CN104233015A - High-strength/toughness aluminum alloy brake drum and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
High-strength/toughness aluminum alloy brake drum and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-strength/toughness aluminum alloy brake drum which comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 31-35% of Si, 5-6% of Cu, 1-3% of Mg, 0.5-1% of Ti, 0.9-1.2% of Mn, 5-8% of Ni, 0.1-0.2% of S, 0.5-2% of RE, 0.05-0.1% of C and the balance of aluminum. The preparation method of the high-strength/toughness aluminum alloy brake drum comprises the following steps: (1) proportioning; (2) smelting; (3) modification refinement treatment; (4) extrusion casting; (5) shock cooling treatment; (6) T6 heat treatment; and (7) machining to obtain the brake drum product. By using the high-strength/toughness aluminum alloy (the silicon content is 31-35%) as the brake drum material, the brake drum has the advantages of low density, high specific strength, small thermal expansion coefficient, favorable heat stability, favorable wear resistance, favorable corrosion resistance, favorable high-temperature properties, lighter weight and the like. By using the Al-Ti-C-RE and sulfur as the modification refiners, the primary silicon and eutectic silicon can be effectively modified, thereby improving the high toughness of the material.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to brake drum preparing technical field, be specifically related to dynamic drum of a kind of high tough aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Automobile brake drum is exactly the some of drum brakes system, and during brake, the brake shoes of piston to HBV"liang dui ban" moon type applies pressure, makes it be adjacent to tympanum inwall, thus produces the rotation that friction stops wheel.The material of traditional braking drum is generally HT200-300 (i.e. graphitic cast iron), and its heat dispersion is poor, can assemble a large amount of heats in Motor Vehicle Braking Procedure.Comparatively easily there is very complicated distortion in brake shoe and wheel hub, easily produce fading of brake and the phenomenon that flutters, cause braking efficiency to decline under temperatures involved.The braking problem of the cargo truck travelled in the north especially, due to the poor heat radiation of cast iron brake drums, often needing adds water cools, can in the north in winter, braking cooling water often makes vehicle easily skid at driving process owing to freezing, and causes the danger that vehicle travels.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem solved by the invention is the deficiency existed for traditional braking drum, there is provided a kind of quality light, heat radiation energy is good, and thermal expansivity is little, Heat stability is good, dynamic drum of aluminum alloy that the height that wear resisting property, corrosion resisting property and high-temperature behavior are good is tough and preparation method thereof.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention is: the dynamic drum of high tough aluminum alloy, it is characterized in that, the component of described brake drum and the weight percent of each component are: 31% ~ 35%Si, 5% ~ 6%Cu, 1% ~ 3%Mg, 0.5% ~ 1%Ti, 0.9% ~ 1.2%Mn, 5% ~ 8%Ni, 0.1% ~ 0.2%S, 0.5% ~ 2%RE, 0.05% ~ 0.1%C, surplus is aluminium.
The component of described brake drum and the weight percent of each component are preferably: 33%Si, 5.5%Cu, 2%Mg, 0.75%Ti, 1%Mn, 6%Ni, 0.15%S, 1.5%RE, 0.08%C, surplus is aluminium.
High tough aluminum alloy moves bulging preparation method, it is characterized in that, carries out according to the following steps:
1. prepare burden: according to the component of described brake drum and the weight percent of each component, adopt fine aluminium ingot, pure magnesium ingot, industrial crystallization silicon, aluminum bronze intermediate alloy, aluminium manganese master alloy, aluminium nickel master alloy, aluminium rare earth intermediate alloy, Al-Ti-C-RE alloy and sulphur to be that raw material is prepared burden;
2. melting: first part fine aluminium ingot is joined at the bottom of smelting furnace, protect with rare gas element or protecting flux, anti-oxidation, when after aluminium ingot fusing, with remaining fine aluminium ingot by industrial crystallization silicon press-in furnace bottom, melt, prevent from industrial crystallization silicon from floating to be oxidized, when after the fusing of all industrial crystallization silicon, by aluminum bronze intermediate alloy, aluminium manganese master alloy, aluminium nickel master alloy, aluminium rare earth intermediate alloy adds in smelting furnace, after fusing, adjustment aluminium water temp is 760 ~ 800 DEG C, bell jar mode is adopted to be pressed in melt by pure magnesium ingot again, until fusing obtains aluminum alloy melt completely,
3. modifying-refining process: aluminum alloy melt obtained after melting being completed is poured into and turned casting ladle, first sprinkling one deck insulating covering agent at fluid surface prevents aluminum alloy melt to be oxidized, and to control aluminum alloy melt temperature be 800 DEG C, pass into nitrogen again or argon gas carries out degassing processing, at the end of degasification, leave standstill after 7 ~ 10 minutes to aluminum alloy melt on the surface oxide inclusion clear up, then add one deck insulating covering agent; Temperature to 800 ~ 850 DEG C of adjustment aluminum alloy melt, add the mixture of modifying-refining agent Al-Ti-C-RE alloy and sulphur, carry out Metamorphism treatment to primary silicon, deteriorating time is 10 ~ 15 minutes, makes primary silicon grain-size control between 10 ~ 30 μm;
4. extrusion casting: preheated mold to 200 ~ 300 DEG C, then carry out extrusion casting and produce brake drum foundry goods, teeming temperature is 810 DEG C, injection ratio pressure is 90 ~ 110MPa, pressurization time is 70 ~ 100 milliseconds, and extrusion speed is respectively 0.3 ~ 0.5 meter per second, and a cycling time is 120 seconds;
5. Quench process: at the end of cast matched moulds, carry out quick Quench to the brake drum foundry goods do not solidified completely, speed of cooling controls at 300 ~ 500 DEG C/s, then brake drum foundry goods is taken out in die sinking;
6. T6 thermal treatment: high temperature solid solution thermal treatment is carried out to the brake drum foundry goods through Quench, solid solubility temperature controls at 500 ~ 550 DEG C, and soaking time is 4 ~ 5 hours; Then carry out hardening process, after hardening terminates, re-start ageing treatment, aging temp is 230 ~ 250 DEG C, soaking time 15 ~ 24 hours;
7. obtained brake drum product after machining.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: 1, the present invention adopts high tough aluminium alloy (silicon content is 31% ~ 35%) as brake drum material, brake drum is had features such as density is little, specific tenacity is high, thermal expansivity is little, Heat stability is good, wear-and corrosion-resistant and high-temperature behavior are good, and along with the lifting of Silicon In Alloys content, the thermal expansivity of alloy is less, and the wear resistance of alloy, solidity to corrosion, the performance such as thermostability and hot strength are more excellent; 2, the dynamic drum of the tough aluminum alloy of height of the present invention adopts disposable integral squeeze cast form, simple structure, greatly can improve the heat dispersion of brake drum, utilize high-cooling property and the wear resistance of high tough aluminium alloy, prevent itself and brake shoes friction when brake drum works from causing brake drum overheatedly to become fragile, easily splitting, improve the braking ability of automobile, ensure traffic safety, also significantly reduce the weight of brake drum simultaneously; 3, the present invention adopts Al-Ti-C-RE and sulphur as modifying-refining agent, and this Al-Ti-C-RE modifying-refining agent contains TiAl
3, TiC, RE, the particle such as sulphur effectively can go bad to primary silicon and Eutectic Silicon in Al-Si Cast Alloys, the modifying-refining of primary silicon can reduce the stress concentration of material at the hard crisp phase particle of loading process, improves the high tenacity of material; 4, the present invention adopts Quench process, namely when aluminum alloy melt end-of-fill, when also not solidifying completely, die temperature is reduced rapidly, cooling rate is 300 ~ 500 DEG C/s, carries out quick Quench process to brake drum foundry goods, to control primary silicon phase and other effective alloy phase size and the distribution of silumin, crystal grain is impelled to attenuate further, thus the tensile strength of raising material, yield strength and elongation.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention will be further described.
Embodiment 1:
The dynamic drum of high tough aluminum alloy, the weight percent of its component and each component is: 31%Si, 5%Cu, 1%Mg, 0.5%Ti, 0.9%Mn, 5%Ni, 0.1%S, 0.5%RE, 0.05%%C, and surplus is aluminium.
Described height is tough, and aluminum alloy moves bulging preparation method, carries out according to the following steps:
1. prepare burden: according to the component of described brake drum and the weight percent of each component, adopt fine aluminium ingot, pure magnesium ingot, industrial crystallization silicon, aluminum bronze intermediate alloy, aluminium manganese master alloy, aluminium nickel master alloy, aluminium rare earth intermediate alloy, Al-Ti-C-RE alloy and sulphur to be that raw material is prepared burden;
2. melting: first the fine aluminium ingot being about 1/3rd is joined at the bottom of smelting furnace, protect with rare gas element or protecting flux, anti-oxidation, when after aluminium ingot fusing, with remaining fine aluminium ingot by industrial crystallization silicon press-in furnace bottom, melt, prevent from industrial crystallization silicon from floating to be oxidized, when after the fusing of all industrial crystallization silicon, by aluminum bronze intermediate alloy, aluminium manganese master alloy, aluminium nickel master alloy, aluminium rare earth intermediate alloy adds in smelting furnace, after fusing, adjustment aluminium water temp is 760 DEG C, bell jar mode is adopted to be pressed in melt by pure magnesium ingot again, until fusing obtains aluminum alloy melt completely,
3. modifying-refining process: aluminum alloy melt obtained after melting being completed is poured into and turned casting ladle, first sprinkling one deck insulating covering agent at fluid surface prevents aluminum alloy melt to be oxidized, and to control aluminum alloy melt temperature be 800 DEG C, pass into nitrogen again or argon gas carries out degassing processing, 15 minutes degasification time, at the end of degasification, leave standstill after 7 minutes to aluminum alloy melt on the surface oxide inclusion clear up, then add one deck insulating covering agent; The temperature to 800 DEG C of adjustment aluminum alloy melt, add the mixture of modifying-refining agent Al-Ti-C-RE alloy and sulphur, carry out Metamorphism treatment to primary silicon, deteriorating time is 10 minutes, makes primary silicon grain-size control between 10 ~ 30 μm;
4. extrusion casting: preheated mold to 300 DEG C, then carry out extrusion casting and produce brake drum foundry goods, teeming temperature is 810 DEG C, and injection ratio pressure is 90MPa, and pressurization time is 70 milliseconds, and extrusion speed is respectively 0.3 meter per second, and a cycling time is 120 seconds;
5. Quench process: at the end of cast matched moulds, carry out quick Quench to the brake drum foundry goods do not solidified completely, speed of cooling controls at 300 ~ 500 DEG C/s, then brake drum foundry goods is taken out in die sinking;
6. T6 thermal treatment: high temperature solid solution thermal treatment is carried out to the brake drum foundry goods through Quench, solid solubility temperature controls at 500 DEG C, and soaking time is 4 hours; Then carry out hardening process, after hardening terminates, re-start ageing treatment, aging temp is 230 DEG C, soaking time 15 hours;
7. obtained brake drum product after machining, product tensile strength is greater than 280MPa, and yield strength is greater than 190MPa, and elongation is greater than 5%.
Embodiment 2:
The dynamic drum of high tough aluminum alloy, the weight percent of its component and each component is preferably: 33%Si, 5.5%Cu, 2%Mg, 0.75%Ti, 1%Mn, 6%Ni, 0.15%S, 1.5%RE, 0.08%C, surplus is aluminium.
Described height is tough, and aluminum alloy moves bulging preparation method, it is characterized in that, carries out according to the following steps:
1. prepare burden: according to the component of described brake drum and the weight percent of each component, adopt fine aluminium ingot, pure magnesium ingot, industrial crystallization silicon, aluminum bronze intermediate alloy, aluminium manganese master alloy, aluminium nickel master alloy, aluminium rare earth intermediate alloy, Al-Ti-C-RE alloy and sulphur to be that raw material is prepared burden;
2. melting: first the fine aluminium ingot being about 1/3rd is joined at the bottom of smelting furnace, protect with rare gas element or protecting flux, anti-oxidation, when after aluminium ingot fusing, with remaining fine aluminium ingot by industrial crystallization silicon press-in furnace bottom, melt, prevent from industrial crystallization silicon from floating to be oxidized, when after the fusing of all industrial crystallization silicon, by aluminum bronze intermediate alloy, aluminium manganese master alloy, aluminium nickel master alloy, aluminium rare earth intermediate alloy adds in smelting furnace, after fusing, adjustment aluminium water temp is 780 DEG C, bell jar mode is adopted to be pressed in melt by pure magnesium ingot again, until fusing obtains aluminum alloy melt completely,
3. modifying-refining process: aluminum alloy melt obtained after melting being completed is poured into and turned casting ladle, first sprinkling one deck insulating covering agent at fluid surface prevents aluminum alloy melt to be oxidized, and to control aluminum alloy melt temperature be 800 DEG C, pass into nitrogen again or argon gas carries out degassing processing, 15 minutes degasification time, at the end of degasification, leave standstill after 9 minutes to aluminum alloy melt on the surface oxide inclusion clear up, then add one deck insulating covering agent; The temperature to 825 DEG C of adjustment aluminum alloy melt, add the mixture of modifying-refining agent Al-Ti-C-RE alloy and sulphur, carry out Metamorphism treatment to primary silicon, deteriorating time is 13 minutes, makes primary silicon grain-size control between 10 ~ 30 μm;
4. extrusion casting: preheated mold to 250 DEG C, then carry out extrusion casting and produce brake drum foundry goods, teeming temperature is 810 DEG C, and injection ratio pressure is 100MPa, and pressurization time is 85 milliseconds, and extrusion speed is respectively 0.34 meter per second, and a cycling time is 120 seconds;
5. Quench process: at the end of cast matched moulds, carry out quick Quench to the brake drum foundry goods do not solidified completely, speed of cooling controls at 300 ~ 500 DEG C/s, then brake drum foundry goods is taken out in die sinking;
6. T6 thermal treatment: high temperature solid solution thermal treatment is carried out to the brake drum foundry goods through Quench, solid solubility temperature controls at 530 DEG C, and soaking time is 4.5 hours; Then carry out hardening process, after hardening terminates, re-start ageing treatment, aging temp is 240 DEG C, soaking time 18 hours;
7. obtained brake drum product after machining, product tensile strength is greater than 280MPa, and yield strength is greater than 190MPa, and elongation is greater than 5%.
Embodiment 3:
The dynamic drum of high tough aluminum alloy, the weight percent of its component and each component is: 35%Si, 6%Cu, 3%Mg, 1%Ti, 1.2%Mn, 8%Ni, 0.2%S, 2%RE, 0.1%C, and surplus is aluminium.
Described height is tough, and aluminum alloy moves bulging preparation method, it is characterized in that, carries out according to the following steps:
1. prepare burden: according to the component of described brake drum and the weight percent of each component, adopt fine aluminium ingot, pure magnesium ingot, industrial crystallization silicon, aluminum bronze intermediate alloy, aluminium manganese master alloy, aluminium nickel master alloy, aluminium rare earth intermediate alloy, Al-Ti-C-RE alloy and sulphur to be that raw material is prepared burden;
2. melting: first part fine aluminium ingot is joined at the bottom of smelting furnace, protect with rare gas element or protecting flux, anti-oxidation, when after aluminium ingot fusing, with remaining fine aluminium ingot by industrial crystallization silicon press-in furnace bottom, melt, prevent from industrial crystallization silicon from floating to be oxidized, when after the fusing of all industrial crystallization silicon, aluminum bronze intermediate alloy, aluminium manganese master alloy, aluminium nickel master alloy, aluminium rare earth intermediate alloy are added in smelting furnace, after fusing, adjustment aluminium water temp is 800 DEG C, then adopts bell jar mode to be pressed in melt by pure magnesium ingot, until fusing obtains aluminum alloy melt completely;
3. modifying-refining process: aluminum alloy melt obtained after melting being completed is poured into and turned casting ladle, first sprinkling one deck insulating covering agent at fluid surface prevents aluminum alloy melt to be oxidized, and to control aluminum alloy melt temperature be 800 DEG C, pass into nitrogen again or argon gas carries out degassing processing, 15 minutes degasification time, at the end of degasification, leave standstill after 10 minutes to aluminum alloy melt on the surface oxide inclusion clear up, then add one deck insulating covering agent; The temperature to 850 DEG C of adjustment aluminum alloy melt, add the mixture of modifying-refining agent Al-Ti-C-RE alloy and sulphur, carry out Metamorphism treatment to primary silicon, deteriorating time is 15 minutes, makes primary silicon grain-size control between 10 ~ 30 μm;
4. extrusion casting: preheated mold to 300 DEG C, then carry out extrusion casting and produce brake drum foundry goods, teeming temperature is 810 DEG C, and injection ratio pressure is 110MPa, and pressurization time is 100 milliseconds, and extrusion speed is respectively 0.5 meter per second, and a cycling time is 120 seconds;
5. Quench process: at the end of cast matched moulds, carry out quick Quench to the brake drum foundry goods do not solidified completely, speed of cooling controls at 300 ~ 500 DEG C/s, then brake drum foundry goods is taken out in die sinking;
6. T6 thermal treatment: high temperature solid solution thermal treatment is carried out to the brake drum foundry goods through Quench, solid solubility temperature controls at 550 DEG C, and soaking time is 5 hours; Then carry out hardening process, after hardening terminates, re-start ageing treatment, aging temp is 250 DEG C, soaking time 24 hours;
7. obtained brake drum product after machining, product tensile strength is greater than 280MPa, and yield strength is greater than 190MPa, and elongation is greater than 5%.
Embodiment 4:
The dynamic drum of high tough aluminum alloy, the weight percent of its component and each component is: 32%Si, 6%Cu, 1%%Mg, 1%Ti, 0.9%%Mn, 5%%Ni, 0.1%0.2%S, 2%RE, 0.1%C, and surplus is aluminium.
Described height is tough, and aluminum alloy moves bulging preparation method, carries out according to the following steps:
1. prepare burden: according to the component of described brake drum and the weight percent of each component, adopt fine aluminium ingot, pure magnesium ingot, industrial crystallization silicon, aluminum bronze intermediate alloy, aluminium manganese master alloy, aluminium nickel master alloy, aluminium rare earth intermediate alloy, Al-Ti-C-RE alloy and sulphur to be that raw material is prepared burden;
2. melting: first part fine aluminium ingot is joined at the bottom of smelting furnace, protect with rare gas element or protecting flux, anti-oxidation, when after aluminium ingot fusing, with remaining fine aluminium ingot by industrial crystallization silicon press-in furnace bottom, melt, prevent from industrial crystallization silicon from floating to be oxidized, when after the fusing of all industrial crystallization silicon, aluminum bronze intermediate alloy, aluminium manganese master alloy, aluminium nickel master alloy, aluminium rare earth intermediate alloy are added in smelting furnace, after fusing, adjustment aluminium water temp is 770 DEG C, then adopts bell jar mode to be pressed in melt by pure magnesium ingot, until fusing obtains aluminum alloy melt completely;
3. modifying-refining process: aluminum alloy melt obtained after melting being completed is poured into and turned casting ladle, first sprinkling one deck insulating covering agent at fluid surface prevents aluminum alloy melt to be oxidized, and to control aluminum alloy melt temperature be 800 DEG C, pass into nitrogen again or argon gas carries out degassing processing, 15 minutes degasification time, at the end of degasification, leave standstill after 8 minutes to aluminum alloy melt on the surface oxide inclusion clear up, then add one deck insulating covering agent; The temperature to 830 DEG C of adjustment aluminum alloy melt, add the mixture of modifying-refining agent Al-Ti-C-RE alloy and sulphur, carry out Metamorphism treatment to primary silicon, deteriorating time is 12 minutes, makes primary silicon grain-size control between 10 ~ 30 μm;
4. extrusion casting: preheated mold to 240 DEG C, then carry out extrusion casting and produce brake drum foundry goods, teeming temperature is 810 DEG C, and injection ratio pressure is 95MPa, and pressurization time is 90 milliseconds, and extrusion speed is respectively 0.5 meter per second, and a cycling time is 120 seconds;
5. Quench process: at the end of cast matched moulds, carry out quick Quench to the brake drum foundry goods do not solidified completely, speed of cooling controls at 470 DEG C/s, then brake drum foundry goods is taken out in die sinking;
6. T6 thermal treatment: high temperature solid solution thermal treatment is carried out to the brake drum foundry goods through Quench, solid solubility temperature controls at 500 DEG C, and soaking time is 5 hours; Then carry out hardening process, after hardening terminates, re-start ageing treatment, aging temp is 230 DEG C, soaking time 24 hours;
7. obtained brake drum product after machining, product tensile strength is greater than 280MPa, and yield strength is greater than 190MPa, and elongation is greater than 5%.
Claims (3)
1. the dynamic drum of high tough aluminum alloy, it is characterized in that: the component of described brake drum and the weight percent of each component are: 31% ~ 35%Si, 5% ~ 6%Cu, 1% ~ 3%Mg, 0.5% ~ 1%Ti, 0.9% ~ 1.2%Mn, 5% ~ 8%Ni, 0.1% ~ 0.2%S, 0.5% ~ 2%RE, 0.05% ~ 0.1%C, surplus is aluminium.
2. high tough aluminum alloy is dynamic according to claim 1 rouses, and it is characterized in that: the component of described brake drum and the weight percent of each component are: 33%Si, 5.5%Cu, 2%Mg, 0.75%Ti, 1%Mn, 6%Ni, 0.15%S, 1.5%RE, 0.08%C, surplus is aluminium.
3. high tough aluminum alloy moves bulging preparation method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that, carries out according to the following steps:
1. prepare burden: according to the component of described brake drum and the weight percent of each component, adopt fine aluminium ingot, pure magnesium ingot, industrial crystallization silicon, aluminum bronze intermediate alloy, aluminium manganese master alloy, aluminium nickel master alloy, aluminium rare earth intermediate alloy, Al-Ti-C-RE alloy and sulphur to be that raw material is prepared burden;
2. melting: first part fine aluminium ingot is joined at the bottom of smelting furnace, protect with rare gas element or protecting flux, anti-oxidation, when after aluminium ingot fusing, with remaining fine aluminium ingot by industrial crystallization silicon press-in furnace bottom, melt, prevent from industrial crystallization silicon from floating to be oxidized, when after the fusing of all industrial crystallization silicon, by aluminum bronze intermediate alloy, aluminium manganese master alloy, aluminium nickel master alloy, aluminium rare earth intermediate alloy adds in smelting furnace, after fusing, adjustment aluminium water temp is 760 ~ 800 DEG C, bell jar mode is adopted to be pressed in melt by pure magnesium ingot again, until fusing obtains aluminum alloy melt completely,
3. modifying-refining process: aluminum alloy melt obtained after melting being completed is poured into and turned casting ladle, first sprinkling one deck insulating covering agent at fluid surface prevents aluminum alloy melt to be oxidized, and to control aluminum alloy melt temperature be 800 DEG C, pass into nitrogen again or argon gas carries out degassing processing, at the end of degasification, leave standstill after 7 ~ 10 minutes to aluminum alloy melt on the surface oxide inclusion clear up, then add one deck insulating covering agent; Temperature to 800 ~ 850 DEG C of adjustment aluminum alloy melt, add the mixture of modifying-refining agent Al-Ti-C-RE alloy and sulphur, carry out Metamorphism treatment to primary silicon, deteriorating time is 10 ~ 15 minutes, makes primary silicon grain-size control between 10 ~ 30 μm;
4. extrusion casting: preheated mold to 200 ~ 300 DEG C, then carry out extrusion casting and produce brake drum foundry goods, teeming temperature is 810 DEG C, injection ratio pressure is 90 ~ 110MPa, pressurization time is 70 ~ 100 milliseconds, and extrusion speed is respectively 0.3 ~ 0.5 meter per second, and a cycling time is 120 seconds;
5. Quench process: at the end of cast matched moulds, carry out quick Quench to the brake drum foundry goods do not solidified completely, speed of cooling controls at 300 ~ 500 DEG C/s, then brake drum foundry goods is taken out in die sinking;
6. T6 thermal treatment: high temperature solid solution thermal treatment is carried out to the brake drum foundry goods through Quench, solid solubility temperature controls at 500 ~ 550 DEG C, and soaking time is 4 ~ 5 hours; Then carry out hardening process, after hardening terminates, re-start ageing treatment, aging temp is 230 ~ 250 DEG C, soaking time 15 ~ 24 hours;
7. obtained brake drum product after machining.
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CN105065514A (en) * | 2015-07-09 | 2015-11-18 | 余姚市海博机械有限公司 | Automobile brake hub and preparation method thereof |
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