CN104058564B - 一种污泥烧结制无土栽培基质处理方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明为一种污泥烧结制无土栽培基质处理方法，涉及利用烧结技术处理污泥并资源化制无土栽培基质技术领域。为解决污泥中重金属和有机污染物含量高、危害大，而营养成分未被充分利用的技术问题，将污泥加入废碱液进行压榨脱水后，在脱水滤液中加入过量Mg盐，回收氮磷得到鸟粪石沉淀；初步脱水污泥加入工业固废，固定污泥中剩余的磷、稳定烧结过程中残留的重金属，并降低污泥含水率，同时利用烧结产生的余热干化污泥，得到深度脱水污泥；将深度脱水污泥挤压成型后送入烧结机烧结，烧结温度800-1300℃，烧结时间15-85min，烧结可促使污泥中重金属挥发并使污泥中的有机污染物彻底分解为无害气体，对烧结产生的烟气进行净化处理，达标后排放，烧结完毕得到污泥烧结体。将得到的鸟粪石作为缓释肥与污泥烧结体混合共同作为无土栽培基质用于盆栽或园林绿化。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种污泥的无害化处理方法，尤其涉及一种采用烧结技术处理污泥并资源化制无土栽培基质的方法。
背景技术
2012年，全国投运的城镇污水处理设施总处理能力达1.49亿立方米，日均处理水量1.16亿立方米，全国日均污泥产生量约达6.3万吨，由此产生的大量污泥急需进行处理与处置；来自工业、矿业、农业和地表径流等的污染物使水体沉积物受到了不同程度的污染。受污染底泥在世界范围内对人类健康和环境构成了威胁，在水体污染的外源越来越多地得到控制后，受污染水体沉积物逐渐成为水体不可忽视的重要内源污染。
污泥中Zn、Cu、Cr等重金属含量较高、活性较大，一些典型有机污染物毒性大、残效长，污泥资源化利用必须解决污泥中重金属和有机污染物的去除与净化问题。目前，污泥的处置方法主要有投海、填埋、堆肥、焚烧等。污泥投海由于出现严重的污染问题而被国际海洋法禁止；填埋法占用大量土地，污泥容易发生渗漏，对场地及周边的环境安全构成危害；污泥堆肥虽能回收利用污泥中的养分且能耗低，但污泥中含有大量病原体及铜、铅、锌、铬、镉等重金属和多氯联苯、二噁英等难降解的有害物质，故在实际应用中存在较多问题；污泥焚烧过程中可以最大限度地减少污泥体积，实现减量化，并使有机物全部碳化，杀死病原体，同时能充分利用污泥潜在的有机能源，用于污泥自身的干化和发电供热，被认为是一种有效的过渡性处置方式。
据统计，城市污泥的全N、全P和全K含量最高值分别达51.6、51.3和12.5g/kg，平均含量分别为27、14.3和7g/kg，有很高的资源化利用价值。现有的污泥焚烧技术在焚烧过程中，污泥中的氨氮易转化成氮氧化物随烟气挥发造成二次危害，同时，产生的焚烧灰大多制成建材，污泥中含量较高的营养成分没有被利用，未充分实现资源化。
污泥呈胶体液状，含水率可达99％以上，但含水率只有降到50％以下，资源化利用才有可能，故污泥处理处置前必须进行脱水。污泥脱水得到的脱水滤液中均含有一定浓度的氨氮和磷等营养成分随废水被直接或间接排入污水处理厂进行常规处理而没有被充分利用。
因此，开发出一种污泥及脱水滤液无害化并资源化利用的污泥烧结技术，是国内污泥处理处置的一条有效途径。
发明内容
本发明的目的：为了克服以上技术中的不足，提供一种既能充分利用污泥中营养成分和热值，又能实现污泥的无害化、减量化的污泥烧结技术，并对烧结产生的烟气进行净化处理，烧结后得到的污泥烧结体用于无土栽培基质实现污泥资源化利用。
本发明通过以下技术方案予以实现：
(1)将含水率为80-99％的污泥中加入废碱液，调节污泥的pH至9～10，充分搅拌后进行物理压榨脱水，得到含水率为60-75％的初步脱水污泥。碱性环境可促使菌体表面蛋白变性，造成部分细胞壁细胞膜的溶解，胞内氮磷等物质被释放出来，使污泥脱水滤液中氮磷含量升高；
所述污泥为市政污泥、水体沉积物；
(2)碱性条件下，在污泥脱水滤液中加入过量Mg盐，调节镁/磷摩尔比为1.2～1.6，使Mg2+充分与脱水滤液中的氮磷反应生成鸟粪石，反应如下，过滤得到鸟粪石后的滤液进行常规污水处理，达标后排污水处理厂；
Mg2++NH4++PO4 3-+6H2O→MgNH4PO4·6H2O↓
所述Mg盐为制盐工业废盐卤；
(3)初步脱水污泥加入工业固废，可起到固定污泥中剩余的磷、稳定烧结过程中残留重金属，并降低污泥含水率的作用，同时，利用烧结产生的余热干化污泥，得到含水率为35-45％的深度脱水污泥；
所述工业固废为含水率2-6％的电石渣、炉渣或赤泥，添加比例为初步脱水污泥的3-100％；
(4)将深度脱水污泥挤压成型后送入烧结机烧结，烧结温度800-1300℃，烧结时间15-85min，烧结完毕，卸料，自然冷却，得到重金属含量和浸出量均较低的污泥烧结体，因污泥中有机质含量较高，烧结过程中产生大量气体，使烧结体产生较多孔洞，自然环境中有利于烧结体中剩余P析出，且保水保肥透气性好，将(2)中得到的鸟粪石作为缓释肥与污泥烧结体混合共同作为无土栽培基质用于盆栽或园林绿化；
所述污泥烧结体粒径为0.5-10mm，总孔隙度为45％-55％；
(5)烧结机产生的烟气余热利用后首先进行急冷降温，防止二恶英类持久性有机污染物的重新生成，同时将烟气中的重金属蒸气冷凝回收，之后进入脱酸反应塔与废碱液反应，脱出其中的HCl、HF、SO2、NOx等酸性物质；
所述废碱液为含NaOH和Na2CO32～10％的工业废碱液；
(6)将脱酸反应塔出来的烟气进行布袋除尘，布袋前喷洒活性碳粉末，吸附烟气中残留的挥发性重金属和少量脱附的二恶英，净化后的烟气排空；
(7)将脱酸反应塔和布袋除尘器收集的飞灰加入稳定剂和固化剂，进行稳定化固化，达标后送入填埋场安全填埋；
所述固化剂为水泥或石灰，添加量为飞灰总量的5％-15％；
所述稳定剂为硫化物、可溶性磷酸盐或巯基捕收剂，添加量为飞灰总量的0.5％-5％。
本发明的有益效果：
在污泥中加入废碱液可促使氨氮和磷在污泥脱水时溶出，降低污泥烧结时氨氮转化成氮氧化物的量，在污泥脱水滤液中加入Mg盐可有效回收氮磷，得到鸟粪石沉淀；初步脱水污泥加入工业固废可起到固定污泥中剩余的磷、稳定烧结过程中残留重金属，并降低污泥含水率的作用；深度脱水污泥含水率低于50％，外部高温可引发污泥实现自持燃烧，节约大量能源；烧结可促使污泥中重金属挥发并使有机污染物彻底分解为CO2、H2O等无害气体，得到重金属含量和浸出量均较低的污泥烧结体，对烧结产生的烟气进行净化处理，防止二次污染。将得到的鸟粪石作为缓释肥与污泥烧结体混合共同作为无土栽培基质用于盆栽或园林绿化，因污泥中有机质含量较高，烧结过程中产生大量气体，使烧结体产生较多孔洞，自然环境中有利于烧结体中剩余P析出，可有效利用污泥中的营养成分，且保水保肥透气性好。本发明从以废制废的角度，实现污泥的无害化、资源化。
附图说明
图1是污泥烧结制无土栽培基质方法流程图
具体实施例
实施例1
将50kg含水率95％的污泥中加入含NaOH和Na2CO310％的工业废碱液，充分搅拌调节污泥pH至10，物理压榨脱水后，得到含水率75％的初步脱水污泥，在脱水滤液中加入制盐工业废盐卤，使镁/磷摩尔比为1.6，充分反应后，过滤，得到12.4g鸟粪石粗沉淀。
在初步脱水污泥中加入含水率2％的电石渣，添加量为初步脱水污泥的3％，干化后得到含水率约40％的深度脱水污泥，送入烧结机烧结，烧结温度1100℃，烧结时间60min，烧结完毕，卸料、自然冷却得到污泥烧结体。
烧结产生的烟气对初步脱水污泥进行间接干化，之后喷水进行急冷降温，再进入脱酸反应塔与废碱液反应，之后进行布袋除尘，处理达标后，洁净烟气排入大气；收集脱酸反应塔和布袋除尘器产生的飞灰加入飞灰总量5％石灰和5％硫化钠，经固化/稳定化后的飞灰，达标后进入填埋场安全填埋。
测得污泥烧结体平均粒径3mm，总孔隙度53.2％，P含量7.45g/kg，重金属浸出量：Cu0.03mg/kg，Zn4.12mg/kg，Cr1.53mg/kg，Pb0mg/kg，Cd0mg/kg。
本实施例中烧结体重金属含量分析方法及限值参照HJ/T350-2007《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准(暂行)》；烟气排放标准限值参照GB16297-1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》；飞灰固化/稳定化后重金属浸出液含量限值参照GB16889-2008《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》。
表1烧结体中重金属含量(单位：mg/kg)
表2净化后烟气有害物质含量
| 检测项目 | 净化后烟气 | 限值 |
| Pb(mg/m3) | ND | 0.7 |
| Cd(mg/m3) | 0.09 | 0.85 |
| HCl(mg/m3) | ND | 1.9 |
| 二噁英(ng I-TEQ/Nm3) | 0.004 | 0.1 |
表3飞灰固化/稳定化后重金属浸出量(单位：mg/kg)
实施例2
将50kg含水率90％的污泥中加入含NaOH和Na2CO36％的工业废碱液，充分搅拌调节污泥的pH至9.5，物理压榨脱水后，得到含水率65％的初步脱水污泥，在脱水滤液中加入制盐工业废盐卤，使镁/磷摩尔比为1.4，充分反应后，过滤，得到9.1g鸟粪石粗沉淀。
在初步脱水污泥中加入含水率4％的炉渣，添加量为初步脱水污泥的50％，干化后得到含水率约45％的深度脱水污泥，送入烧结机烧结，烧结温度1200℃，烧结时间15min，烧结完毕，卸料、自然冷却得到污泥烧结体。
烟气处理步骤同实施例1，区别在于飞灰中加入飞灰总量10％石灰和3％可溶性磷酸盐。
测得污泥烧结体平均粒径5mm，总孔隙度47.2％，P含量8.36g/kg，重金属浸出量：Cu0.17mg/kg，Zn4.99mg/kg，Cr1.86mg/kg，Pb0.08mg/kg，Cd0.04mg/kg。
烧结体各限值参照实施例1。
表4烧结体中重金属含量(单位：mg/kg)
表5净化后烟气有害物质含量
| 检测项目 | 净化后烟气 | 限值 |
| Pb(mg/m3) | 0.05 | 0.7 |
| Cd(mg/m3) | ND | 0.85 |
| HCl(mg/m3) | ND | 1.9 |
| 二噁英(ng I-TEQ/Nm3) | 0.012 | 0.1 |
表6飞灰固化/稳定化后重金属浸出量(单位：mg/kg)
实施例3
将50kg含水率80％的污泥中加入含NaOH和Na2CO33％的工业废碱液，充分搅拌调节污泥的pH至9，物理压榨脱水后，得到含水率60％的初步脱水污泥，在脱水滤液中加入制盐工业废盐卤，使镁/磷摩尔比为1.2，充分反应后，过滤，得到4.9g鸟粪石粗沉淀。
在初步脱水污泥中加入含水率6％的赤泥，添加量为初步脱水污泥的26％，干化后得到含水率约35％的深度脱水污泥，送入烧结机烧结，烧结温度900℃，烧结时间45min，烧结完毕，卸料、自然冷却得到污泥烧结体。
烟气处理步骤同实施例1，区别在于飞灰加入飞灰总量15％石灰和0.5％巯基捕收剂。
测得污泥烧结体平均粒径8mm，总孔隙度43.4％，P含量10.36g/kg，重金属浸出量：Cu0.19mg/kg，Zn3.53mg/kg，Cr1.14mg/kg，Pb0.06mg/kg，Cd0.13mg/kg。
烧结体各限值参照实施例1。
表7烧结体中重金属含量(单位：mg/kg)
表8净化后烟气有害物质含量
| 检测项目 | 净化后烟气 | 限值 |
| Pb(mg/m3) | 0.03 | 0.7 |
| Cd(mg/m3) | 0.06 | 0.85 |
| HCl(mg/m3) | ND | 1.9 |
| 二噁英(ng I-TEQ/Nm3) | 0.008 | 0.1 |
表9飞灰固化/稳定化后重金属浸出量(单位：mg/kg)
Claims (8)
1.一种污泥烧结制无土栽培基质处理方法，其步骤为：
(1)将含水率为80-99％的污泥中加入废碱液，调节污泥的pH至9～10，充分搅拌后进行物理压榨脱水，得到含水率为60-75％的初步脱水污泥；
(2)碱性条件下，在污泥脱水滤液中加入过量Mg盐，调节镁/磷摩尔比为1.2～1.6，使Mg2+充分与脱水滤液中的氮磷反应生成鸟粪石，过滤后的滤液进行常规污水处理，达标后排污水处理厂；
(3)初步脱水污泥加入工业固废，固定污泥中剩余的磷、稳定烧结过程中残留重金属，并降低污泥含水率，同时，利用烧结产生的余热干化污泥，得到含水率为35-45％的深度脱水污泥；
(4)将深度脱水污泥挤压成型后送入烧结机烧结，烧结温度800-1300℃，烧结时间15-85min，烧结完毕，卸料，自然冷却，得到重金属含量和浸出量均较低的污泥烧结体，污泥中有机质含量较高，烧结过程中产生大量气体，使烧结体产生较多孔洞，自然环境中有利于烧结体中剩余P析出，且保水保肥透气性好，将(2)中得到的鸟粪石作为缓释肥与污泥烧结体混合共同作为无土栽培基质用于盆栽或园林绿化；
(5)烧结机产生的烟气余热利用后首先进行急冷降温，防止二恶英类持久性有机污染物的重新生成，同时将烟气中的重金属蒸气冷凝回收，之后进入脱酸反应塔与废碱液反应，脱出其中的HCl、HF、SO2、NOx酸性物质；
(6)将脱酸反应塔出来的烟气进行布袋除尘，布袋前喷洒活性碳粉末，吸附烟气中残留的挥发性重金属和少量脱附的二恶英，净化后的烟气排空；
(7)将脱酸反应塔和布袋除尘器收集的飞灰加入稳定剂和固化剂，进行稳定化固化，达标后送入填埋场安全填埋。
2.根据权利要求l所述的一种污泥烧结制无土栽培基质处理方法，其特征在于：污泥为市政污泥、水体沉积物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种污泥烧结制无土栽培基质处理方法，其特征在于：Mg盐为制盐工业废盐卤。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种污泥烧结制无土栽培基质处理方法，其特征在于：工业固废为含水率2-6％的电石渣、炉渣或赤泥，添加比例为初步脱水污泥的3-100％。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种污泥烧结制无土栽培基质处理方法，其特征在于：污泥烧结体粒径为0.5-10mm，总孔隙度为45％-55％。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种污泥烧结制无土栽培基质处理方法，其特征在于：废碱液为含NaOH和Na2CO32～10％的工业废碱液。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种污泥烧结制无土栽培基质处理方法，其特征在于：固化剂为水泥或石灰，添加量为飞灰总量的5％-15％。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种污泥烧结制无土栽培基质处理方法，其特征在于：稳定剂为硫化物、可溶性磷酸盐或巯基捕收剂，添加量为飞灰总量的0.5％-5％。
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