CN104197548A - Solar water heater system with anticorrosive coating - Google Patents
Solar water heater system with anticorrosive coating Download PDFInfo
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- CN104197548A CN104197548A CN201410460957.4A CN201410460957A CN104197548A CN 104197548 A CN104197548 A CN 104197548A CN 201410460957 A CN201410460957 A CN 201410460957A CN 104197548 A CN104197548 A CN 104197548A
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 170
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
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- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910010038 TiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
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- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/70—Hybrid systems, e.g. uninterruptible or back-up power supplies integrating renewable energies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
- Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems
Landscapes
- Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a solar water heater system with an anticorrosive coating. The solar water heater system comprises a solar water heater and heat utilization devices. The solar water heater comprises a heat collector which is used for absorbing solar energy heat to heat water in the solar water heater. The heat collector is a metal heat collection pipe. The metal heat collection pipe comprises a metal base pipe. The outer surface of the metal base pipe is covered with the anticorrosive coating and heat absorption layers in sequence. The anticorrosive coating is formed by coating the metal base pipe with anticorrosive paint. According to the solar water heater system, the heat absorption coating with a high absorption rate is arranged, so that the ability to absorb the solar energy heat is improved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of solar energy, relate in particular to a kind of solar water heater with anticorrosive coat.
Background technology
Along with the high speed development of modern social economy, the mankind are increasing to the demand of the energy.Yet the traditional energy storage levels such as coal, oil, natural gas constantly reduce, day by day in short supply, cause rising steadily of price, the problem of environmental pollution that conventional fossil fuel causes is simultaneously also further serious, and these are all limiting the development of society and human life quality's raising greatly.Energy problem has become one of distinct issues of contemporary world.Thereby seek the focus that the new energy, particularly free of contamination clean energy resource have become present people research.Solar energy is a kind of inexhaustible clean energy resource, and stock number is huge, and the annual solar radiant energy total amount of receiving of earth surface is 1 * 10 18 kWh, is world's year more than 10,000 times of consumption gross energy.Countries in the world are important using the utilization of solar energy as new energy development all, the Chinese government also clearly proposes to want develop actively new forms of energy at < < government work report > > already, and wherein the utilization of solar energy is especially in occupation of prominent position.Yet because solar radiation arrives tellurian energy density little (approximately a kilowatt every square metre), and be again discontinuous, this brings certain difficulty to large-scale exploitation.Therefore, in order extensively to utilize solar energy, not only want the problem on technical solution, and must be able to compete mutually with conventional energy resource economically.The utilization of solar energy mainly contains photo-thermal conversion, photoelectric conversion, photochemistry and changes this three kinds of forms.Than photovoltaic industry and the sky high cost of photochemistry conversion and low energy conversion efficiency, it is that a kind of energy conversion efficiency and utilization rate solar energy high and with low cost, that can extensively promote in the whole society utilizes mode that solar heat transforms.In solar energy heat utilization device, key is will be by solar radiant energy energy transform into heat energy, and the device of realizing this conversion is called solar thermal collector.
No matter the solar thermal collector of which kind of form and structure, all will have an absorption piece that is used for absorbing solar radiation, and the heat-radiating properties of this parts sorbent surface plays an important role to the hot property of heat collector.The physical quantity that characterizes sorbent surface heat-radiating properties is absorptance and heat emission ratio, and the former characterizes the ability that absorbs solar radiant energy, and the latter characterizes the ability of launching radiant energy at self temperature.The former is higher, and the latter is lower, shows that endothermic effect is best.
Summary of the invention
The present invention aims to provide a kind of high-absorbility solar energy system, and a kind of heat absorbing coating of high-absorbility is especially provided, and improves the heat absorption capacity of solar energy.
To achieve these goals, technical scheme of the present invention is as follows: a kind of solar water heater system, comprise solar water heater and heat utilization device, described solar water heater comprises heat collector, described heat collector is for absorbing the heat of solar energy with the water of heating solar water heater, described heat collector is collector metal pipe, and collector metal pipe comprises metal base tube, and the outer surface of described metal base tube covers anticorrosive coat and heat-sink shell successively.
Described anticorrosive coat applies anticorrosive paint and forms, the composition of anticorrosive paint is as follows: anticorrosive paint is grouped into by following one-tenth: zinc flake 3.1%, flake aluminum 2.8%, sheet magnesium powder 3.3%, zinc oxide is 5.8%, chromic anhydride is 4.3%, DAA is 0.4%, propane diols is 0.7%, and wetting dispersing agent is 0.4%, and thickener is 0.15%, defoamer is 0.23%, the water of surplus;
This kind of coating is applied over base tube surface by spraying, brushing, dip-coating, dries 10～60 minutes for 80 ± 10 ℃, and 280 ± 40 ℃ of curing sintering 30～60 minutes, form good corrosion-inhibiting coating.
Described heat-sink shell from inside to outside comprises infrared reflection coating, heat absorbing coating and antireflection coatings successively, and wherein the ratio of the thickness of infrared reflection coating, heat absorbing coating and antireflection coatings is 1:1.5:2; Described infrared reflection coating is Ag; Heat absorbing coating from inside to outside comprises tetra-layers of TiAl, Cr, Nb, Zr successively, and wherein the thickness proportion of tetra-layers of TiAl, Cr, Nb, Zr is 1:1.1:0.84:1.14; Antireflection coatings is from inside to outside AlN, TiO successively
2, Ta
2o
5, SiO
2layer, wherein AlN, TiO
2, Ta
2o
5, SiO
2the thickness proportion of layer is 0.9:1:0.75:1.
The material of base tube is aluminium alloy, and the mass percent of the component of described aluminium alloy is as follows: 3.0% Cu, and 1.9% Mg, 1.6% Ag, 0.6% Mn, 0.25% Zr, 0.3% Ce, 0.23% Ti, 0.38% Si, all the other are Al.
Heat utilization device is the finned tubular radiator of circular arc enclosed construction, described radiator comprises the finned tube of upper header, lower collector pipe and connection upper header and lower collector pipe, described finned tube comprises circular base tube and the first fin, the second fin, the extended line that the first fin and the second fin are arranged on outside and the first fin and second fin of base tube intersects at the central axis of base tube at the place, the center of circle of base tube, and the first fin and the second fin are symmetrical along the first level crossing picture by base tube central axis; Described finned tube comprises the 3rd fin and the 4th fin, and described the 3rd fin, the 4th fin are symmetrical with the first fin and the second fin mirror image respectively along the second plane, and described the second plane is vertical with the first plane and pass through the central axis of base tube; Between described the first fin and the second fin, the first brace is set, between described the 3rd fin and the 4th fin, the second brace is set, the first brace and the second brace are circular arc type metallic plate; The 3rd fin of the first fin, the second fin and adjacent fins pipe and the 4th fin form space; The central axis at place, the center of circle of described circular arc-shaped metal plate and the central axes of base tube; Described base tube is straight tube, and the central axis of described adjacent base tube is parallel to each other; The first fin of adjacent base tube is parallel to each other;
Angle between described the first fin and the second fin is A, and the length of the first fin and the second fin is L, and the outer radius of base tube is R, the fin height H along base tube on axially, and above-mentioned four relation meets following formula:
Sin(A/2)=a*(L/R)
2+b*(L/R)+c
H/ (R*10)=e*Sin (A/2)
2wherein, A unit is angle to-f*Sin (A/2)+h, 60 ° of <A<110 °,
L is of a size of mm, 12mm<L<80mm,
The unit of R is mm, 10mm<R<80mm,
The unit of H is mm, 800mm<R<1200mm,
A, b, c, e, f, h are coefficient, and the scope of a is 0.04-0.042, and the scope of b is 0.266-0.28, and the scope of c is 0.36-0.37, and the scope of e is 21-23, and the scope of f is 44-45, and h is 23-25.
Another preferred embodiment, heat utilization device is the finned tubular radiator of linear pattern enclosed construction, described radiator comprises the finned tube of upper header, lower collector pipe and connection upper header and lower collector pipe, described finned tube comprises circular base tube and the first fin, the second fin, the extended line that the first fin and the second fin are arranged on outside and the first fin and second fin of base tube intersects at the central axis of base tube at the place, the center of circle of base tube, and the first fin and the second fin are symmetrical along the first level crossing picture of the central axis by base tube; Described finned tube comprises the 3rd fin and the 4th fin, and described the 3rd fin, the 4th fin are symmetrical with the first fin and the second fin mirror image respectively along the second plane, and described the second plane is vertical with the first plane and pass through the central axis of base tube; Between described the first fin and the second fin, the first brace is set, between described the 3rd fin and the 4th fin, the second brace is set, the first brace and the second brace are linear pattern metallic plate; The 3rd fin of the first fin, the second fin and adjacent fins pipe and the 4th fin form space; Described base tube is straight tube, and the central axis of described adjacent base tube is parallel to each other;
Angle between described the first fin and the second fin is A, and the length of the first fin and the second fin is L, and the outer radius of base tube is R, the fin height H along base tube on axially, and above-mentioned four relation meets following formula:
Sin(A/2)=a×(L/R)
2+b×(L/R)+c
H/R=10×e×?(Sin(A/2))
f
Wherein, A unit is angle, 60 ° of <A<110 °,
L is of a size of mm, 15mm<L<80mm,
The unit of R is mm, 10mm<R<80mm,
The unit of H is mm, 600mm<H<1200mm,
A, b, c, e, f are coefficient, and the scope of a is 0.038-0.04, and the scope of b is 0.26-0.27, and the scope of c is 0.34-0.35, and the scope of e is 0.72-0.78, and the scope of f is between-3.6 to-3.5.
Described heat utilization device is for providing the hot water output equipment of hot water to user, described hot water output equipment comprises heat exchanger, and described heat exchanger connects running water, from the hot water of solar water heater, enters in heat exchanger, carries out heat exchange with running water;
Described hot water output equipment also comprises electrically heated rod, and when the hot water temperature of hot water input equipment output is during lower than the first temperature, electrically heated rod starts heating, and heats with the first power; When the hot water temperature of hot water input equipment output is when than low the second temperature of the first temperature, electrically heated rod heats with the second power higher than the first power; When the hot water temperature of hot water input equipment output is when than low the 3rd temperature of the second temperature, electrically heated rod heats with the 3rd power higher than the second power; When the hot water temperature of hot water input equipment output is when than low the 4th temperature of the 3rd temperature, electrically heated rod heats with the 4th power higher than the 3rd power; When the hot water temperature of hot water input equipment output is when than low the 5th temperature of the 4th temperature, electrically heated rod heats with the 5th power higher than the 4th power.
In described system, also comprise electrical auxiliary heater and/or auxiliary heat homogeneous solution-type reactor, electric heating system and hot water boiler system start automatically according to the temperature that enters the water of electric heater and hot-water boiler, and hot water is heated.
Described system comprises electric heater, hot-water boiler, described heat utilization equipment is respectively radiator and hot water output equipment, described electric heater and hot water output equipment are arranged on a pipeline, and radiator and hot-water boiler are arranged on another pipeline, and described two pipelines are for being arranged in parallel.
Described heat utilization equipment is arranged on the pipeline of solar water heater system and is arranged in parallel, wherein with on the inlet pipeline of the heat utilization equipment of the pipeline connection of solar water heater system and outlet pipeline valve is all set, on the pipeline of the solar water heater system in parallel with heat utilization equipment between inlet pipeline and outlet pipeline, valve is set.
Compared with prior art, solar water appliance of the present invention has following advantage:
1) solar water appliance provided by the invention has anticorrosive coat and heat-sink shell, can reduce the corrosion to base tube, can strengthen the absorption to solar energy simultaneously.
2) the present invention has designed new anti-corrosion material, strengthens antiseptic effect.
3) the present invention carries out meticulous selection and experiment to the material of heat-sink shell and thickness, has reached the technique effect of best heat absorption.
4), by the reasonable distribution to the mass percent of the component of aluminium alloy, improve high-fire resistance and the high-termal conductivity of base tube.
5) the invention provides the closed finned tube radiator of board-type and two kinds of structures of circular arc, pass through test of many times, having designed the fin of different tube diameters, differing heights, angle tests, thereby obtain an optimum fin optimum results, and by test, verify, thereby proved the accuracy of result.
6) by the electrically heated rod of thermal output equipment is set, automatically control the temperature of heat utilization device.
7) electrical auxiliary heater and/or auxiliary heat homogeneous solution-type reactor, can play auxiliary heating effect, and by automatically controlling the startup of auxiliary heating system, save the energy.
8), by being connected in parallel of electric heater, hot-water boiler and heat utilization device, can realize the independent heat utilization device of controlling.
9) heat utilization equipment is arranged on the pipeline of solar water heater system and is arranged in parallel, and can realize and in needs, be communicated with heat utilization equipment, closes heat utilization equipment, to save the energy unwanted time.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the solar energy system schematic diagram of cascaded structure of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the solar energy system schematic diagram of parallel-connection structure of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the heat utilization device of the present invention solar energy system schematic diagram in parallel with pipeline;
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of anticorrosive coat of the present invention and heat-sink shell;
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram of heat utilization device radiator;
Fig. 6 is the schematic diagram of the finned tube embodiment mono-of heat utilization device radiator;
Fig. 7 is the schematic diagram of the finned tube embodiment bis-of heat utilization device radiator;
Fig. 8 is the schematic diagram of control system;
Fig. 9 is the schematic diagram that Fig. 6 sees from left side;
Figure 10 is the schematic diagram that Fig. 7 sees from left side.
Reference numeral is as follows:
1 upper header, the part that there is no fin in 2 base tubes, 3 lower collector pipe, 4 finned tubes, 5 base tubes, 6 water the first fins, 7 gaps, 8 first braces, 9 second fins, 10 the 4th fins, 11 the 3rd fins, 12 second braces, 13 central controllers, 14 solar energy system water-supply-pipes, 15 temperature sensors, 16 temperature sensors, 17 radiators, 18 solar water heaters, 19 electric heaters, 20 boilers, 21 hot water output equipments, 22 radiators, 23 pumps, 24 valves, 25 base tubes, 26 anticorrosive coats, 27 infrared reflection coatings, 28 heat absorbing coatings, 29 antireflection coatings.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the specific embodiment of the present invention is described in detail.
A kind of solar water heater system as Figure 1-3, comprise solar water heater 18 and heat utilization device 21 and 22, described solar water heater comprises heat collector, described heat collector is for absorbing the heat of solar energy with the water of heating solar water heater, described heat collector is collector metal pipe, collector metal pipe comprises that metal base tube 25(is referring to Fig. 4), the outer surface of described metal base tube covers anticorrosive coat 26 and heat-sink shell 27-29 successively.
Preferably, solar water heater comprises tank, and a plurality of thermal-collecting tubes are connected with tank, the water in heating tank, and then the current of heating are sunny can recycle by water heater.
Tank is divided into three layers; every adjacent two-layer fitting tightly; respectively from inside to outside interior dope layer, stainless steel layer and rustproof lacquer layer; tank is owing to having adopted said structure, and ground floor is interior dope layer, can avoid occurring corrosion; the second layer is stainless steel layer; can further increase rust-proof effect, the 4th layer is rustproof lacquer layer, can protect and avoid producing corrosion.
For the trilaminate material in tank, be not limited to the material of foregoing description, those skilled in the art can reasonably select, but the selection for the material of three-decker, requirement is that the thermal coefficient of expansion of three-decker from inside to outside increases gradually, that is to say, the thermal coefficient of expansion of innermost layer is minimum, the second layer secondly, the 3rd layer of maximum.Why such setting, because in the process of heating, ground floor is first heated, first expand, therefore be then the second layer, the 3rd layer of expanded by heating successively, three layers of coefficient of expansion increase successively and can guarantee that expansion rate is consistent substantially, guarantee compactness and the stability of each layer of connection.
Described tank comprises heat-insulation layer, and heat-insulation layer has three layers, and from inside to outside the thermal coefficient of expansion of every layer of heat-insulation layer raises gradually.
More preferably, from inside to outside, from inner bag to heat-insulation layer, the thermal coefficient of expansion of every layer raises tank gradually.Thereby realize, guarantee that expansion rate is consistent substantially, guarantee compactness and the stability of each layer of connection.
As shown in Figure 1, the water in solar water heater is through heat collector heating, and by assisted heating device, heat utilization device 21, heat utilization device 22, then backwater is circulated again into solar water heater 18 under the effect of pump 23, carries out new heating successively.
Preferably, assisted heating device can be electric heater 19, hot-water boiler 20, the Main Function of electric heater and hot-water boiler is the effect of playing auxiliary heating, for example, ought utilize the water of solar energy heating not reach predetermined temperature, and this is to start electric heater and/or hot-water boiler.
Certainly, although Fig. 1 has shown two kinds of heat utilization device, be actually not limited to two kinds, also can 3 kinds or more than, can certainly only arrange a kind of.Assisted heating device can only arrange a kind of equally, for example, electric heater or hot-water boiler are only set.
Fig. 2 has shown the schematic diagram of heat utilization device 21 and 22 parallel-connection structures.Wherein electric heater 19 is arranged on a pipeline with heat utilization device 21, electric heater 19 enters the water of heat utilization device 21 for auxiliary heating, and hot-water boiler and heat utilization device 22 are arranged on another pipeline, two pipelines of described this are arranged in parallel, and two ends connect respectively hot water outlet and the pump 23 of solar water heater.
Certain above-mentioned setting is also exemplary, those skilled in the art can select to increase many pipelines in parallel, on every pipeline, heat utilization device is set, make to be arranged in parallel mutually between heat utilization device, simultaneously for additional heating device, for example hot-water boiler and electric heater, for a person skilled in the art, can select as required whether to need to arrange, or only arrange a kind of.
The hydraulic pipeline of having shown heat utilization device and solar energy system in Fig. 3 is arranged in parallel.Wherein with on the inlet pipeline of the heat utilization equipment of the pipeline connection of solar water heater system and outlet pipeline valve 24 is all set, on the pipeline of the solar water heater system in parallel with heat utilization equipment between inlet pipeline and outlet pipeline, valve 24 is set.By valve is set, can be so that when not needing to use heat utilization equipment, can by open the valve on the pipeline of solar water heater system and close the inlet pipeline of heat utilization equipment and outlet pipeline on valve be all set come the water on control piper not carry out heat exchange with heat utilization equipment.
Certainly, be not only heat utilization equipment, additional firing equipment is also arranged in parallel with the hydraulic pipeline of solar energy system, wherein with on the inlet pipeline of the additional firing equipment of the pipeline connection of solar water heater system and outlet pipeline valve is all set, on the pipeline of the solar water heater system in parallel with additional firing equipment between inlet pipeline and outlet pipeline, valve is set.By valve is set, can be so that when not needing to use additional firing equipment, can by open the valve on the pipeline of solar water heater system and close the inlet pipeline of additional firing equipment and outlet pipeline on valve be all set come water on control piper without additional firing equipment.
Although having provided the hydraulic pipeline of all heat utilization equipment, additional firing equipment and solar energy system in Fig. 3 is arranged in parallel, but be not limited to above-mentioned equipment, to those skilled in the art, can only select the hydraulic pipeline of one or more and solar energy system to be arranged in parallel.The hydraulic pipeline that for example can enter to arrange wherein one or two heat utilization equipment and solar energy system is arranged in parallel, and the hydraulic pipeline that one or two additional firing equipments and solar energy system also can be only set is arranged in parallel.
Although be all provided with electric heater 19, hot-water boiler 20 in Fig. 1-3, to those skilled in the art, solar water heater system can optionally arrange above-mentioned parts, for example, electric heater or hot-water boiler can be only set, and also can select neither to arrange.
Preferably, described anticorrosive coat applies anticorrosive paint and forms, and the mass percent composition of anticorrosive paint is as follows: anticorrosive paint is grouped into by following one-tenth: zinc flake 3.1%, flake aluminum 2.8%, sheet magnesium powder 3.3%, zinc oxide is 5.8%, chromic anhydride is 4.3%, and DAA is 0.4%, and propane diols is 0.7%, wetting dispersing agent is 0.3%, thickener is 0.15%, and defoamer is 0.25%, the water of surplus;
This kind of coating is applied over base tube surface by spraying, brushing, dip-coating, dries 10～60 minutes for 80 ± 10 ℃, and 280 ± 40 ℃ of curing sintering 30～60 minutes, form good corrosion-inhibiting coating.
A method of preparing above-mentioned anticorrosive paint, the method is implemented according to following steps,
A, press coating gross mass percentage, take respectively a certain amount of water, 0.3% wetting dispersing agent and 0.25% defoamer, then admixed together, fully stir to make it to dissolve and make coating mixed liquor A 1, in mixed liquor A 1, add the zinc flake 3.1% that accounts for coating gross mass again, flake aluminum 2.8%, sheet magnesium powder 3.3%, stir and make coating mixed liquor A 2;
B, press coating gross mass percentage, take 4.3% chromic anhydride, form mixed liquor, join in 20%～40% water and fully dissolve and make inorganic acid mixed liquid B 1, to the zinc oxide that adds 5.8% in mixed liquid B 1, be stirred to without precipitation and make inorganic acid mixed liquid B 2 again;
C, press coating gross mass percentage, taking DAA is 0.4%, and propane diols is 0.7%, joins in 5%～15% water, stirs and makes reducing agent mixed liquor C;
D, press coating gross mass percentage, take 0.15% thickener, join in 2.5%～15% water, be stirred to and dissolve be translucent shape and gel-free and occur stopping stirring making thickener mixed liquor D;
E, the inorganic acid mixed liquid B 2 of preparation is joined in coating mixed liquor A 2, then add 1/5～1/2 of reducing agent mixed liquor C amount of preparation, add while stirring thickener mixed liquor D, the water that adds again surplus, continue to stir 30～90 minutes, until coating mixed liquor uniformity without agglomerated particle, finally adds remaining reducing agent mixed liquor C again, stir again 10～40 minutes, obtain.
This kind of coating is applied over finned tube surface by spraying, brushing, dip-coating, dries 10～60 minutes for 80 ± 10 ℃, and 280 ± 40 ℃ of curing sintering 30～60 minutes, form good anti-corrosion coating.
Described wetting dispersing agent is the SA-20 in peregal series, and described thickener is selected hydroxyethylcellulose; Described defoamer is selected tributyl phosphate.
Preferably, described heat-sink shell from inside to outside comprises infrared reflection coating 27, heat absorbing coating 28 and antireflection coatings 29 successively, and wherein the ratio of the thickness of infrared reflection coating 27, heat absorbing coating 28 and antireflection coatings 29 is 1:1.5:2; Described infrared reflection coating is Ag; Heat absorbing coating from inside to outside comprises tetra-layers of TiAl, Cr, Nb, Zr successively, and wherein the thickness proportion of four layers is 1:1.1:0.84:1.14; Antireflection coatings is from inside to outside AlN, TiO successively
2, Ta
2o
5, SiO
2layer, wherein the thickness proportion of four layers is 0.9:1:0.75:1.
Preferably, the gross thickness of heat-sink shell is 1.8 μ m.
Above-mentioned dimension scale is the best result getting by nearly hundred kinds of different thickness proportion tests.By experiment, for the composition and the thickness that adopt each independent stratum in above-mentioned absorber coatings, can make the absorptance of the absorber coatings of preparation be greater than 0.94, and realize 0.04 emissivity.
For the manufacture method of above-mentioned coating, the vacuum magnetron sputtering coating film technique preparation that can use this area often to adopt.
The material of the base tube 25 of heat collector is aluminium alloy, and the mass percent of the component of described aluminium alloy is as follows: 3.0% Cu, and 1.9% Mg, 1.6% Ag, 0.6% Mn, 0.25% Zr, 0.3% Ce, 0.23% Ti, 0.38% Si, all the other are Al.
The manufacture method of aluminium alloy is: adopt vacuum metallurgy melting, argon for protecting pouring becomes circle base, through 600 ℃ of homogenising, processes, and at 400 ℃, adopts and is hot extruded into bar, and then after 580 ℃ of solution hardening, at 200 ℃, carry out artificial aging processing.The tensile strength sigma b of alloy: room temperature >=550MPa, 200 ℃ >=440MPa, 300 ℃ >=-230MPa.
After tested, above-mentioned alloy has very high thermal conductivity factor and heat resistance.
For heat utilization device, can comprise radiator and hot water output equipment, for radiator, mainly contain two specific embodiments, embodiment 1 is circular arc closed finned tube radiator, as shown in Figure 5,6, embodiment 2 is board-type closed finned tube radiators, as shown in Fig. 5,7.
The structure of embodiment 1 is as follows:
A kind of finned tubular radiator 17 of enclosed construction, comprise upper header 1, lower collector pipe 3 and be connected upper header 1 and the finned tube 4 of lower collector pipe 3, described finned tube 4 comprises circular base tube 5 and the first fin 6, the second fin 9, the extended line that the first fin 6 and the second fin 9 are arranged on outside and the first fin 6 and second fin 9 of base tube 5 intersects at the central axis of base tube at the place, the center of circle of base tube 5, and the first fin 6 and the second fin 9 are symmetrical along the first plane B mirror image by base tube central axis; Described finned tube comprises the 3rd fin 11 and the 4th fin 10, described the 3rd fin 11, the 4th fin 10 are symmetrical with the first fin 6 and the second fin 9 mirror images respectively along the second plane C, and described the second plane C is vertical with the first plane B and pass through the central axis of base tube 5; Between described the first fin 6 and the second fin 9, the first brace 8 is set, it is circular arc type metallic plate that the second brace 12, the first braces 8 and the second brace 12 are set between described the 3rd fin 11 and the 4th fin 10; The central axes of the central axis of described circular arc-shaped metal plate and base tube 5; Described base tube is straight tube, and the central axis of described adjacent base tube is parallel to each other.
Preferably, the first fin of adjacent base tube is parallel to each other, represents that the second fin of adjacent base tube is also parallel to each other, and in like manner, the 3rd fin, the 4th fin are also parallel to each other.This feature shows that finned tube arranges according to equidirectional.
It should be explained that, as shown in Figure 6, the central axis of base tube is exactly the line that the set of the centre point on the cross section of base tube 5 forms, and the central axis of circular arc-shaped metal plate is exactly the line that the set of the centre point of circular arc-shaped metal plate on cross section forms.The central axes of the central axis of described circular arc-shaped metal plate and base tube 5 just refers to that, on cross section, circular arc-shaped metal plate and base tube are concentric circles.
Preferably, the size of all finned tubes is all identical.
By above-mentioned setting, make to form a gap 7 between fin and brace, in heat convection, gap 7 has just formed a kind of chimney effect, can strengthen heat exchange.
The 3rd fin of the first fin, the second fin and adjacent fins pipe and the 4th fin form space, and this space forms certain space, can form chimney effect, adds strong convection, augmentation of heat transfer.
Angle between described the first fin 6 and the second fin 9 is A, and the length of the first fin 6 and the second fin 9 is L, and the outer radius of base tube is R, and certainly, because mirror image is symmetrical, the length of the 3rd fin 11 and the 4th fin 10 is also L naturally.But find in practice, in heat transfer process. if fin angle is too small, can hinder heat exchange, because the words that fin angle is too small, cause the first fin, the distance of the second fin is too near, temperature boundary layer starts in the direction along with base tube height to overlap in closed area, gas temperature approaches tube wall temperature and moves closer to hot saturated, flow resistance increases, finally worsen on the contrary heat exchange, the advantage performance of outer fin is not out, same reason, constantly increase along with angle, make brace originally nearer apart from the distance of base tube, make equally temperature boundary layer in closed area, in the direction along with base tube height, start to overlap, gas temperature approaches tube wall temperature and moves closer to hot saturated, flow resistance increases, finally worsen on the contrary heat exchange, therefore angle has an optimum value.
For finned length, if oversize, even because the heat of base tube could arrive in time the end of fin or be effective also not obvious, if too short, expand heat exchange area too little, cannot reach a good heat transfer effect, so the height of fin also there is an optimum value.
For the distance between two finned tubes, if first distance is too near or completely close, between the brace of two finned tubes, the space of distance (referring to Fig. 5) is too little, air cannot enter by the gap between fin the space forming between finned tube, heat exchange now can only rely on from radiator bottom and enter air, cannot reach good heat convection effect, same reason, if the distance is too far, the the one the second the 3 4th fins of finned tube cannot form the space of effective chimney effect, thereby cause heat transfer effect variation, therefore for the distance between two finned tubes, also need a suitable numerical value.
As shown in Figure 8, the base tube 5 of height H on axial along to(for) fin, also need to have a suitable numerical value, if fin height is too high, on the top of fin, because boundary layer starts in the direction along with base tube height to overlap in closed area, cause the deterioration of heat exchange, in like manner, highly too low, heat exchange is not given full play to, thereby affects heat transfer effect.
Therefore, the present invention is the size relationship of the finned tube of the best radiator that sums up of the test data of the radiator by a plurality of different sizes.Because finned tube also has included angle A, these three variablees of finned length L, fin height H, therefore, introduce two characteristic sin (A/2), L/R, H/R, R is the radius of base tube here, heat dissipation capacity maximum from heat transfer effect, has calculated nearly 200 kinds of forms.Described size relationship is as follows:
Angle between described the first fin and the second fin is A, and the length of the first fin and the second fin is L, and the outer radius of base tube is R, the fin height H along base tube on axially, and above-mentioned four relation meets following formula:
Sin(A/2)=a×(L/R)
2+b×(L/R)+c
H/ (R * 10)=e * Sin (A/2)
2wherein, A unit is angle to-f * Sin (A/2)+h, 60 ° of <A<110 °,
L is of a size of mm, 12mm<L<80mm,
The unit of R is mm, 10mm<R<80mm,
The unit of H is mm, 800mm<R<1200mm,
A, b, c, e, f, h are coefficient, and the scope of a is 0.04-0.042, and the scope of b is 0.266-0.28, and the scope of c is 0.36-0.37, and the scope of e is 21-23, and the scope of f is 44-45, and h is 23-25.
By testing after result of calculation, by the numerical value of computation bound and median, the result of gained matches with formula substantially again, and error is substantially in 4%, and maximum relative error is no more than 6%, and mean error is 2%.；
The optimum of coefficient optimization is: a is that 0.0412, b is that 0.02715, c is that 0.03628, e is that 22, f is that 44.37, h is 23.86.
Preferably, the distance between adjacent base tube central axis is S=d * (L+R) * sin (A/2), and wherein d is 1.1-1.2.
As shown in Figure 6, the distance between adjacent base tube central axis is exactly the distance between two base tube centers of circle on cross section.
The optimum results of d is 1.118.
The structure of embodiment 2 is as follows:
A kind of finned tubular radiator 17 of enclosed construction, comprise upper header 1, lower collector pipe 3 and be connected upper header 1 and the finned tube 4 of lower collector pipe 3, described finned tube 4 comprises circular base tube 5 and the first fin 6, the second fin 9, the extended line that the first fin 6 and the second fin 9 are arranged on outside and the first fin 6 and second fin 9 of base tube 5 intersects at the base tube central axis at the place, the center of circle of base tube 5, and the first fin 6 and the second fin 9 are symmetrical along the first plane B mirror image by base tube central axis; Described finned tube comprises the 3rd fin 11 and the 4th fin 10, described the 3rd fin 11, the 4th fin 10 are symmetrical with the first fin 6 and the second fin 9 mirror images respectively along the second plane C, and described the second plane C is vertical with the first plane B and pass through the central axis of base tube 5; Between described the first fin 6 and the second fin 9, the first brace 8 is set, it is linear pattern metallic plate that the second brace 12, the first braces 8 and the second brace 12 are set between described the 3rd fin 11 and the 4th fin 10.Described base tube is straight tube, and the central axis of described adjacent base tube 5 is parallel to each other.
It should be explained that, as shown in Figure 7, the central axis of base tube is exactly the line that the set of the centre point on the cross section of base tube 5 forms.
By above-mentioned setting, make to form a gap 7 between fin and brace, in heat convection, gap 7 has just formed a kind of chimney effect, can strengthen heat exchange.
Preferably, in one plane, in one plane, the plane at the first brace 8 and the second brace 12 places is parallel to each other for the second brace 12 of adjacent base tube 5 for the first brace 8 of described adjacent base tube 5.
Preferably, the first fin of adjacent base tube is parallel to each other, represents that the second fin of adjacent base tube is also parallel to each other, and in like manner, the 3rd fin, the 4th fin are also parallel to each other.This feature shows that finned tube arranges according to equidirectional.This feature shows that finned tube arranges according to equidirectional.
Preferably, the size of all finned tubes is all identical.
The 3rd fin of the first fin, the second fin and adjacent fins pipe and the 4th fin form space, and this space forms certain space, can form chimney effect, adds strong convection, augmentation of heat transfer.
Angle between described the first fin 6 and the second fin 9 is A, and the length of the first fin 6 and the second fin 9 is L, and the outer radius of base tube is R, and certainly, because mirror image is symmetrical, the length of the 3rd fin 11 and the 4th fin 10 is also L naturally.
For embodiment 2, be also optimized, the concrete result of optimizing is as follows:
Angle between described the first fin and the second fin is A, and the length of the first fin and the second fin is L, and the outer radius of base tube is R, the fin height H on fin is axial along base tube, and above-mentioned four relation meets following formula:
Sin(A/2)=a×(L/R)
2+b×(L/R)+c
H/R=10×e×?(Sin(A/2))
f
Wherein, A unit is angle, 60 ° of <A<110 °,
L is of a size of mm, 15mm<L<80mm,
The unit of R is mm, 10mm<R<80mm,
The unit of H is mm, 600mm<H<1200mm,
A, b, c, e, f are coefficient, and the scope of a is 0.038-0.04, and the scope of b is 0.26-0.27, and the scope of c is 0.34-0.35, and the scope of e is 0.72-0.78, and the scope of f is between-3.6 to-3.5.
Preferably, the distance between adjacent base tube central axis is S=d * (L+R) * sin (A/2), and wherein d is 1.05-1.2.
Wherein d is preferably 1.13.
Another embodiment of heat utilization device provides the hot water output equipment of hot water to user, described hot water output equipment comprises heat exchanger, and described heat exchanger connects running water, from the hot water of solar water heater, enters in heat exchanger, carries out heat exchange with running water;
Described hot water output equipment also comprises electrically heated rod, and when the hot water temperature of hot water input equipment output is during lower than the first temperature, electrically heated rod starts heating, and heats with the first power; When the hot water temperature of hot water input equipment output is when than low the second temperature of the first temperature, electrically heated rod heats with the second power higher than the first power; When the hot water temperature of hot water input equipment output is when than low the 3rd temperature of the second temperature, electrically heated rod heats with the 3rd power higher than the second power; When the hot water temperature of hot water input equipment output is when than low the 4th temperature of the 3rd temperature, electrically heated rod heats with the 4th power higher than the 3rd power; When the hot water temperature of hot water input equipment output is when than low the 5th temperature of the 4th temperature, electrically heated rod heats with the 5th power higher than the 4th power.
In heat exchanger, running water and from the water in solar water heater, directly do not mix carry out heat exchange, namely by mode indirectly, carry out heat exchange.
As shown in Figure 8, described electric heating system and/or hot water boiler system also comprise control system, and electric heating system and/or hot water boiler system start automatically according to the temperature that enters the water of electric heater and hot-water boiler, and hot water is heated.For electric heater, describe below.
Described control system comprises temperature sensor 15 and the central controller 13 of measuring temperature, and temperature sensor 15 is for measuring the temperature of the water that enters electric heater, and central controller is for controlling the heating power of electric heater.When the inflow temperature of measuring is during lower than temperature a, electric heater starts heating, and heats with power A; When the inflow temperature of thermal measurement is when than the low temperature b of temperature a, electric heater heats with the power B higher than power A; When the inflow temperature of measuring is when than the low temperature c of temperature b, electric heater heats with the power C higher than power B; When the inflow temperature of measuring is when than the low temperature d of temperature c, electric heater heats with the power D higher than power C; When the inflow temperature of measuring is when than the low temperature e of temperature d, electric heater heats with the power E higher than power D.
Certainly, can select, in order to increase the accuracy of measuring temperature, another temperature sensor 16 can be set at the water outlet of electric heater, the mean value of the temperature of the measurement by two temperature sensors calculates the starting power of electric heater.
For boiler, automatic ignition device is set.When the temperature of the water that enters boiler of measuring is lower than certain temperature time, boiler heats with regard to starting ignition device.When the temperature of the water of measuring reaches certain temperature, just stop heating.
Certainly, can select, in order to increase the accuracy of measuring temperature, another temperature sensor can be set at the water outlet of boiler, the mean value of the temperature of the measurement by two temperature sensors calculates the starting power of electric heater.
Preferably, electric heater unit can be set in solar water heater, when the leaving water temperature of solar water heater is during lower than certain numerical value, can start electric heater unit.For example can in heat collector and/or water tank, electric heater unit be set.
For the situation shown in Fig. 3, can be by control system is set, described control system is controlled the fluid flow entering in heat utilization device and/or assisted heating device according to temperature.For example, for radiator, can determine the flow that enters the fluid in radiator according to indoor temperature, when indoor temperature is higher than the first certain numerical value, the valve in inlet pipeline and outlet pipeline is closed completely, pipeline on solar water heater system is opened completely, fluid is inflow radiator not, when indoor temperature is lower than certain second value, the valve in inlet pipeline and outlet pipeline is opened completely, pipeline on solar water heater system is closed completely, guarantee that the water on the pipeline on solar water heater system enters radiator completely.When indoor temperature is during between the first numerical value and second value, the valve in inlet pipeline and outlet pipeline is partially opened, the pipeline portions on solar water heater system is opened, guarantee that only some fluid enters radiator.
For thermal output equipment, can determine the flow that enters the fluid in thermal output equipment according to the temperature of the water of thermal output equipment output, when the temperature of the water of thermal output equipment output is higher than the first certain numerical value, the valve in inlet pipeline and outlet pipeline is closed completely, pipeline on solar water heater system is opened completely, fluid does not flow into thermal output equipment, when the temperature of the water of thermal output equipment output is lower than certain second value, the valve in inlet pipeline and outlet pipeline is opened completely, pipeline on solar water heater system is closed completely, guarantee that the water on the pipeline on solar water heater system enters thermal output equipment completely.When the temperature of water of output is during between the first numerical value and second value, the valve in inlet pipeline and outlet pipeline is partially opened, the pipeline portions on solar water heater system is opened, guarantee that only some fluid enters thermal output equipment.
For auxiliary heating equipment, can determine the flow that enters the fluid in auxiliary heating equipment according to the temperature that enters the water of auxiliary heating equipment, when the temperature of water that enters auxiliary heating equipment is higher than the first certain numerical value, the valve in inlet pipeline and outlet pipeline is closed completely, pipeline on solar water heater system is opened completely, fluid does not flow into auxiliary heating equipment, when the temperature that enters auxiliary heating equipment water is lower than certain second value, the valve in inlet pipeline and outlet pipeline is opened completely, pipeline on solar water heater system is closed completely, guarantee that the water on the pipeline on solar water heater system enters auxiliary heating equipment completely.When the temperature of water that enters auxiliary heating equipment is during between the first numerical value and second value, the valve in inlet pipeline and outlet pipeline is partially opened, pipeline portions on solar water heater system is opened, guaranteed that only some fluid enters auxiliary heating equipment.
Although the present invention discloses as above with preferred embodiment, the present invention is not defined in this.Any those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, all can make various changes or modifications, so protection scope of the present invention should be as the criterion with claim limited range.
Claims (4)
1. a solar water heater system, comprise solar water heater and heat utilization device, described solar water heater comprises heat collector, described heat collector is for absorbing the heat of solar energy with the water of heating solar water heater, described heat collector is collector metal pipe, collector metal pipe comprises metal base tube, the outer surface of described metal base tube covers anticorrosive coat and heat-sink shell successively, it is characterized in that described anticorrosive coat applies anticorrosive paint and forms, the composition of the mass percent of anticorrosive paint is as follows: zinc flake 3.1%, flake aluminum 2.8%, sheet magnesium powder 3.3%, zinc oxide is 5.8%, chromic anhydride is 4.3%, DAA is 0.4%, propane diols is 0.7%, wetting dispersing agent is 0.4%, thickener is 0.15%, defoamer is 0.23%, the water of surplus,
This kind of coating is applied over base tube surface by spraying, brushing, dip-coating, dries 10～60 minutes for 80 ± 10 ℃, and 280 ± 40 ℃ of curing sintering 30～60 minutes, form anticorrosive coat.
2. a solar water heater system, comprise solar water heater and heat utilization device, described solar water heater comprises heat collector, described heat collector is for absorbing the heat of solar energy with the water of heating solar water heater, described heat collector is collector metal pipe, collector metal pipe comprises metal base tube, the outer surface of described metal base tube covers anticorrosive coat and heat-sink shell successively, it is characterized in that heat utilization device is the finned tubular radiator of circular arc enclosed construction, described radiator comprises upper header, lower collector pipe and the finned tube that is connected upper header and lower collector pipe, described finned tube comprises circular base tube and the first fin, the second fin, the extended line that the first fin and the second fin are arranged on outside and the first fin and second fin of base tube intersects at the central axis of base tube at the place, the center of circle of base tube, the first fin and the second fin are symmetrical along the first level crossing picture by base tube central axis, described finned tube comprises the 3rd fin and the 4th fin, and described the 3rd fin, the 4th fin are symmetrical with the first fin and the second fin mirror image respectively along the second plane, and described the second plane is vertical with the first plane and pass through the central axis of base tube, between described the first fin and the second fin, the first brace is set, between described the 3rd fin and the 4th fin, the second brace is set, the first brace and the second brace are circular arc type metallic plate, the 3rd fin of the first fin, the second fin and adjacent fins pipe and the 4th fin form space, the central axis at place, the center of circle of described circular arc-shaped metal plate and the central axes of base tube, described base tube is straight tube, and the central axis of described adjacent base tube is parallel to each other, the first fin of adjacent base tube is parallel to each other,
Angle between described the first fin and the second fin is A, and the length of the first fin and the second fin is L, and the outer radius of base tube is R, the fin height H along base tube on axially, and above-mentioned four relation meets following formula:
Sin(A/2)=a*(L/R)
2+b*(L/R)+c
H/ (R*10)=e*Sin (A/2)
2wherein, A unit is angle to-f*Sin (A/2)+h, 60 ° of <A<110 °,
L is of a size of mm, 12mm<L<80mm,
The unit of R is mm, 10mm<R<80mm,
The unit of H is mm, 800mm<R<1200mm,
A, b, c, e, f, h are coefficient, and the scope of a is 0.04-0.042, and the scope of b is 0.266-0.28, and the scope of c is 0.36-0.37, and the scope of e is 21-23, and the scope of f is 44-45, and h is 23-25.
3. a solar water heater system, comprise solar water heater and heat utilization device, described solar water heater comprises heat collector, described heat collector is for absorbing the heat of solar energy with the water of heating solar water heater, described heat collector is collector metal pipe, collector metal pipe comprises metal base tube, the outer surface of described metal base tube covers anticorrosive coat and heat-sink shell successively, it is characterized in that described system comprises electric heater, hot-water boiler, described heat utilization equipment is respectively radiator and hot water output equipment, described electric heater and hot water output equipment are arranged on a pipeline, radiator and hot-water boiler are arranged on another pipeline, described two pipelines are for being arranged in parallel.
4. according to the solar water heater system one of claim 1-3 Suo Shu, it is characterized in that described heat-sink shell from inside to outside comprises infrared reflection coating, heat absorbing coating and antireflection coatings successively, wherein the ratio of the thickness of infrared reflection coating, heat absorbing coating and antireflection coatings is 1:1.5:2; Described infrared reflection coating is Ag; Heat absorbing coating from inside to outside comprises tetra-layers of TiAl, Cr, Nb, Zr successively, and wherein the thickness proportion of tetra-layers of TiAl, Cr, Nb, Zr is 1:1.1:0.84:1.14; Antireflection coatings is from inside to outside AlN, TiO successively
2, Ta
2o
5, SiO
2layer, wherein AlN, TiO
2, Ta
2o
5, SiO
2the thickness proportion of layer is 0.9:1:0.75:1.
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| CN201410460957.4A Active CN104197548B (en) | 2013-10-22 | 2013-10-22 | A kind of solar water heater system with anticorrosive coat |
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| CN106152573A (en) * | 2015-04-16 | 2016-11-23 | 九格能源科技（天津）有限公司 | A kind of antivacuum high-temperature solar thermal-collecting tube |
| CN104819579B (en) * | 2015-04-28 | 2016-04-13 | 山东大学（威海） | A kind of solar heat-preservation system |
| CN105650896B (en) * | 2015-04-28 | 2018-02-06 | 山东大学（威海） | A kind of solar water output system |
| CN105650890B (en) * | 2015-04-28 | 2017-09-22 | 山东大学（威海） | A kind of solar heat-preservation system of setting electric heater |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN103499150B (en) | 2014-10-15 |
| CN104359229B (en) | 2016-02-24 |
| CN104197548B (en) | 2016-03-09 |
| CN104165407B (en) | 2015-11-18 |
| CN104165407A (en) | 2014-11-26 |
| CN103499150A (en) | 2014-01-08 |
| CN104359229A (en) | 2015-02-18 |
| CN104197547A (en) | 2014-12-10 |
| CN104197547B (en) | 2015-11-18 |
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