CN104012308A - Seedling cultivating method for long season cultivation of watermelons - Google Patents
Seedling cultivating method for long season cultivation of watermelons Download PDFInfo
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- CN104012308A CN104012308A CN201410290428.4A CN201410290428A CN104012308A CN 104012308 A CN104012308 A CN 104012308A CN 201410290428 A CN201410290428 A CN 201410290428A CN 104012308 A CN104012308 A CN 104012308A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a seedling cultivating method for the long season cultivation of watermelons, and relates to the technical field of watermelon cultivation. The method comprises the steps of (1) selecting a stock variety and a small fruit type scion watermelon variety suitable for being used in the long season cultivation; (2) cultivating a stock seedling and a scion seedling timely, grafting by adopting a double-root-cut-grafting method when the first main leaf of the stock seedling appears till the first main leaf just spreads, and more than one third of the cotyledon of the scion seedling turn green till the one third of the cotyledon spreads, then carrying out cuttage in a float breeding disc filled with a matrix; (3) floating a grafted seedling in a seedbed with clear water, healing and root growing; and (4) injecting a nutrient solution into the seedbed after the grafted seedling survives, and floating the grafted seedling in the nutrient solution for survival post-treatment. The watermelon seedlings cultivated by adopting the method grow strong are uniform, have extensive root systems and the strong vitality, are difficult to wane early, and are suitable for being used in the long season cultivation.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to cultivating watermelon technical field, be specifically related to a kind of seedling-cultivating method of watermelon long season cultivation.
Background technology
Watermelon occupies the 4th in the large fruit in the world ten, China is the production and consumption big country of watermelon, watermelon year, harvest area reached 221.25 ten thousand hectares, produce the more than 1/2 (Sun little Wu that area and consumption figure account for world's total amount, open aobvious, Ma Yue, etc. Chinese seedless watermelon research and application. Beijing: Chinese agriculture publishing house, 2009).Watermelon is as a kind of important high-efficiency and economic crop, in China's crop mix adjustment with promote farmer richness to play an important role in increasing income.
The stem of watermelon is can pumping indefinite climing on each joint, and the indefinite bud of particularly hiding at watermelon plant base portion repeatedly pumping is indefinite climing, and the side shoot occurring at main climing base portion or indefinite climing growing way can approach main climing.The master of watermelon is climing, lateral bine, repeatedly pumping is indefinite climing, as long as nutrition supply abundance can normally be yielded positive results, same plant is result repeatedly, after so watermelon maturation is gathered, by strengthening rich water quality management, wiping out old and feeble branches and tendrils, can make that the stalwartness of plant base portion pumping is indefinite climingly bears fruit again.And watermelon is more high temperature resistant, 35 ℃～more than 40 ℃ still can normal growth during high temperature.Summer high temperature and intense light irradiation weather, still can over summering when surface temperature reaches more than 40 ℃, so watermelon still can be yielded positive results during the broiling summer.Therefore, watermelon can carry out long season cultivation (Wang Zhiwei, etc. the Training technique of. watermelon long season cultivation for Xiao Guanghui, Liang Zhihuai. Chinese gardening digest, 2014, (3): 160-162).Small fruit type watermelon is stronger than common watermelon to the adaptability of environment, and its characteristic main manifestations that grows is: branchiness is strong, female flower occur early and raw close, easily bear fruit; Fruit shape is little, and fruit development period is short, and under the thermophilic condition of 25 ℃～30 ℃, female flower is open into fruit maturation and only needs about 25 days, more common early mature watermelon kind 7～10 days ahead of time; The capacity of fruit nutrient input is little, little to plant idiotrophic growth effect, the periodicity of result is not obvious, continue the strong (Xiao Guanghui of bearing capacity, Liu Jianxiong. small fruit type cultivating watermelon technology. Changsha: Hunan science tech publishing house, 2010), so small fruit type watermelon is more suitable for carrying out long season (spring, summer, Qiu Sanji) cultivation.Utilize the insulation in booth or greenhouse and the effect of taking shelter from rain, add the rich water quality management of science, carry out the cultivation of small fruit type watermelon long season, can give full play to the photosynthetic efficiency of water melon leaf, provide abundant photosynthetic product can fully expand to guarantee every batch of watermelon, thereby realize the object that watermelon is once planted Multiple harvests, long season cultivation, plant one batch of watermelon, 5 crowdes of watermelon (Xiao Guanghui at least can gather, Liang Zhihuai, Wang Zhiwei, etc. the Training technique of watermelon long season cultivation. Chinese gardening digest, 2014, (3): 160-162).
During the cultivation of watermelon long season, require seedling healthy and strong, well developed root system, be difficult for early ageing, to maintain the sane growing way of whole watermelon plant campaign, thereby reach the object of high yield and high quality, so must make the stronger vigor of the long-term maintenance of plant root, can not early ageing, can not infect the soil-borne diseases such as fusarium wilt.And the cultivation of watermelon long season is all generally to adopt facility cultivation, be difficult to ensure the sufficiently long crop rotation time limit, and reach 8～9 months vegetative period, if adopt the cultivation of watermelon own-rooted tree, the generation of the soil-borne diseases such as watermelon blight is more serious, easily there is soil continuous cropping obstacle, thereby cause the underproduction even to occur cultivating unsuccessfully.Watermelon grafting and root-changing can effectively be prevented and treated the soil-borne diseases such as watermelon blight and alleviate the generation of soil continuous cropping obstacle, and can strengthen the cold resistance of watermelon, and the absorption function that improves root system, thereby reach object precocious, volume increase, so the general graft seedling growth that adopts of growing seedlings of watermelon long season cultivation.The stock band soil grafting adopting at present or stock are from the conventional graft seedling growth technology that moves into nutritive cube after native grafting, exist the shortcomings such as operation inconvenience, seedbed floor space are large, most importantly in the growth later stage of watermelon, be prone to stock root system aging phenomenon and physiological is acute wilting.
The aspermous watermelon Floating nursing graft technology (Zhou Quan of the report such as Zhou Quan, julid is flat, the other room of Zhu, etc. aspermous watermelon Floating nursing graft technology. Chinese melon dish, 2013,26 (4): 41-43), adopting expanded polystyrene foam seedling-cultivating tray is carrier, take mixed substrate as basis, the seedling-cultivating tray that is loaded with stock kind is put into nutrient solution water floating seedling bed and cultivate, by graft technology, aspermous watermelon seedling (scion) grafting is cultivated to stock again.Floating nursing is owing to replacing soil fixing watermelon root system by matrix, nutrient solution is seeped in matrix as seedling provides nutrient and moisture by capillarity, and matrix nutrition supply is balanced, the temperature in seedbed, humidity uniformity, and easily control, can reach and cultivate strong sprout, promote the object early sent out.The seedling neat and consistent of cultivating, robust growth, well developed root system, planting percent is high.After seedling replanting, have the slow seedling of slow Miao Kuaihuo, low temperature resistant and disease resistance is the advantage such as enhancing significantly.Only need to carry out floating seedlings by disposable preparation nutrient solution, do not pour water, fishing and topdressing between whole nursery stage, it is simple to operate, saving seedbed, and saving of labor's abridged edition is with the obvious advantage.But this Floating nursing technology is to retain the original root system of stock to carry out grafting, existing stock to emerge, uneven, grafting is time-consuming takes a lot of work, operates the shortcomings such as inconvenience, commercial seedling form is inconsistent, and in the growth later stage of watermelon, is also prone to stock root system aging phenomenon.If stock is selected improper, in situation, be easy to occur that physiological is acute wilting improperly running into unfavorable environmental condition and cultivation management.And this Floating nursing technology is only limited to aspermous watermelon, growing seedlings for small fruit type watermelon not.
The first-elected watermelon root pruning and grafting technology of Vegetable Research Centre, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (is permitted brave, Gong Guoyi, Liu Guodong, Deng. watermelon New graft technique---root pruning and grafting method. Chinese watermelon and muskmelon, 2002 (4): 33-34.), its main contributions is, change the method that traditional grafting utilizes the former root system of stock, for removing the former root system of stock, in graft union, induction stock produces new root; The root system of new induction is without main root, and fibrous root is many, weakens the apical dominance of root system, has strengthened improving activity of root system, in production, show field planting after slow seedling fast, the resistance to low temperature of seedling obviously strengthens with the growth potential in early stage; Root pruning and grafting shoot root is powerful, and its ability and drought resistance that absorbs rich water is obviously better than traditional grafting, and later stage premature senescence resistance, is not prone to acute physiology wilting; Because the former root system of stock is disconnected, the bleeding sap of grafting wound reduces, and putrefactive phenomenon is few, therefore, heals, and survival rate is high.Owing to rootstock seedling having been carried out to 1 cuttage, can, to the size of rootstock seedling classify cuttage and management, can guarantee uniformity and the regularity of grafting, can effectively improve the quality of grafting, further raise labour efficiency, reduce production costs, improve the yield of watermelon.Its defect is, strict to requirement for environmental conditions with the phase of taking root in the healing of grafting, if healing is not suitable for or manages slightly carelessness with temperature, the moisture condition of the phase of taking root, survival rate is lower; If cultivation matrix is nutritious, thereby after grafting cuttage, being difficult for taking root affects survival rate; If cultivation matrix nutrition is poor, affect the growth of grafting.If cultivate the specific requirement of growing seedlings according to watermelon long season, the floating graft seedling growth of above-mentioned water is grown seedlings and combined with root pruning and grafting, science is adjusted the nutrient management mode of Floating nursing simultaneously, not only can integrate the advantage that the floating graft seedling growth of water and root pruning and grafting are grown seedlings, can also make up these defects of root pruning and grafting.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to, according to the growth and development characteristics of small fruit type watermelon long season cultivation, select suitable stock variety and scion variety of watermelon, the advantage of growing seedlings in conjunction with the floating graft seedling growth of water and root pruning and grafting, science is adjusted the way to manage of nutrient solution, overcome dexterously the shortcoming that the floating graft seedling growth of water and root pruning and grafting are grown seedlings, a kind of seedling-cultivating method of applicable small fruit type watermelon long season cultivation is provided, reach the vigor that upgrades seedling root, well developed root system, vitality are strengthened, and be difficult for early ageing, growth of seedling is healthy and strong, neat and consistent, is applicable to the object of long season cultivation.
A seedling-cultivating method for watermelon long season cultivation, comprises the following steps:
(1) select stock variety and the scion small fruit type variety of watermelon that is applicable to long season cultivation;
(2) adopt double break root graft method to carry out grafting, then cuttage is in filling the floating seedling tray of matrix;
(3) cuttage there is the floating seedling tray of grafting swim in to heal in the seedbed that clear water is housed the management with the phase of taking root;
(4) grafting is injected seedbed by nutrient solution after surviving, the management after making cuttage have the floating seedling tray of grafting to swim in to survive in nutrient solution.
The described stock variety of step (1) comprises: No. 3, river in Zhejiang Province anvil, No. 1, the glad anvil in capital, the magic power of introducing from Japan, No. 1, No. 1, river in Zhejiang Province anvil or cucurbit anvil; The described small fruit type variety of watermelon of step (1) is that single melon weighs the variety of watermelon of 1.5～2 kilograms; Comprise: early spring carbuncle, Jin Fu, cherub, take bit, red little jade or Huang little Yu.
Step (2) is to occur firm expansion when the 1st true leaf of rootstock seedling, and scion young plant leaf has and more than 1/3 turns green and adopt double break root graft method to carry out grafting when open and flat to cotyledon.
The described nutrient solution prescription of step (4) is: nitrogen content 95～300 mg/litre, phosphorus pentoxide content 18～300 mg/litre, potassium oxide content 20～300 mg/litre, iron content is no more than 20 mg/litre, boron content is no more than 2 mg/litre, and manganese content is no more than 4 mg/litre, and zinc content is no more than 2 mg/litre, copper content is no more than 0.5 mg/litre, pH6～7.
The healing of step (3) is that the floating seedling tray of the good grafting of cuttage is swum in the seedbed that 3～4 centimetres of dark clear water are housed with the management of the phase of taking root.
The healing of step (3) is on seedbed, to build moisture-heat preservation and shading facility with the management of the phase of taking root, by the scientific management of temperature, humidity and illumination, promote the healing of grafting wound and taking root of stock, after 10 days, grafting survives completely, enters the management after grafting survives.
On seedbed, build moisture-heat preservation and shading facility, within after grafting 1～3 day, keep 25 ℃～30 ℃ of temperature daytimes, 18 ℃～22 ℃ of nights, stuffy, keep air humidity more than 95%, illumination management be take shading as main, in the situation that scion is not wilted, in the morning and evening, respectively sees light 0.5～1 hour; After grafting 4～6 days, temperature was controlled at 22 ℃～25 ℃ daytime, 18 ℃～20 ℃ of nights, air humidity is reduced to 90%, in the situation that scion is not wilted every day ventilation and penetrating light 2～3 hours, and extend gradually the ventilation and penetrating light time, after every day extend 1～3 hour ventilation and penetrating light time; Grafting after 7 days day temperature be still controlled at 22 ℃～25 ℃, be reduced to 16 ℃～18 ℃ night, air humidity is reduced to 85%, the not shading or hide l～2 hour when only sunlight is strong at noon of slightly wilting, after 10 days, grafting survives completely, enters the management after grafting survives.
Management after step (4) survives is in seedbed, to inject 8～10 centimetres of dark nutrient solutions.
Allow cuttage have the floating seedling tray of grafting to swim in nutrient solution, temperature keeps 20 ℃～25 ℃ of daytimes, 16 ℃～18 ℃ of nights, progressively throw off the covering for moisture-heat preservation and shading, only in overlay film insulation at night, when watermelon seedling grows to 2 leaf 1 heart, night, temperature was reduced to 15 ℃～16 ℃, and cold acclimation is carried out in field planting for first 1 week, night temperature drop to 13 ℃～15 ℃; At any time the axillalry bud growing between stock cotyledon is erased in time, after grafting 16～24 days, when grafting 2 leaf 1 hearts go out garden field planting during to 3 leaf 1 heart.
When the neat seedling of stock, cotyledon are open and flat, with the paclobutrazol solution spray of 80～85 mg/litre 1 time, stock hypocotyl is increased and be slightly beneficial to grafting, improve graft survival rate.
The described stock variety of step in said method (1) be disease-resistant, affinity strong, well developed root system, warm tolerance are strong, be difficult for the kind that early ageing and hypocotyl easily produce adventive root.
The described small fruit type variety of watermelon of step (1) is strong adaptability, tolerance to low temperature and weak light, easily bear fruit, commodity is good, not early ageing, single melon weigh the variety of watermelon of 1.5～2 kilograms.
The stock of first choosing when the described double break root graft of step (2) is grafting, and the former root system of stock is cut away in stock plumular axis collar place of 5～7 centimetres below cotyledonary node, adopt again the method for plant propagation with cutting or cleft graft to carry out grafting, then by the cuttage of root pruning and grafting seedling to filling in the porous foam floating seedling tray of matrix, 1 strain is inserted in every cave.
The described matrix of step (2), for being the matrix of primary raw material preparation with peat composed of rotten mosses agricultural wastes such as (or) edible fungi residues of fully fermentation, crops straw, sawdust, perlite, vermiculite, comprises commercial goods seedling medium or the seedling medium of oneself preparing.
The described floating seedling tray of step (2) is polystyrene foam seedling-cultivating tray, coil high (thickness) 6～8 centimetres, according to growing seedlings, require to have a plurality of holes of growing seedlings, the size in hole is 5.5～7.5 centimetres of the degree of depth, upper bore is 4.5～5.5 centimetres, lower bore is 2.0～2.5 centimetres, and it is the aperture of 0.6～1.0 centimetre that 1 diameter is stayed in bottom, and the hole of growing seedlings is cone or rectangular pyramid or polygonal pyramid body.
The present invention has following good effect: according to the requirement of double break root graft, nutrient management method to Floating nursing is improved, be after grafting, first to swim in the management of healing in clear water with the phase of taking root, make the moisture supply of matrix balanced, the temperature in seedbed, humidity uniformity, and easily control, be unlikely to again to make nutrient content in matrix too high and affect the root of hair after grafting cuttage, together with so not only the advantage of double break root graft and Floating nursing being incorporated into, but also overcome the shortcoming of the general root pruning and grafting of watermelon and Floating nursing, can overcome while adopting general Floating nursing mode to carry out root pruning and grafting owing to swimming in and on nutrient solution, make the nutritious of cultivation matrix, thereby causing is difficult for taking root after grafting cuttage, affect the defect of survival rate, if also can overcome general root pruning and grafting grows seedlings in healing and takes root the phase to temperature, the defect that can affect survival rate is slightly neglected in the management of humidity.Adopt the seedling-cultivating method of this watermelon long season cultivation, planting percent reaches more than 90%, transplanting survival rate reaches more than 95%, than directly swimming in after the cuttage of double break root graft seedling in nutrient solution, heal and improve more than 10% with the planting percent of the period management of taking root, the planting percent of growing seedlings than traditional double root pruning and grafting improves 5%～10%, and the transplanting survival rate of growing seedlings than traditional double root pruning and grafting improves more than 10%.Can not only effectively prevent and treat the generation of the soil-borne diseases such as watermelon blight and alleviation soil continuous cropping obstacle, but also reached grafting robust growth, well developed root system, vitality is strong, is difficult for aging, stronger to the adaptability of low temperature, after field planting in early spring, slow seedling is fast, the grafting neat and consistent of producing, the object that commodity is good, field-transplanting survival rate can reach 96.5%.In addition, also can save seedling culture space, improve the productivity ratio in unit are seedbed; Grafting speed is fast, and planting percent is high, can reduce production costs; It is simple to operate, is convenient to batch production, intensive, large-scale production.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the Grafted Watermelon Seedlings growing way figure that the inventive method is cultivated.
Embodiment
There is following embodiment to be described in detail essence of the present invention, and can not limit the present invention.
Embodiment 1
(1) stock and scion variety are selected: select disease-resistant, affinity strong, well developed root system, warm tolerance are strong, be difficult for early ageing and easily produce the stock variety of adventive root, as No. 3, river in Zhejiang Province anvil, No. 1, the glad anvil in capital, the magic power introduced from Japan, and No. 1, No. 1, river in Zhejiang Province anvil and cucurbit anvil; Selection adaptation is strong, tolerance to low temperature and weak light, easily bear fruit, commodity is good, not early ageing, single melon weigh the high-quality small fruit type early mature watermelon kind of 1.5～2 kilograms, as early spring carbuncle, Jin Fu, cherub, take bit, red little jade, Huang little Yu etc.(2) seedling medium: can select commercial goods seedling medium, for example, the Overwater-floating seedling medium that can select Guangzhou Hu Di fertilizer Science and Technology Ltd. to produce, the conventional matrix of the blue or green board factorial seedling growth in Shandong that Jinan Lu Qing seedling Co., Ltd produces, the floating special seedling substrates of cotton water that Hunan Shui Mu Bioisystech Co., Ltd produces etc. can be also that primary raw material is prepared with peat composed of rotten mosses agricultural wastes such as (or) edible fungi residues fully fermenting, crops straw, sawdust, perlite, vermiculite.(3) nutrient solution prescription: every 1 premium on currency contains macroelement: 431 milligrams, nitrate of lime, 325 milligrams, potassium nitrate, 75 milligrams of potassium dihydrogen phosphates, 193 milligrams, magnesium sulfate, containing micro-: 12.5 milligrams of disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate iron, boric acid (H
3bO
3) 1.43 milligrams, manganese sulphate (MnSO
44H
2o) 1.04 milligrams, zinc sulphate (ZnSO
47H
2o) 0.11 milligram, copper sulphate (CuSO
45H
2o) 0.04 milligram; Or adopt Japanese vegetable garden experimental formula, and by 1/2 concentration, use, can directly buy flowers or vegetables soilless culture universal nutrient solution-Japanese vegetable garden experimental formula nutrient solution raw materials that Beijing small stream youth agricultural science and technology Co., Ltd produces, by 1/2 of normal concentration, use; Or the Fertilizer for Floating Nursing of Cotton Seedling in Water Bed that uses Hunan Shui Mu Bioisystech Co., Ltd to produce, first by every bag special fertilizer for seedling culture (400 grams of every bags), be watered 5 kilograms and be made into mother liquor, then add 150～200 kilograms, water; Also can select simply commercially available nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to be mixed with 0.1%～0.2% solution as nutrient solution.Control the pH value of nutrient solution between 6～7.(4) prepare in seedbed: in common booth or the built-in seedbed of beam-connected greenhouse, dark 15～20 centimetres of seedbed, wide 1.2 meters, long 2.1～2.2 meters (standard seedbed), also can be determined on a case-by-case basis, at the bottom of the bed polyethylene film of paving one deck 0.06～0.1 millimeters thick (the most handy black), film is close to native face and is extended and covers each 15 centimetres of seedbed edge of beds, real by soil pressure, make 8～10 centimetres of dark nutrient solutions of seedling bed energy splendid attire, on seedbed, insert again bamboo chip and build little shed.(5) cultivation of stock and scion: stock and scion all adopt after presoaking and germinating live, sowing is front with 72.2% general 500 times of liquid and the agricultural streptomycin 400Wan unit (being watered 15 kilograms) of making every effort to overcome, or 500～800 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl, or 800～1000 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate-methyl water and execute matrix and carry out matrix sterilization.Stock was than the general planting early enough of scion 5～12 days, after stock presprouting of seeds, can broadcast sowing in seedbed or be equipped with 3 cm thick matrix (water content 75% left and right), 50～70 centimetres of the length of sides, bottom has in the plastic seeding culturing plate of osculum, thickness of sowing be between seed at a distance of 4～5 centimetres, carry out according to a conventional method seedling management; In order to improve graft survival rate, when the neat seedling of stock, cotyledon are open and flat, the paclobutrazol of available 80～85 mg/litre spraying 1 time, increases stock hypocotyl and is slightly beneficial to grafting, and grafting optimum period appears just expanding in the 1st true leaf of rootstock seedling.Scion watermelon can be unearthed and carry out presoaking and germinating while carrying out to cotyledon at rootstock seedling, broadcast sowing in the seedling-cultivating tray that 3 cm thick matrix (water content 75% left and right) is housed (can select the square plate of growing seedlings of 45 centimetres of 45 cm x), thickness of sowing is to be advisable at a distance of 1～2 centimetre between seed, cover matrix or vermiculite 1～2 cm thick, then spray 3000～4000 times of liquid of 95% green prosperous No. 1 wetting powder, send into immediately germinating box or germinating cabinet, keep 28 ℃～30 ℃ of temperature to carry out scion water-retaining cultivation, when having more than 80% seedling to emerge, be positioned in the little shed or booth that can irradiate sunlight, scion seedling is shown in 1～2 day sunlight, when having, cotyledon gets final product grafting while more than 1/3 turning green, but with scion cotyledon, open and flat to turn when green grafting best.(6) medium in tray: the specification Bian of floating seedling tray, with long 70 centimetres, wide 40 centimetres, high 6 centimetres, has the polystyrene foam seedling-cultivating tray in 108 holes, and hole, cave is taper shape or rectangular pyramid, 4.5 centimetres of upper bores, 2 centimetres of lower bores, dark 5.5 centimetres.During sabot, first matrix is poured on concrete floor or on film, the 600 times of liquid of carbendazol wettable powder with 50% squirt and stir, make water content of substrate reach 60% left and right of own wt, hand is pinched agglomeratingly, loses flowing water between finger, lower backwardly naturally scatter, then just can sabot.First matrix is evenly poured in seedling-cultivating tray, shake seedling-cultivating tray, allow being filled in of matrix comparison consolidation grow seedlings in hole, then with the little plank of 1 cm thick, 50 centimeter length, the matrix compacting on seedling-cultivating tray surface is struck off, before grafting, water the water of revealing the exact details, with card punch, at each cave central point of hole opposite position, stamp 108 dark 1 centimetre of apertures, treat that skewer broadcasts grafting.(7) grafting: adopt double break root graft, when firm expansion appears in the 1st true leaf of rootstock seedling, scion young plant leaf just launches, cotyledon carries out grafting while more than 1/3 turning green, first 1 day stock of grafting and scion will be sprayed water 1 time, and to note strict sterilization, with 70% medicinal alcohol cotton balls or cotton balls, dip in the instrument disinfections such as blade that 0.5 ‰ potassium permanganate liquid opponent and grafting use, bamboo let before grafting, during operation every processing in 1～1.5 hour 1 time.First 1 day of grafting is generally made every effort to overcome the mixed liquor that 700 times of liquid add agricultural streptomycin 400～500Wan unit (being watered 15 kilograms) with 72.2%, or with 500 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl, or 800～1000 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate-methyl spray stock and scion carries out disinfection, until blade drips, also can before grafting, scion seedling be immersed in 800 times of thiophanate methyl liquid approximately 2 hours in batches.The stock of first choosing during grafting, and the former root system of stock is cut away in stock plumular axis collar place of 5～7 centimetres below cotyledonary node, adopt again the methods such as the method for plant propagation with cutting or cleft graft to carry out grafting, while adopting method of plant propagation with cutting grafting, first with blade, stock growing point is removed, the cotyledonary node of clamping gently stock with forefinger and the thumb of left hand, it is flat that the right hand is held two sides, long 1.5 centimetres of inclined-plane, the small bamboo spike of top glut shape be parallel to cotyledon direction be close to cotyledon petiole in arteries and veins base portion to another cotyledon, become 0.8～1.0 centimetre of the oblique insertion of 30～miter angle with plumular axis, from forefinger place, to thumb direction, insert, tip with bamboo let just in time arrives thumb place, can see bamboo let head but not break stock epidermis and be advisable.And then get scion seedling, two cotyledons of scion are closed up and clutched, below cotyledonary node base portion, the plumular axis of 0.5～1 centimeters is by end of blade to the butt cutter of splaying, and long 0.8～1.0 centimetre of bevel, claims large inclined-plane, and another side only need remove skim epidermis, claims little inclined-plane.Extract the bamboo let being inserted in stock, immediately the watermelon scion of cutting is inserted to stock, make large inclined-plane downwards and the inclined-plane close proximity of stock socket, stock and scion cotyledon are " ten " word shape, the elasticity that scion is inserted is gently carried scion cotyledon with thumb and forefinger, can not extract and be advisable.After grafting rapidly by the cuttage of root pruning and grafting seedling to filling in the expanded polystyrene foam seedling-cultivating tray of matrix, 1 strain, 2～3 centimetres of the cuttage degree of depth are inserted in every cave.(8) management of healing with the phase of taking root: put into 3～4 centimetres of dark clear water in seedbed, the seedling-cultivating tray of skewer having been broadcast to grafting swims in rapidly in seedbed, by 2 horizontal 1 vertical setting of types, be put on the seedling bed water surface, with sprayer, on seedling-cultivating tray, spray immediately 800 times of carbendazim, or gram bacterium star or the tpn of 800～1000 times carry out disinfection, make seedling and matrix combine closely simultaneously.At little shed upper cover plastic film moisture-heat preservation, on film, add a cover sunshade net shading at once.After grafting, 1～3 day temperature keeps 25 ℃～30 ℃ of daytimes, at 18 ℃～22 ℃ of nights, promotes the healing of root of hair and grafting wound, stuffy, keeps air humidity more than 95%, and illumination management be take shading as main, in the situation that scion is not wilted, sooner or later can suitably see light; Within after grafting 4～6 days, can induce the root that makes new advances, wound starts healing, can suitably reduce temperature, be controlled at 22 ℃～25 ℃ daytime, at 18 ℃～20 ℃ of nights, air humidity can be reduced to 90%, in the situation that scion is not wilted, suitable ventilation and penetrating light, and extend gradually the ventilation and penetrating light time; Grafting after 7 days grafting substantially survive, temperature is still controlled at 22 ℃～25 ℃ daytime, be reduced to 16 ℃～18 ℃ night, air humidity is reduced to 85% left and right, further strengthen ventilation and penetrating light, slight wilting can not shading or is hidden l～2 hour when only sunlight is strong at noon, and the hardening process by " seeing that light-light shades-see " makes grafting accept gradually natural lighting.After general 10 days, grafting can survive completely, can enter the management after grafting survives.(9) management of grafting after surviving: after grafting survives, the nutrient solution preparing is put into seedbed, make Depth Nutrient Solution reach 8～10 centimetres, allow grafting swim in nutrient solution, nutrient solution rises from bottom to up to supply seedling moisture and nutrient by matrix inside under the capillarity of matrix.Temperature keeps 20 ℃～25 ℃ of daytimes, at 16 ℃～18 ℃ of nights, can progressively throw off covering completely, only, in overlay film insulation at night, when watermelon seedling grows to 2 leaf 1 heart, night, temperature can be reduced to 15 ℃～16 ℃, was beneficial to Female flower differentiation, cold acclimation is carried out in field planting for first 1 week, and night, temperature can drop to 13 ℃～15 ℃.Note at any time the axillalry bud growing between stock cotyledon being erased in time, in order to avoid affect scion growth.After grafting 16～24 days, when grafting 2 leaf 1 heart to 3 leaf 1 heart, can go out garden field planting.Adopt the seedling-cultivating method of above-mentioned watermelon long season cultivation, the watermelon seedlings neat and consistent of cultivating, robust growth, well developed root system, planting percent reaches 90.7%, than the grow seedlings planting percent 82.4% of (contrast 2) of traditional double root pruning and grafting, improve 8.3%, than directly swimming in after the cuttage of double break root graft seedling in nutrient solution, heal and improve 11.4% with the planting percent 79.3% of the period management of taking root (contrasting 1), low temperature resistant and the disease resistance of seedling significantly strengthens, can effectively prevent and treat the generation of the soil-borne diseases such as watermelon blight and alleviation soil continuous cropping obstacle, after transplanting, take root rapidly, slow seedling is fast, transplanting survival rate reaches 96.5%, than the grow seedlings transplanting survival rate 83.1% of (contrast 2) of traditional double root pruning and grafting, improve 13.4% (seeing the following form 1), can effectively prevent the aging of Grafted Watermelon shoot root system, later stage is not prone to early ageing and acute physiology is wilting, the number of bearing fruit is more than traditional grafting, output obviously improves.And it is simple to operate, save seedbed, saving of labor's abridged edition is with the obvious advantage, gets seedling, fortune seedling conveniently, is applicable to batch production, scale, industrialization production, is also adapted to disperse peasant household to grow seedlings voluntarily.The Grafted Watermelon Seedlings growing way that adopts said method to cultivate is shown in accompanying drawing.
The planting percent of the different seedling-cultivating method of table 1 and transplanting survival rate comparison sheet
Claims (10)
1. a seedling-cultivating method for watermelon long season cultivation, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
(1) select stock variety and the scion small fruit type variety of watermelon that is applicable to long season cultivation;
(2) adopt double break root graft method to carry out grafting, then cuttage is in filling the floating seedling tray of matrix;
(3) cuttage there is the floating seedling tray of grafting swim in to heal in the seedbed that clear water is housed the management with the phase of taking root;
(4) grafting is injected seedbed by nutrient solution after surviving, the management after making cuttage have the floating seedling tray of grafting to swim in to survive in nutrient solution.
2. the seedling-cultivating method of a kind of watermelon long season cultivation according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the described stock variety of step (1) comprises: No. 3, river in Zhejiang Province anvil, No. 1, the glad anvil in capital, the magic power of introducing from Japan, No. 1, No. 1, river in Zhejiang Province anvil or cucurbit anvil; The described small fruit type variety of watermelon of step (1) is that single melon weighs the variety of watermelon of 1.5～2 kilograms; Comprise: early spring carbuncle, Jin Fu, cherub, take bit, red little jade or Huang little Yu.
3. the seedling-cultivating method that a kind of watermelon long season according to claim 1 is cultivated, it is characterized in that, step (2) is to occur firm expansion when the 1st true leaf of rootstock seedling, and scion young plant leaf has and more than 1/3 turns green and adopt double break root graft method to carry out grafting when open and flat to cotyledon.
4. the seedling-cultivating method that a kind of watermelon long season according to claim 1 is cultivated, it is characterized in that, the described nutrient solution prescription of step (4) is: nitrogen content 95～300 mg/litre, phosphorus pentoxide content 18～300 mg/litre, potassium oxide content 20～300 mg/litre, iron content is no more than 20 mg/litre, boron content is no more than 2 mg/litre, and manganese content is no more than 4 mg/litre, and zinc content is no more than 2 mg/litre, copper content is no more than 0.5 mg/litre, pH6～7.
5. the seedling-cultivating method of a kind of watermelon long season cultivation according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the healing of step (3) is that the floating seedling tray of the good grafting of cuttage is swum in the seedbed that 3～4 centimetres of dark clear water are housed with the management of the phase of taking root.
6. the seedling-cultivating method that a kind of watermelon long season according to claim 5 is cultivated, it is characterized in that, the healing of step (3) is on seedbed, to build moisture-heat preservation and shading facility with the management of the phase of taking root, by the scientific management of temperature, humidity and illumination, promote the healing of grafting wound and taking root of stock, after 10 days, grafting survives completely, enters the management after grafting survives.
7. the seedling-cultivating method of a kind of watermelon long season cultivation according to claim 6, is characterized in that,
On seedbed, build moisture-heat preservation and shading facility, within after grafting 1～3 day, keep 25 ℃～30 ℃ of temperature daytimes, 18 ℃～22 ℃ of nights, stuffy, keep air humidity more than 95%, illumination management be take shading as main, in the situation that scion is not wilted, in the morning and evening, respectively sees light 0.5～1 hour; After grafting 4～6 days, temperature was controlled at 22 ℃～25 ℃ daytime, 18 ℃～20 ℃ of nights, air humidity is reduced to 90%, in the situation that scion is not wilted every day ventilation and penetrating light 2～3 hours, and extend gradually the ventilation and penetrating light time, after every day extend 1～3 hour ventilation and penetrating light time; Grafting after 7 days day temperature be still controlled at 22 ℃～25 ℃, be reduced to 16 ℃～18 ℃ night, air humidity is reduced to 85%, the not shading or hide l～2 hour when only sunlight is strong at noon of slightly wilting, after 10 days, grafting survives completely, enters the management after grafting survives.
8. the seedling-cultivating method of a kind of watermelon long season cultivation according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the management after step (4) survives is in seedbed, to inject 8～10 centimetres of dark nutrient solutions.
9. the seedling-cultivating method of a kind of watermelon long season cultivation according to claim 8, is characterized in that,
Allow cuttage have the floating seedling tray of grafting to swim in nutrient solution, temperature keeps 20 ℃～25 ℃ of daytimes, 16 ℃～18 ℃ of nights, progressively throw off the covering for moisture-heat preservation and shading, only in overlay film insulation at night, when watermelon seedling grows to 2 leaf 1 heart, night, temperature was reduced to 15 ℃～16 ℃, and cold acclimation is carried out in field planting for first 1 week, night temperature drop to 13 ℃～15 ℃; At any time the axillalry bud growing between stock cotyledon is erased in time, after grafting 16～24 days, when grafting 2 leaf 1 hearts go out garden field planting during to 3 leaf 1 heart.
10. the seedling-cultivating method that a kind of watermelon long season according to claim 1 is cultivated, it is characterized in that, when the neat seedling of stock, cotyledon are open and flat, with the paclobutrazol solution spray of 80～85 mg/litre 1 time, stock hypocotyl is increased and be slightly beneficial to grafting, improve graft survival rate.
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