由此有利地得到所施加的层的低的平均表面粗糙度Rz，所述平均表面粗糙度小于等于2.5。物理气相沉积法优选在覆层温度低于600℃的情况下执行。该覆层温度有利地低于铬钢的回火温度，由此在施加多层覆层的情况下不发生或者几乎不发生基体的机械特性、特别是固有应力的变化。此外在施加时有利地不发生流体机械部件的扭曲。对具有和不具有多层覆层的样品的试验得出：通过多层覆层不产生基体的抗振动强度变差。
优选地，流体机械部件是蒸汽轮机的部件。在存在水蒸气时氧化特别是成问题的，使得将根据本发明的流体机械部件设置在蒸汽轮机中是尤其有利的。流体机械部件优选是叶片。叶片是承受尤其高负荷的构件，特别是因振动引起的负荷，使得将流体机械部件设置为叶片是尤其有利的。
附图说明
在下文中根据所附的示意图详细阐述本发明。附图示出贯穿根据本发明的流体机械部件的横截面。
具体实施方式
如从附图中可见：流体机械部件1具有基体2和多层覆层3。基体2具有铬钢并且具有矩形的横截面。然而也可以考虑具有任意横截面的基体2的任意的形状。在附图中，多层覆层3围绕基体2的完整的横截面来施加。也可以考虑的是，多层覆层仅施加在基体2的所选出的部位上。
多层覆层3具有增附层4和保护层5。增附层4具有氮化铬并且直接施加到基体2上。在基体2和增附层4之间构成有第一边界面6。保护层5直接施加到增附层4上。在增附层4和保护层5之间构成有第二边界面7。保护层5在此能够具有氮化铬、氮化铬铝和/或氮化钛铝。
在附图中保护层5作为唯一的保护层示出，然而也可以考虑的是，设有多个直接彼此叠加地施加的保护层。根据本发明，多层覆层在此具有最小5μm并且最大35μm的层厚度。在此所有的保护层能够具有氮化铬或具有氮化铬铝，或者所述保护层能够交替地具有氮化铬和氮化铬铝。
多层覆层3的各个层4、5分别借助于物理气相沉积法来施加。将气相沉积法中的覆层温度选择为，使得所述覆层温度低于基体2的回火温度、特别是将覆层温度选择为低于600℃。可以考虑的是，为了构成第二边界面7，在施加增附层4和保护层5之间暂时地降低增附层4的和基体2的温度。
多层覆层3具有表面8，所述表面在流体机械运行时暴露于介质9。如果该介质9是腐蚀性的介质，那么多层覆层3保护基体防止氧化。
根据多个实例，在下文中详细阐述本发明，其中流体部件1是蒸汽轮机叶片。
在第一实施例中，蒸汽轮机叶片的基体2由铬钢制成，所述铬钢具有10质量百分比的铬、1.0质量百分比的钼、0.5质量百分比的镍、0.10质量百分比的钒和88.4质量百分比的铁。基体具有叶身和叶片根。具有氮化铬的10μm厚的增附层直接施加到叶身的整个表面上。第一保护层直接施加到增附层上，所述第一保护层具有氮化铬铝并且为10μm厚。第二保护层直接施加到第一保护层上，所述第二保护层同样具有氮化铬铝并且为10μm厚，使得由这两个保护层和增附层构成的多层覆层整体上具有30μm的厚度。增附层和这两个保护层在此借助于物理气相沉积法在温度低于600℃的情况下施加。
在第二实施例中，蒸汽轮机叶片的基体2由镍基合金制成并且具有叶身和叶根。具有氮化铬的10μm厚的增附层直接施加到叶身的整个表面上。保护层直接施加到增附层上，所述保护层具有氮化钛铝并且为15μm厚，使得由保护层和增附层构成的多层覆层整体上具有25μm的厚度。增附层和保护层在此借助于物理气相沉积法在温度低于600℃的情况下施加。
虽然本发明的细节通过优选的实施例详细地来说明和描述，但是本发明不受限于所公开的实例并且本领域技术人员能够从中推导出其它的变型形式，而不脱离本发明的保护范围。

Claims (11)

1.一种流体机械部件，所述流体机械部件具有基体(2)和直接施加到所述基体(2)上的多层覆层(3)以及多个直接彼此叠加地施加的层(4，5)，所述基体具有铬钢，所述多层覆层为最小5μm厚并且最大35μm厚，
其中直接施加到所述基体上的所述层是增附层(4)，所述增附层具有氮化铬，并且其余的所述层(5)中的至少一个具有硬质材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的流体机械部件，
其中所述硬质材料具有氮化铬、氮化铬铝和/或氮化钛铝。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的流体机械部件，
其中所述铬钢中的铬的质量含量为最小8％并且最大13％。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的流体机械部件，
其中所述铬钢是马氏体铬钢。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的流体机械部件，
其中所述铬钢具有氮。
6.根据权利要求5所述的流体机械部件，
其中所述铬钢中的氮的质量含量为最小0.010％并且最大0.080％。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的流体机械部件，
其中所述铬钢具有钼和/或钒。
8.根据权利要求7所述的流体机械部件，
其中所述铬钢具有9.0质量百分比至11.0质量百分比的铬、1.0质量百分比至2.0质量百分比的钼、0.1质量百分比至1.0质量百分比的镍、0.10质量百分比至0.30质量百分比的钒和基本上作为其余的组成部分的铁。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的流体机械部件，
其中所述多层覆层(3)的所述层(4，5)借助于物理气相沉积法来施加。
10.根据权利要求9所述的流体机械部件，
其中所述物理气相沉积法在覆层温度低于600℃的情况下执行。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的流体机械部件，
其中所述流体机械部件(1)是蒸汽轮机的转子叶片或者导向叶片。
CN201380020377.7A 2012-04-16 2013-04-02 具有功能覆层的流体机械部件 Pending CN104271803A (zh)

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