CN103918514A - Method for optimizing urban green land pattern based on environmental effect field model - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for optimizing an urban green land pattern based on an environmental effect field model. The method for optimizing the urban green land pattern based on the environmental effect field model comprises the steps that firstly the representation indexes of the environment effect are determined; a vector diagram of green lands and conditions around the green lands is drawn through field research, observation points for observing the environment effect around the green lands are determined according to a grating method, the coordinates of the observation points are determined, and specific data of the representation indexes of the observation points are measured on site at the same time; the environment effect index of each observation point is calculated according to observation data, and an environment effect field model is established; finally, a green land pattern is adjusted according to the obtained model, and the environment effect around the green lands is optimized and improved. According to the method for optimizing the urban green land pattern based on the environmental effect field model, the environment effect change generated due to the green lands is fully considered, and the urban green lands can play a better role in regulating the environment; the simple and visual model is established, data can be obtained easily, accuracy and high objectivity are guaranteed, and the method can be directly used for guiding the optimization and adjustment of the urban green land pattern.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to urban planning technical field, relate to a kind of urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model.
Background technology
Background technology relates generally to 2 aspects, is respectively environmental effect technology and greenery patches Form and pattern designing technique.
The environmental effect here refers to the variation of the environment bringing in greenery patches, and with regard to this specific region, city, the environmental effect in greenery patches is mainly reflected in several aspects such as regulating temperature, humidity, wind speed, noise.Research for environmental effect mainly adopts following method:
1. Body Comfort Index analytical method
The comfort level of external environment that human body is experienced the mainly temperature in environment, humidity, noise and wind speed determines.Wherein temperature, humidity are comparatively to stablize in the air when specific, are convenient to measure; Noise intensity takes second place, the most difficult mensuration of wind speed, but noise randomness is larger, and measurement has little significance, so Body Comfort Index mainly considers the impact of temperature, humidity and wind speed, and computing formula is as follows:
S＝0.6(|Ta-24|)+0.07(|RH-70|)+0.5(|V-2|)
In formula, S is comprehensive comfort level index, Ta be air themperature (℃), RH is relative air humidity (%), V is wind speed (m/s).When: S≤4.55 are comfortable; 4.55<S≤6.95 are for more comfortable; 6.95<S≤9.00 are uncomfortable; S>9.00 is for extremely uncomfortable, endurable.
In actual observation, find, it is larger that wind speed is affected by movement of observed altitude, people around's car etc., data randomness is larger, be difficult to as an evaluation criterion, and human comfort is perceptual index, affected by the factors such as habits and customs, growth environment larger, defining of its is difficult to form unified standard.
2. green component analysis method
Theoretical based on plant transpiration, by calculating the minor climate effect in green amount of growth estimation different structure greenery patches.The method thinks that the environmental benefit of green plants not only depends on the area of greening and the area coverage of plant, and depend on the version of greening, the cover-stratification of plant and the type of configuration, as arbor, shrub, by multi-level structures such as, turfs, its ecological functions and for strolling about or have a rest with the function of viewing and admiring higher than the single woods of structure or meadow.Three-dimensional amount promotes the further perfect of City Green figureofmerit, is conducive to analyze and weigh environmental benefit and the economic worth of urban afforestation, is conducive to improve urban afforestation structure, improves environmental quality.But green component analysis only limits to the observation of vegetation itself, result be the theoretical derivation result based on existing green amount, do not consider actual environmental influence.
3.CO
2absorptance analysis method
The method is thought CO in atmosphere
2concentration be the key element that directly affects air themperature and humidity, be also the main absorbing material of photosynthesis of plant, plant is by absorbing airborne CO
2reach the effect that regulates temperature and humidity.Main formulas for calculating is:
In formula, D
1cO for the spaciousness point away from greenery patches
2concentration, D
2cO for trees shade central point
2concentration, T
1temperature for the spaciousness point away from greenery patches.
In actual use, find CO
2concentration is subject to peripheral path garage amount and the movable crowd density of periphery to have much relations, is applicable to the open fields such as suburb that environmental disturbances is less, and at urban inner, using is to have relatively large deviation.
4. comfort index method
Because the randomness of noise, wind speed is larger, change and to have no rule, therefore when measuring environmental effect, with comparatively stable, and be comparatively easy to the temperature measured and humidity as leading indicator.Computational methods for comfort index are more, relatively more conventional, what obtain wide approval and use is the comfort index company that Noaa is recommended:
THI＝T-(0.55-0.55RH)×(T-14.5)
In formula, THI is environmental effect index, and RH is relative moisture, T be temperature (℃).
This method is measured metastable environmental data, the situation of change of objective reaction environment, and be widely used by many experts and scholars, be comparatively ripe environmental effect measuring method.
On this basis, the optimization method that another technical background of the present invention is greenery patches Form and pattern.Research for greenery patches Form and pattern is mainly reflected in following 3 aspects:
1. based on aesthetics design method
According to orographic condition and present situation basis, use the method for the aesthetic of landscape, by artificial judgement, carry out the layout designs of greenery patches, vegetation, the achievement of design depends on designer individual's quality completely, the design that belongs to a kind of perception, be difficult to efficiency, ecological effect is also difficult to weigh and evaluates.
2. based on ecological layout method
According to local weather and water and soil condition, select suitable vegetation, and according to the ecological symbiotic relation between vegetation, different growing environment demands, and different production space requirements, carry out effective layout, having certain scientific basic, is the ecological effect of inside, greenery patches but emphasis considers, lacks the affect evaluation of greenery patches on surrounding enviroment effect, and whether the environmental effect in greenery patches meets the actual conditions of periphery, be also difficult to evaluate.
3. the layout method based on behavior
Universal law and activity need according to people's activity in greenery patches, arrange different activity spaces and active line, and according to the difference of manner, configure different vegetation, to reach, separate different activities, mould flexible and changeable activity space, provide good activity to view and admire the object of view.This method is considered the ecological effect in greenery patches hardly, has ignored the impact of greenery patches on surrounding enviroment.
The optimization method of the greenery patches Form and pattern adopting in the prior art, subjectivity is strong, can not obtain intuitively the greenery patches Form and pattern of optimization.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention: the present invention is in order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention propose a kind of take objective rationality data as basis, evaluation and the hoisting way comparatively simplified, and data more easily obtain, accuracy is high, effectively promotes the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model of the environmental effect of urban green space.
Technical scheme: in order to reach foregoing invention object, the invention provides a kind of urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model, comprise the following steps:
Step 1: the sign index of set environment effect is temperature and humidity;
Step 2: by Field Research, mapping, utilize vegetation and surrounding cities, greenery patches construction situation vector drawing in border, AUTOCAD Software on Drawing greenery patches, greenery patches;
Step 3: take polar plot as basis, utilize vector edition software, adopt grid method to determine the observation station of Greenbelt environment effect;
Step 4: the concrete data of sign index of measuring the environmental effect of each observation station;
Step 5: according to environmental effect computing formula THI=T-(0.55-0.55RH) * (T-14.5), the concrete data of measuring in integrating step 4 are calculated the environmental effect index of each observation station; In formula, THI is environmental effect index, the relative moisture that RH is observation station, the temperature that T is flash ranging point;
Step 6: take environmental effect index as basis, build Greenbelt environment effect field model; Wherein, Greenbelt environment effect field model is that the point of greenery patches periphery equivalent environment effect index is connected successively, forms centered by greenery patches the model of reaction surrounding enviroment effect field situation of change;
Step 7: according to the Greenbelt environment effect field model building, adjust greenery patches border motif and vegetation configuring condition.
Further, described step 2 comprises the following steps:
Step 2.1: carry out scene mapping by total powerstation, obtain coordinate points and the needles of various sizes data of greenery patches and peripheral path, building, structure;
Step 2.2: utilize GPS location instrument, vegetation present situation situation and coordinate in on-the-spot mark greenery patches;
Step 2.3: by AUTOCAD, the surveying and mapping data obtaining in step 2.1 and step 2.2 is plotted as to vector drawing, in figure, coordinate and actual coordinate are consistent.Obtain the detailed vector drawing of greenery patches and periphery situation, can obtain comparatively accurately the actual influence region of Greenbelt environment effect, be convenient to the temperature humidity data of observing actual, the adjustable range that obtains greenery patches Form and pattern that also can be comparatively clear and definite, is convenient to the adjustment of the greenery patches Form and pattern in later stage.
Further, described step 3 comprises the following steps:
Step 3.1: utilize the OFFSET order of AUTOCAD, according to the actual conditions of greenery patches periphery, border, greenery patches is formed to a new border to external expansion 50-100m, form the observation scope of Greenbelt environment effect between described new border and border, greenery patches; Greenery patches in general city is substantially all surrounded by urban construction, it is larger that Greenbelt environment effects scope is hindered by building, continuous architectural interface particularly, in general city, greenery patches is little to the distance of neighboring buildings, can select according to actual conditions the bounds of observation, in city, environmental impact factor is more simultaneously, and the coverage in greenery patches generally can not surpass 100 meters, so the observation scope that border, greenery patches is formed to Greenbelt environment effect to external expansion 50-100m is the most suitable.
Step 3.2: utilize the PLINE order of AUTOCAD, in observation scope, draw the grid network of quadrature, forming spacing is the square network of 10-20 rice, and each joint of grid network is an observation station, in case of building, structure etc. stops, this observation station is cancelled; Can determine grid network spacing according to the size of greenery patches and observation scope, generally with 10-20 rice, be advisable, if grid network spacing is too small, the data variation of observation is little; If grid network spacing is excessive, be difficult to reflect data situation.
Step 3.3: utilize the PROPERTIES order of AUTOCAD, obtain the coordinate of each observation station.
Further, described step 4 comprises the following steps:
Step 4.1: select the daytime of wind speed≤0.5m/s, survey between 9:00-17:00;
Step 4.2: setting air temperature, air humidity observed altitude are 1.5m; Because the most of outdoor activities of the mankind are to carry out in the scope of liftoff 2m, and that surface temperature is affected by ground pavement material etc. is larger, so select 1.5m the most suitable as the observed altitude of temperature, humidity.
Step 4.3: adopt Thermo Recorder TR-72U type digital display temp .-humidity measuring apparatus, measure air themperature and humidity, and record related data.
Step 4.4: data observational record in every 1 hour once, and is inputted EXCEL software, is made into data form.
Further, described step 5 comprises the following steps:
Step 5.1: calculate and obtain to obtain each observation station mean temperature of a day and humidity data;
Step 5.2: by the mean temperature obtaining and humidity data input environment calculation of effect formula, try to achieve the environmental effect index of each observation station.
Further, described step 6 comprises the following steps:
Step 6.1: by the environmental effect index input AUTOCAD software of trying to achieve, as the along slope coordinate of each observation station;
Step 6.2: the observation station that index is identical is connected successively, forms environmental effect field model.
Operation principle: first the present invention determines the sign index of environmental effect; Then by Field Research, draw greenery patches and periphery situation vector drawing, then with grid method, determine the observation station of greenery patches surrounding enviroment effect, and determine the coordinate of each observation station, measure at the scene the concrete data that respectively characterize index of each observation station simultaneously; Then according to observation data, calculate the environmental effect index of each observation station, and constructing environment effect field model; Finally, according to obtaining model, adjust the Form and pattern in greenery patches, optimize and promote greenery patches surrounding enviroment effect.
Beneficial effect: compared with prior art, a kind of urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model provided by the invention, effective quantitatively evaluating and method of adjustment for urban green space Form and pattern have been proposed, promoted and traditional take the perceptual methods such as aesthetics as main Green Space Design method, and take into full account the environmental effect variation bringing in greenery patches, can make the larger environment regulating action of urban green space performance.The present invention has constructed comparatively simple and direct model intuitively, and data more easily obtain, and also comparatively accurate, objectivity is stronger, and can be directly used in and instruct optimizing and revising of urban green space Form and pattern.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the method flow diagram of the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is greenery patches, center, embodiment of the present invention Shijiazhuang and observation station distribution map;
Fig. 3 is embodiment of the present invention environmental effect field model figure;
Fig. 4 is greenery patches vegetation allocation plan after embodiment of the present invention adjustment.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is further described.
Below with reference to greenery patches, center, Shijiazhuang and accompanying drawing, explain technical scheme of the present invention.
As shown in Figure 1, the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method concrete grammar based on environmental effect field model is as follows:
Step 1: the sign index of determining environmental effect; Wherein, comprise temperature and humidity.The environmental effect in greenery patches is mainly reflected in several aspects such as regulating temperature, humidity, noise and wind speed.And find in concrete practice, noise is subject to surrounding enviroment variable effect larger, and the regularity that is difficult to find wherein changes, and data variation is comparatively random, is difficult to the standard as a scientific evaluation; Also there is similar problem in air speed data, and along with the difference of measuring height also the variation of wind speed can occur, data variation is random, unordered, is also difficult to the evaluation criterion as a science; Temperature and humidity data are comparatively stable, change and have certain regularity, are generally used as the data of observing environment effect change, so in the present embodiment, select temperature and humidity data to embody the environmental effect in greenery patches.
Step 2: by Field Research, mapping, utilize vegetation and surrounding cities, greenery patches construction situation vector drawing in border, AUTOCAD Software on Drawing greenery patches, greenery patches.Obtain the detailed vector drawing of greenery patches and periphery situation, can obtain comparatively accurately the actual influence region of Greenbelt environment effect, be convenient to the temperature humidity data of observing actual, the adjustable range that obtains greenery patches Form and pattern that also can be comparatively clear and definite, is convenient to the adjustment of the greenery patches Form and pattern in later stage.Concrete acquisition process is:
Step 2.1: carry out scene mapping by professional surveying and mapping instrument total powerstation, obtain coordinate points and the needles of various sizes data such as greenery patches and peripheral path, building, structure, wherein needles of various sizes data comprise road width, trend, building face width, depth, the data such as the position of structure, size;
Step 2.2: utilize GPS location instrument, vegetation present situation situation and coordinate in on-the-spot mark greenery patches, wherein in greenery patches, vegetation present situation situation comprises the planting ranges of all kinds of ground cover plants, the trunk position of arbor, height and tree crown coverage, the situations such as plantation width, height and the scope of shrub.In the present embodiment, greenery patches is meadow completely, there is no the plantation of arbor, shrub.
Step 2.3: AUTOCAD is plotted as vector drawing by surveying and mapping data by vector plotting software, in figure, coordinate and actual coordinate are consistent.
Step 3: take polar plot as basis, utilize vector edition software, as shown in Figure 2, adopt grid method to determine the observation station of Greenbelt environment effect.Detailed process is as follows:
Step 3.1: according to the urban construction situation of greenery patches periphery, utilize the OFFSET order of vector edition software AUTOCAD, border, greenery patches, to external expansion 100m, is formed to a new border, and the scope between this border and border, greenery patches is the observation scope of Greenbelt environment effect;
Step 3.2: according to city construction situation in the actual size of observation scope and scope, utilize the PLINE order of vector edition software AUTOCAD, in observation scope, draw the grid network of quadrature, formation spacing is the square network of 20 meters, each joint of grid network is an observation station, in case of building, structure etc. stops, this observation station is cancelled;
Step 3.3: utilize the PROPERTIES order of vector edition software AUTOCAD, obtain the coordinate of each observation station.
Step 4: the on-the-spot environmental effect index of simultaneously measuring each observation station.The synchronism of guaranteed measurement data only, the comparability between guarantee data, and scientific, accurately judge the environmental effect situation of change between each observation station.Detailed process is as follows:
Step 4.1: select observing the daytime of citizen's work influence maximum, and should get rid of the interference of meteorological condition, therefore select survey the daytime (9:00-17:00) of sunny, quiet wind (wind speed≤0.5m/s);
Step 4.2: in view of the most of outdoor activities of the mankind are to carry out in the scope of liftoff 2m, and that surface temperature is affected by ground pavement material etc. is larger, selects 1.5m as the observed altitude of temperature, humidity;
Step 4.3: adopt Thermo Recorder TR-72U type digital display temp .-humidity measuring apparatus, measure air themperature and humidity, and record related data.
Step 4.4: data observational record in every 1 hour once, and is inputted EXCEL software, is made into data form.
Step 5: according to environmental effect computing formula THI=T-(0.55-0.55RH) * (T-14.5), the concrete data of measuring in integrating step 4 are calculated the environmental effect index of each observation station; In formula, THI is environmental effect index, the relative moisture that RH is observation station, the temperature that T is observation station; Its concrete grammar is:
Step 5.1: utilize the formula of EXCEL software, try to achieve each observation station mean temperature of a day and humidity data;
Step 5.2: by the mean temperature obtaining and humidity data input environment calculation of effect formula, try to achieve the environmental effect index of each observation station.
Step 6: as shown in Figure 3, take environmental effect index as basis, build Greenbelt environment effect field model.On the basis of each observation station environmental effect index, construct model, can reflect more clearly the environmental effect situation of change of greenery patches periphery.Detailed process is as follows:
Step 6.1: by the environmental effect index input AUTOCAD software of trying to achieve, as the along slope coordinate of each observation station;
Step 6.2: the observation station that index is identical is connected successively, forms environmental effect field model.
Step 7: according to the Greenbelt environment effect field model building, adjust greenery patches border motif and vegetation configuring condition, to improve greenery patches surrounding enviroment effect, wherein adjusting greenery patches border motif and vegetation configuring condition and being mainly increases or reduces greenery area, adjust arbor, shrub, by etc. planting location and matched combined mode.In the present embodiment, from the environmental effect field model in greenery patches, greenery patches periphery open field environmental effect changes comparatively steady; And a side higher apart from category of roads, that have Influence on Architecture, it is very fast that environmental effect changes, and therefore should mainly strengthen the environmental effect of this side.Due to this greenery patches surrounding by urban road institute around, border is difficult to outside expansion, should consider increases environmental effect by increasing the mode of vegetation.As shown in Figure 4, consider the actual conditions in greenery patches, should by west side, greenery patches and the mode of southern side boundary planting arbor optimize the environmental effect that promotes greenery patches periphery, can guarantee like this accesibility in greenery patches, the environmental effect in greenery patches be can increase again, west side and southern side environmental quality promoted.
Claims (6)
1. the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
Step 1: the sign index of set environment effect is temperature and humidity;
Step 2: by Field Research, mapping, utilize vegetation and surrounding cities, greenery patches construction situation vector drawing in border, AUTOCAD Software on Drawing greenery patches, greenery patches;
Step 3: take polar plot as basis, utilize vector edition software, adopt grid method to determine the observation station of Greenbelt environment effect;
Step 4: the concrete data of sign index of measuring the environmental effect of each observation station;
Step 5: according to environmental effect computing formula THI=T-(0.55-0.55RH) * (T-14.5), the concrete data of measuring in integrating step 4 are calculated the environmental effect index of each observation station; In formula, THI is environmental effect index, the relative moisture that RH is observation station, the temperature that T is observation station;
Step 6: take environmental effect index as basis, build Greenbelt environment effect field model;
Step 7: according to the Greenbelt environment effect field model building, adjust greenery patches border motif and vegetation configuring condition.
2. the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described step 2 comprises the following steps:
Step 2.1: carry out scene mapping by total powerstation, obtain coordinate points and the needles of various sizes data of greenery patches and peripheral path, building, structure;
Step 2.2: utilize GPS location instrument, vegetation present situation situation and coordinate in on-the-spot mark greenery patches;
Step 2.3: by AUTOCAD, the surveying and mapping data obtaining in step 2.1 and step 2.2 is plotted as to vector drawing, in figure, coordinate and actual coordinate are consistent.
3. the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described step 3 comprises the following steps:
Step 3.1: utilize the OFFSET order of AUTOCAD, according to the actual conditions of greenery patches periphery, border, greenery patches is formed to a new border to external expansion 50-100m, form the observation scope of Greenbelt environment effect between described new border and border, greenery patches;
Step 3.2: utilize the PLINE order of AUTOCAD, in observation scope, draw the grid network of quadrature, forming spacing is the square network of 10-20 rice, and each joint of grid network is an observation station, in case of building, structure etc. stops, this observation station is cancelled;
Step 3.3: utilize the PROPERTIES order of AUTOCAD, obtain the coordinate of each observation station.
4. the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described step 4 comprises the following steps:
Step 4.1: select the daytime of wind speed≤0.5m/s, survey between 9:00-17:00;
Step 4.2: setting air temperature, air humidity observed altitude are 1.5m;
Step 4.3: adopt Thermo Recorder TR-72U type digital display temp .-humidity measuring apparatus, measure air themperature and humidity, and record related data;
Step 4.4: data observational record in every 1 hour once, and is inputted EXCEL software, is made into data form.
5. the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described step 5 comprises the following steps:
Step 5.1: calculate and obtain to obtain each observation station mean temperature of a day and humidity data;
Step 5.2: by the mean temperature obtaining and humidity data input environment calculation of effect formula, try to achieve the environmental effect index of each observation station.
6. the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described step 6 comprises the following steps:
Step 6.1: by the environmental effect index input AUTOCAD software of trying to achieve, as the along slope coordinate of each observation station;
Step 6.2: the observation station that index is identical is connected successively, forms environmental effect field model.
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