A kind of thick-skinned melon open country cultivating superior high-yield method
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of thick-skinned melon open country high quality and yield cultivation techniques, belong to field of plant growing technology.
Background technology
Fructus Melo (CucumismeloL.) is the annual climing property herbaceous plant of Cucurbitaceae Cucumis, at home and abroad extensively cultivates. China's Fructus Melo sown area is about 15.3 ten thousand hectares, and gross annual output amount, more than 3,000,000 tons, occupies first place in the world. Hills, Jurong is the main producing region of Jiangsu Province's fruits in season, and the biological characteristics of its climatic characteristic such as light, temperature and fruit adapts. Due to this hillock, hills, region hypsography, Protectorate cultivation can not realize, and outdoor cropping is often retained facility and caused soil erosion because lacking, and then causes soil drought hydropenia and the viscous weight of soil property. Therefore, this region thick-skinned melon produces and still suffers from deficiencies such as often being restricted by arid factor, yield is unstable. Fully excavate the productive potentialities of this region thick-skinned melon, further investigate and widely popularize drought-resistant cultivating pattern, to improving thick-skinned melon yield, meet market supply, increasing farmers' income has important practical significance.
Ground mulching, as an effective dry farming yield-increasing technology, has spreading speed faster in China. At present, China have become as plastic film mulching cultivation area is maximum in the world country (Xing Shengli, Wei Yanan, Li Sixun. Shaanxi Province's crop mulching films cultivation development status and prospects [J]. agricultural research in the arid areas, 2002,20 (1): 10 13.).Thank drive sun wait (thank and drive sun, imperial court's brightness, Li Shengxiu. grass and overlay film are covered to northwest dryland soil Organic Carbon And Total Nitrogen and bioactive impact [J] in earth's surface. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010,30 (24): 6,781 6786.) research is thought, covering with ground sheeting and improving straw mulching most application value. (the Wang Wei such as Wang Wei, Zheng Shufeng, Lu Xijie, Deng. farmland improving straw mulching Research progress [J]. Agriculture of Anhui science, 2009,37 (18): 8,343 8346.) think improving straw mulching can fertilizing soil effectively, reduce soil erosion, there is water-retention water saving, regulate the soil moisture, suppress effect of farmland weed. Relevant in same region, the different planting still rare report of research on thick-skinned melon tree characteristics, yield and quality impact.
Summary of the invention
The present invention solves technical problem, a kind of thick-skinned melon open country high quality and yield cultivation techniques by the following technical programs, comprises the following steps:
Step one, selection of land and whole: select the medium hillside fields, knob of soil property or wasteland, plough after the beginning of spring, every 667m2Organic fertilizer 4000kg, nitrogenous fertilizer 2kg, phosphate fertilizer 6kg and potash fertilizer 4kg, be furrow, furrow width 1.5m, furrow spacing 20cm after raking, water foot pre-sowing water and cover black thin film, mulching straw straw between furrow, Fructus Melo of planting in the middle of furrow, spacing in the rows 55cm;
Step 2, sowing: seed, through 55 60 DEG C of water seed soaking accelerating germination, every bunch planting 2, adopted the punching rupture of membranes sowing of upper seeding height earthing method by spacing in the rows, after planting added a cover Small plastic shed, span 50cm, canopy height 40cm at mid or late March the sowing time.
Step 3, training are beaten climing: seedling 5 to 6 leaf phase pinching, stay two healthy and strong sons climing, i.e. double; two climing trainings, and 23 melons are stayed in every strain;
Much more suitably step 4, field management: Seedling Stage waters less, stretch the climing phase and to water, and florescence does not water, and fruit expanding period strengthens irrigation amount, keeps ground moistening, and the fruit maturation phase reduces irrigation amount. Powdery mildew is to put prevention first, and insect pest can use yellow card's trap.
Described upper seeding height earthing method, it is on furrow face, opening about 1 centimetre of deep cave, put into earthing after 2 all buds, on sowing cave, pile the mound of 5 to 7 centimetres high with wet soil after upper seeding, broadcast latter about 5 days and check when discovery seed starts curved gooseneck top soil, remove the mound deeply covered, make plumelet be unearthed as early as possible.
Described add a cover Small plastic shed, based on temperature raising before coming up, generally do not leak informaton, after coming up, cooling of suitably can leaking informaton according to weather condition, turn the warm increasing amount of leaking informaton along with weather later, and progressively remove Small plastic shed, enter grown in field.
It was verified that sowing time, seeding method, planting type are that thick-skinned melon obtains the key of good quality and high output in In Middle And Lower Reaches of Changjiang River plantation, it also it is the main innovation point of the present invention. First, the selection of sowing time, the sowing time, seedling open country adds a cover Small plastic shed can not resist severe cold, easily causes seedling freeze injury too early (early March); Sowing time is (mid-April) too late, seedling open country can normal growth, but pollination florescence, be exactly in rainy plum rain season, thick-skinned melon is not easily beared fruit, and causes and plants unsuccessfully; And the sowing time is arranged in clear and bright first half of the month (mid or late March), both can avoid severe cold, the impact of phase plum rain season of can avoiding again bearing fruit. Second, seeding method is also the key innovations of the present invention. The nursery of thick-skinned melon adopts hole plate seedling growth mostly, this seedling raising manners is adapted to the cultivation feature of local booth, but the winter resistance due to seedling is poor when outdoor cropping, easily cause freeze injury, and adopt seed sowing, when open country, seedling can progressively be carried out Cold Acclimation, strengthen winter resistance.3rd, planting type is the most important thing of Fructus Melo high-quality. When outdoor cropping, the plum rain season being particularly continuous at wet weather, the commodity of thick-skinned melon to be kept, it is necessary to adopt all standing cultivation step.
Detailed description of the invention
The following is the specific experiment that inventor carries out according to technical scheme, the main purpose of this experiment is to explore the best cultivation mode of suitable Yangtze River Delta Area thick-skinned melon outdoor cropping, provides theoretical foundation and technical support for the application of the method simultaneously.
1 material and method
1.1 test materials
It is ' crisp treasured ' for examination thick-skinned melon variety, is current Jiangsu Province Jurong City's Main Cultivars. By the selection-breeding of Zhenjiang, the Hilly area of Jiangsu Province institute of agricultural sciences. Seed is provided by Ruifan Agricultural Gardening Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang City. ' crisp treasured ' variety characteristic: fruit subcircular, peel is golden yellow, fruit surface smooth. Sarcocarp is orange red, sarcocarp thickness 4 about 4.5cm, and ventricle is little and substantial, single fruit weight about 1.5kg. Ripe consequence meat is crisp, and juice enriches, and pol is 14 15%. It is the agricultural mocromembrane of blow moulded polyethyene for examination mulch film, thickness 0.008mm.
1.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Test and carry out in king town, Jurong City of Jiangsu Province 3 July in 2013.
Test 1: the different coverage mode impacts on Fructus Melo ' crisp treasured ' yield and quality: test sets 3 process, all adopts Creeping-culture mode, and double; two climing trainings, liquid manure is identical with pest management. Do not cover (open country) plantation: artificial ridging, row spacing 150cm, ridge height 5cm, distance between the ridges 20cm, Fructus Melo of planting in the middle of ridge, spacing in the rows 55cm. Half mulching: row spacing 150cm, selects face, 150cm wide plastic film mulch ridge, ridge height 5cm, distance between the ridges 20cm, Fructus Melo of planting in the middle of ridge, spacing in the rows 55cm. All standing: row spacing 150cm, selects face, 150cm wide plastic film mulch ridge, ridge height 5cm, distance between the ridges 20cm, paves with 5cm thickness Caulis et Folium Oryzae, Fructus Melo of planting in the middle of ridge, spacing in the rows 55cm between ridge. Each process 3 repetition, each repetition 2 ridge, the long 60m in ridge. After Fructus Melo maturation, often processing sampling 15 strains and carry out indoor species test, measure single fruit weight before results, sarcocarp is thick, pol, high-quality melon rate. Meanwhile, statistics fruit number per plant, single plant yield, yield, ripe phase and the time of infertility. Experiment the data obtained SPASSV16.0 statistical software is analyzed.
Test 2: the different sowing time impacts on thick-skinned melon outdoor cropping. Adopting all standing planting type in test 1, cultivation management method is constant. Points of three March 3 sowing time, March 20 and April 15.
Test 3: the Different sowing ways impact on ' crisp treasured ' rate alive and fruit properties. Adopting all standing planting type in test 1, cultivation management method is constant. It is respectively adopted the live and hole plate seedling growth analysis impact on Muskmelon Growth.
2 results and analysis
The impact on ' crisp treasured ' yield and quality of 2.13 kinds of planting types
According to endemic species melon custom with for meeting the requirement that hillside ground, hills cropping pattern adapts, this experiment is provided with open country plantation, half mulching cultivation and all standing three kinds of planting types of cultivation. Result shows: all standing cultivation yield is the highest, and half mulching takes second place, and open country plantation is minimum, and yield is 2677kg/667m respectively2��3865kg/667m2And 4816kg/667m2, compared with open country planting patterns, half mulching cultivation and all standing cultivation ' crisp treasured ' yield notable (P < 0.05) increase by 44.4% and 79.9%. Similarly, half mulching cultivation and all standing cultivation ' crisp treasured ' single plant yield are 1.4 and 1.8 times of open country planting patterns.Additionally, open country plantation, half mulching cultivation and all standing cultivation average fruit number per plant respectively 2.33,3.17 and 4, Analysis of variance, all standing planting type and open country plantation significant difference (P < 0.05).
Under 13 kinds of planting types of table, the yield component traits of ' crisp treasured ' compares
Note: a, b, c represent significant difference; Following table is identical.
As shown in Table 2, under open country plantation, half mulching cultivation and all standing three kinds of planting types of cultivation, sarcocarp Hou He center sugar there was no significant difference (P 0.05). But, half mulching cultivation and all standing cultivation ' crisp treasured ' single fruit weight notable (P < 0.05) are higher than open country planting patterns, and compared with open country planting patterns, half mulching cultivation and all standing cultivation ' crisp treasured ' high-quality melon rate notable (P < 0.05) increase by 37.7% and 52.5%.
Under 23 kinds of planting types of table, the fruit properties of ' crisp treasured ' compares
The 2.2 different sowing time impacts on thick-skinned melon
As shown in Table 3, the thick-skinned melon of sowing on March 3, emergence rate notable (P < 0.05), lower than two other date of seeding, illustrates that ambient temperature is on the low side and emerging of seed is impacted, finally affect emergence rate. Namely the entrance that allows to emerge is nourished and grown, its single melon weight and high-quality melon rate also notable (the P < 0.05) Fructus Melo sowed lower than March 20, freeze injury during seedling is described have impact on the normal growth of Fructus Melo and grows, and then affect its generative growth phase, cause deformity melon on the high side. In addition, the Fructus Melo of sowing on April 15, emergence rate is up to 98%, but the Fructus Melo that center melon sugared, single weight and high-quality melon rate all significantly low (P < 0.05) were sowed March 20, illustrate that the commodity of the Fructus Melo that this time sows is poor, it is possible to relevant with the plum rain season in Pollination Fertilization stage.
Impact on the emergence rate of ' crisp treasured ' and fruit properties under 33 kinds of sowing times of table
The impact on ' crisp treasured ' rate alive and fruit properties of 2.3 Different sowing ways
As shown in Table 4, work the rate of hole plate seedling growth notable (P < 0.05), lower than direct-seeding, has had a strong impact on per mu yield and the economic benefit of Fructus Melo. The seedling winter resistance that the main cause causing a rate of living low is hole plate seedling growth is poor, is transplanted to the relatively low open country of temperature and is vulnerable to damage to plants caused by sudden drop in temperature, and then affect its growth promoter, cause the death of part seedling from electric cradle. It addition, plantlet stage run into damage to plants caused by sudden drop in temperature the commodity that also have impact on ' crisp treasured ', the Fructus Melo that its center melon sugared, single weight and high-quality melon rate all notable (P < 0.05) are cultivated lower than direct-seeding.
The impact on ' crisp treasured ' rate alive and fruit properties of table 4 Different sowing ways
Specific embodiment one
The open country high quality and yield cultivation techniques of thick-skinned melon ' crisp treasured ':
One, site preparation and fertilization
1, wholely. Select the medium hillside fields, knob of soil property or wasteland, plough after the beginning of spring, after raking, be furrow, furrow width 1.5m, furrow spacing 20cm, water foot pre-sowing water and cover black thin film, mulching straw straw between furrow, Fructus Melo of planting in the middle of furrow, spacing in the rows 55cm;
2, fertilising. Heavy dressing fertilizer, and based on basal dressing, base manure consumption accounts for about the 70% of whole dose. Fertilising kind, based on decomposed manure, conventional chemical fertilizer, compound fertilizer etc., is avoided and use chloride fertilizer, in wait until under soil fertility condition, in conjunction with whole ground often 667m2Organic fertilizer 4000kg, nitrogenous fertilizer 2kg, phosphate fertilizer 6kg and potash fertilizer 4kg.
Two, seeding technique
1, the sowing time. Employing direct sowing method is sowed. Sowing time is mid or late March.
2, seed treatment.Broadcast front 55��60 DEG C of water seed soakings 10 minutes, be stirred continuously to water temperature be down to about 30 DEG C time, continue seed soaking 8��10 hours, the seed soaked is wrapped with wet cloth accelerating germination when being placed on 25��30 DEG C, each sky Warm Wash 1��2 time, within about 17��20 hours, can sprout, select bud planting seed when 80% seed germination.
3, seeding technique. The way adopting upper seeding height earthing opens about 1 centimetre of deep cave on furrow face, put into earthing after 2 all buds, on sowing cave, pile the mound of 5 to 7 centimetres high with wet soil after upper seeding, broadcast latter about 5 days and check when discovery seed starts curved gooseneck top soil, remove the mound deeply covered, make plumelet be unearthed as early as possible.
Three, training is beaten climing
Seedling 5 to 6 leaf phase pinching, stays two healthy and strong sons climing, i.e. double; two climing trainings, 23 melons are stayed in every strain.
Four, field management
1, temperature treatment. Based on temperature raising before coming up, generally do not leak informaton, after coming up, cooling of suitably can leaking informaton according to weather condition, carry out seedling hardening, turn the warm increasing amount of leaking informaton gradually along with weather later, and progressively remove Small plastic shed, enter people's grown in field.
2, water and fertilizer management. After coming up, watering less and intertill more, the intertillage degree of depth is not to hinder root for principle. Seedling Stage waters less, stretches the climing phase and suitably waters more, promotes stem climing and blade normal growth and Floral differentiation and growth, and the time limit of blooming generally does not water, and Accelerate bloom is beared fruit. Fruit expanding period strengthens irrigation amount, keeps ground moistening. The fruit maturation phase reduces irrigation amount, can improve fruit quality. Fructus Melo is paid attention to pouring water for 3 times all one's life, and one is pre-sowing water, and the water yield can be larger; Two is urge climing water, when namely melon seedling starts vigorous growth; Three is swollen melon water, when namely fruit grows to egg size, pours water and can promote expanding of fruit.
Five, the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control
Powdery mildew is to put prevention first, and insect pest can use yellow card's trap.