CN103887847A - 增加电动车辆的续航能力的车载*** - Google Patents

增加电动车辆的续航能力的车载*** Download PDF

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CN103887847A
CN103887847A CN201310757457.2A CN201310757457A CN103887847A CN 103887847 A CN103887847 A CN 103887847A CN 201310757457 A CN201310757457 A CN 201310757457A CN 103887847 A CN103887847 A CN 103887847A
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onboard system
flying power
electric automobile
converter
rotating machine
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CN103887847B (zh
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P·阿米洛丽
J·勒格兰格
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Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur SAS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
    • H02J7/1469—Regulation of the charging current or voltage otherwise than by variation of field
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    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/007—Physical arrangements or structures of drive train converters specially adapted for the propulsion motors of electric vehicles
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    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0061—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electrical machines
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    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
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    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42—Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/423—Torque
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/44—Drive Train control parameters related to combustion engines
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
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Abstract

根据本发明的一种增加电动汽车的续航能力的***(11)具有一类型，这种类型的***包括机械联接(8)到热机(6)、并且电连接到交流/直流转换器(12)的多相旋转电机(13)。该交流/直流转换器连接到设计为通过所述车辆的电功率网(3)向至少一个牵引电机(1)供电的牵引用蓄电池(2)。根据本发明，多相旋转电机(13)仅在发电机模式下起作用，并且该***附加地包括可以启动热机(6)的电启动器(14)。

Description

增加电动车辆的续航能力的车载***
技术领域
本发明涉及一种增加电动车辆的续航能力(autonomy)的车载***。
背景技术
目前，完全的电动汽车的使用仍然受到限制，主要是因为其续航能力通常降低到小于200km，虽然已经开发了新的能量存储装置并且在车辆上可用的能量控制已经有了很大的进步。
为了将其可行驶的距离增加到多于500km，而不需要在特定的充电终端对牵引用蓄电池进行充电(此操作通常需要几个小时)，特定的电动汽车制造商已经出售包括增加续航能力、被称为“REX”或者“增程器(rangeextender)”的车载***的型号。
原理基于联接到辅助热机的多相可逆旋转电机的实施。在交流发电机模式中，此机械由热机驱动，并且对车辆的牵引用蓄电池充电。在电动机模式中，其保证热机从牵引用蓄电池启动。
可以理解的是，这种类型的REX***是在牵引用蓄电池耗尽电荷时并且附近没有充电终端的紧急情况中的重要安全元件。
然而，作为交流发电机或者作为电机的启动器的功能使得必须通过交流/直流转换器，通常称为可逆的“AC/DC转换器”，将其连接到牵引用蓄电池。
已知的是可逆的AC/DC转换器是复杂的电动力装置，其因此具有成本高的缺点。
因为电机必须设计为用于产生启动热机所需要的大量的转矩，因此其成本更高，并且因此转换器必须能够供给相应的强电流。
另外，在此种类型的REX中，热机大部分是运行在足够给牵引用蓄电池充电的恒定的速度，并且这样选择以最小化污染气体的排放和噪声。
因此，因为在充电/放电周期中的损失，这种类型的REX***的整体性能较低。
因此，在竞争力激烈的市场中，需要REX***比现有技术中已知的更便宜并且具有更好的性能。
发明内容
本发明的目标是通过提供增加电动汽车的续航能力的***来满足此需求，这种类型的***包括多相旋转电机，其机械联接到热机，并且电连接到交流/直流转换器，该转换器可以连接到牵引用蓄电池，蓄电池设计为通过该车辆的电功率网向至少一个牵引电机供电。
根据本发明，用于增加电动车辆的续航能力的***包括多相旋转电机，其仅在发电机模式下起作用，并且附加地包括测量热机的转动速度的装置，和测量通过交流/直流转换器向牵引用蓄电池供给的电压的装置。
优点源自这样的事实，即根据本发明的用于增加电动车辆续航能力的车载***附加地包括可以启动热机的电启动器。
有利地，此电启动器以预定的倍减率驱动热机，其优选地等于1/20。
根据本发明的增加电动车辆续航能力的车载***的不同之处还在于，多相旋转电机优选地为多相交流发电机，并且交流/直流转换器优选由二极管桥组成。
因此，优点源自这样的事实，即根据本发明的增加电动车辆续航能力的车载***附加地包括当转动速度低于预定的标称速度，或者此电压高于预定的标称电压时，从交流/直流转换器断开牵引用蓄电池的装置。
因此，该用于增加电动车辆续航能力的车载***附加地优选地包括：
-测量牵引用蓄电池的充电电流的装置；
-电子控制单元，其根据充电电流和设定的强度控制转动的速度。
此设定的强度优势地根据此电压和设定的电压确定。
根据本发明的增加电动车辆续航能力的车载***的多相转动电机有利地包括定子，该定子至少部分地由液冷装置围绕。
在根据本发明的增加电动车辆续航能力的车载***中，多相旋转电机优选地是具有永磁体的类型。
相比于现有技术，这些基础的说明使得根据本发明的增加电动车辆续航能力的车载***提供的优点对于本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。
本发明的详细的说明结合附带的权利要求提供在下面的描述中。应该注意的是，这些附图只是起到示出描述的内容的作用，并不以任何方式构成对本发明的范围的限制。
附图说明
图1是现有技术中已知的用于增加电动车辆的续航能力的车载***的总体示意图。
图2是根据本发明的增加电动车辆续航能力的车载***的总体示意图。
图3A和3B分别示出了用于调节来自设定的强度和来自设定的电压的牵引用蓄电池的充电电流的回路。
图4给出了通过二极管桥的方式和通过交流发电机的输出的同步整流的方式进行整流的转动特性的功率/速度。
图5详细示出了本发明的优选实施方式的电子元件。
具体实施方式
参考图1，根据现有技术增加已知的电动汽车的续航能力的车载***的特征的信息使得能够很好地理解本发明作出的贡献。
图1概要示出了牵引电机1，其由牵引用蓄电池2通过车辆的电功率网3供电。整流器4使蓄电池2和电功率网3的电压适用于牵引电机1的特性。通常，这是可逆的直流/交流转换装置，其使得可能从牵引用蓄电池2向具有提供永久磁铁的多相类型的牵引电机1供电，并且通过对牵引用蓄电池2充电恢复在车辆制动阶段期间产生的部分机械能。
为了增加车辆在终端的两次再充电操作之间的运行距离，增加续航能力的车载***5使得向电功率网3供应电力成为可能，或者是为了对牵引用蓄电池2再充电，或者为了对电牵引电机1供电。
该用于增加续航能力的车载***5包括：
-具有小容量的热机；
-多相旋转电机7，其机械联接8到热机6；
-交流/直流转换器9，其电连接到旋转电机7并且向电功率网3供电。
在现有技术中已知的用于增加续航能力的此种车载***5中，旋转电机7是交流发电机-起动器，其使得当其由热机6驱动时供应电力是可能的，并且当发动机启动时，也可以驱动热机6。
因此，在电功率网3和旋转电机7之间的交换是双向的10。
因此，交流/直流转换器9必须是可逆的，并且通常包括具有脉宽调制(PWM)功能的MOSFET型晶体管，即，其构成复杂且昂贵的半导体设备。
在图2中示出的根据本发明的用于增加续航能力的车载***11中，该复杂且昂贵的设备由标准的二极管桥12取代，该二极管桥与高电压兼容，高电压优选为100和500V之间。
为了降低成本，热机6驱动只在发电机模式中作用的旋转电机13，并且该电机优选地为标准的多相交流发电机13。
热机6的启动由低功率的电启动器14保证，该电启动器以高水平的倍减机械联接15到热机6，该倍减优选地为1/20。
此倍减比例是预先确定的，这样启动转矩接近80Nm，并且在500rpm的驱动转矩接近40Nm。
为了减小尺寸，同时通过合适的机械连接部联接到热机，交流发电机13是高速旋转机械，典型地为接近10,000或者15,000rpm。
根据本发明的用于增加续航能力的车载***11包括电子装置16，用于在特定的运行条件下与牵引用蓄电池2断开。
具有此电子断开装置16的第一原因是允许交流发电机13向电功率网3供应电能，而不需要向牵引用蓄电池2施加电压，这与受限于其其标称电压不同。
这些状况由热机6的低转速产生，例如，低于预定的标称转速，并且因此施加到牵引用蓄电池2的电压低于其标称电压。
当热机6满功率运行的时候，如果供给到牵引用蓄电池2的电压高于此预定的标称电压时，也会引起这些状况。
第二个原因是允许交流发电机13直接给牵引电机1供电，从而增加整体性能，同时避免牵引用蓄电池2的充电/放电循环，在电能和电化学能之间的转化的输出通常较低。
为了实施电子断开装置16的该控制，根据本发明的用于增加续航能力的车载***11附加地包括：
-测量热机6的旋转速度Ωm的装置；
-测量通过二极管桥12向牵引用蓄电池2施加的电压Um的装置。
电子控制单元17和用于测量充电电流Im的装置使得控制牵引用蓄电池2的充电成为可能，这是当后者连接到电功率网3并且由交流发电机13提供电力时的情况。
图3a示出了调节回路的例子，其使得在设定的强度Ic通过电子控制单元17保持充电电流Im成为可能，该电子控制单元17控制驱动交流发电机13的热机6的旋转速度Ωm。
电子控制单元17在考虑转矩测量值Γ的情况下，基于设定速度Ωc的误差强度的第一转换18，控制热机6。
图3b示出了与附加的调节回路相关的该相同的调节回路，其使得在设定的电压Uc通过设定的电压Ic的误差强度的第二转换19调节施加到牵引用蓄电池2的电压Um成为可能。
这些第一和第二转换18、19有利地通过存储在电子控制单元17的存储器中的表格或者图表实现。
根据本发明，通过电子控制单元17控制热机6的旋转速度使得选择根据本发明的用于增加续航能力的车载***11的运行点成为可能，其中电输出功率P与由***供给的相同，该***包括在PWM模式中运行的昂贵的交流/直流转换器9，诸如本领域已知的那些，在图4中清楚地示出。
此图示出了对于低于2000rpm的转速，通过交流发电机13的输出的同步整流得到的电力(虚线20的曲线)高于使用二极管桥12的方式得到的电力(实线21的曲线)。
另一方面，对于高于2000rpm的转速，两曲线20、21结合在一起。
根据本发明的使用标准的二极管桥12增加续航能力的车载***11，在高于2000rpm的旋转速度下运行，因此，提供与更复杂和昂贵的***5同样的性能水平。
图5示出了在本发明的特定实施方式中的此二极管桥12，其实施了三相交流发电机13。因此，二极管桥包括用于双交互的整流的六个二极管。
在讨论的交流发电机的类型中，二极管桥12和交流发电机13在单个壳体中关联。
在本发明的优选实施方式中，电子断开装置16附加到二极管桥12，从而与交流发电机13形成成单件22的组件，该组件联接到热机6从而组成REX11。
考虑到其显著的最大功率接近28kW，此交流发电机13采用液体冷却。
它的转子具有永磁体，并且其定子的表面多于80％与冷却液接触。
有利地热敏电阻器为电子控制单元17提供温度指示。
可以理解的是本发明并不简单地局限于前面描述的优选的实施方式。
类似的描述可能与发电机13的类型相关该类型不同于已经说明的。
作为具有永磁体的机械的替代，发电机13是具有励磁(excitation)的机械，或者甚至是混合动力机械。
因此，本发明包括所有可能的变体实施方式，只要这些变体保持在由下面的权利要求限定的范围中。

Claims (8)

1.一种增加电动汽车的续航能力的车载***(5，11)，这种类型的***包括多相旋转电机(7，13)，该多相旋转电机机械联接(8)到热机(6)，并且电连接到交流/直流转换器(9，12)，该交流/直流转换器可以连接到设计为通过所述车辆的电功率网(3)向至少一个牵引电机(1)供电的牵引用蓄电池(2)，其特征为：
所述多相旋转电机(13)仅在发电机模式下起作用，并且其包括测量所述热机(6)的旋转速度(Ωm)的装置，和测量通过所述交流/直流转换器(12)向所述牵引用蓄电池(2)供的电压(Um)的装置。
2.根据权利要求1所述的增加电动汽车的续航能力的车载***(11)，其特征为：其附加地包括可以启动所述热机(6)的电启动器(14)。
3.根据权利要求1或者2所述的增加电动汽车的续航能力的车载***(11)，其特征为：所述多相旋转电机(13)优选为多相交流发电机，并且所述交流/直流转换器(12)由二极管桥组成。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的增加电动汽车的续航能力的车载***(11)，其特征为：当所述旋转速度(Ωm)低于预定的标称速度，或者所述电压(Um)高于预定的标称电压时，该***附加地包括从所述交流/直流转换器(12)断开所述牵引用蓄电池(2)的装置(16)。
5.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的增加电动汽车的续航能力的车载***(11)，其特征为：其附加地包括：
-测量所述牵引用蓄电池(2)的充电电流(Im)的装置；
-电子控制单元(17)，其根据所述充电电流(Im)和设定的强度(Ic)控制所述旋转速度(Ωm)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的增加电动汽车的续航能力的车载***(11)，其特征为：所述设定的强度(Ic)根据所述电压(Um)和设定的电压(Ic)确定。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的增加电动汽车的续航能力的车载***(11)，其特征为：所述多相旋转电机(13)包括定子，所述定子至少部分地由液冷装置围绕。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的增加电动汽车的续航能力的车载***(11)，其特征为：所述多相旋转电机(13)优选地是具有永磁体的类型。
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