CN103806995A - 氨泄漏检测 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及氨泄漏检测,具体为一种检测废气***中的氨的方法包括检测预定的内燃机运转状况。一旦检测到该预定的运转状况,该方法确定在第一时间T1催化剂的第一NOx转化效率。该方法随后将还原剂喷入催化剂上游的废气并确定在第二时间T2的第二NOx转化效率。该方法随后处理第一和第二NOx转化效率以确定是否存在氨泄漏情况。
Description
背景技术
常见地使用选择性催化还原(SCR)从由诸如柴油机或其它贫燃(汽油)发动机之类的内燃机产生的废气中去除NOx(即,氮的氧化物)。在这些***中,通过在废气进入能达到高NOx转换的SCR催化剂之前将还原剂喷入废气,从而连续地从废气中去除NOx。
在SCR***中经常使用氨作为还原剂。氨通过气态氨、液态氨或间接地作为溶解在水中的尿素的受控喷射被引入到废气中。位于废气流中的SCR催化剂引起存在于废气中的NOx与NOx还原剂(例如,氨)之间的反应,以将NOx转化成氮和水。
SCR***的正确操作涉及对被喷入到废气流中的氨(或其它还原剂)的量(即,剂量水平)的精确控制。如果使用过少的还原剂,催化剂将转化不足量的NOx。如果使用过多量的还原剂,一部分氨将在被称为“氨泄漏”的状态下未经反应地通过催化剂。因此,期望能检测“氨泄漏”状况的发生,以尤其地调节剂量水平。
发明内容
本文描述的本技术的方面和实施例涉及用于检测内燃机的废气***中穿过催化剂的氨泄漏的一个或多个***和方法。根据本技术的至少一个方面,一种检测内燃机的废气***中的氨的方法包括:检测预定的内燃机运转状况。一旦检测到该预定的运转状况,所述方法确定催化剂在第一时间T1的第一NOx转化效率。该方法随后将还原剂喷入催化剂的废气上游并确定在第二时间T2的第二NOx转化效率。该方法随后处理第一和第二NOx转化效率以确定是否存在氨泄漏情况。具体地说,该方法可包括当第二NOx转化效率大于第一NOx转化效率时确定氨泄漏情况存在。根据一些实施例,还原剂是氨。在一些实施例中,预选的内燃机运转状况可以是稳态状况。在一些实施例中,稳态状况可对应于内燃机速度或负载为恒定的状况。
在一些实施例中,该方法可通过检测在第一时间相对于催化剂的第一上游NOx水平和检测在第一时间相对于催化剂的第一下游NOx水平来确定第一NOx转化效率。同样,该方法可通过检测在第二时间相对于催化剂的第二上游NOx水平和检测在第二时间相对于催化剂的第二下游NOx水平来确定第二NOx转化效率。在至少一些实施例中,该方法可根据下面的公式来确定NOx转化效率:
其中Eff是NOx转化效率,NOx-上游是上游NOx水平,而NOx-下游是下游NOx水平。
本技术的某些方面涉及检测内燃机的废气***中的氨的***。该废气***包括SCR催化剂和位于该催化剂上游、用于将还原剂喷入废气***中的喷射器。上游NOx传感器被定位以在催化剂上游的位置检测废气流中的NOx的水平,并产生响应的上游NOx信号。下游NOx传感器被定位以在催化剂下游的位置检测废气流中的NOx的水平,并产生响应的下游NOx信号。控制器被配置成:接收上游和下游NOx信号;检测预选的内燃机运转状况;在第一时间T1基于上游和下游NOx确定第一NOx转化效率;信号通知喷射器将还原剂喷入废气***;在紧随还原剂喷入之后的第二时间T2基于上游和下游NOx水平确定第二NOx转化效率;以及处理第一和第二NOx转化效率以确定是否存在氨泄漏情况。在至少一些实施例中,还原剂可以是氨。在一些实施例中,预选的内燃机运转状况包括稳态运转状况。在一些实施例中,控制器可根据下面的公式确定NOx转化效率:
其中Eff是NOx转化效率,NOx-上游是上游NOx的水平,而NOx-下游是下游NOx的水平。该***可被配置成响应第二NOx转化效率大于第一NOx转化效率来识别氨泄漏情况。
附图说明
图1是具有废气SCR***的内燃机的示意图。
图2是示出通过催化剂的NOx转化和NOx存储之间的示例性关系的曲线图。
图3是示出通过催化剂的NOx转化和NOx存储之间的示例性关系的曲线图。
图4是根据本技术的某些实施例用于检测发动机废气***中的氨泄漏的示例性方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
以下将参照其中示出这些实施例示例的附图来更全面地描述本技术的各个实施例的示例。在全文中,相同的标号指代相同的元件。然而,当前描述的技术的其它实施例可以许多不同的形式并且不单单限于本文描述的实施例。相反,这些实施例是代表当前技术的示例。基于本公开物的权利具有由权利要求书指示的全部范围。
图1示出内燃机10和用于还原来自内燃机废气中的NOx的SCR***12的示例性示意图。可使用内燃机10以例如向诸如路上车辆(未示出)之类的车辆提供动力。内燃机10可以是压缩点火式发动机,例如,比如柴油发动机。总体来说,SCR***12包括催化剂20、还原剂供给22、还原剂喷射器24、电子控制单元(“ECU”)26、上游NOx检测器30和下游NOx检测器32。
ECU26控制诸如氨之类的还原剂从还原剂供给22通过还原剂喷射器24被输送进废气***28。还原剂供给22可包括用于以固态形式存储氨的罐(未示出)。在大多数***中,将使用多个罐来提供再装料之间的更大行程距离。通常在罐周围使用加热套(未示出)以使固态氨达到升华温度。一旦转化成气体,氨就被引至还原剂喷射器24。还原剂喷射器24位于催化剂20上游的废气***28中。随着氨被喷入到废气***28,它与废气混合,并且这种混合物流过催化剂20。催化剂20引起废气中存在的NOx与NOx还原剂(例如氨)之间的反应,以将NOx还原/转化成氮和水,所述氮和水随后流出尾管34并进入环境。尽管已在固态氨的背景下对SCR***12进行了描述,然而要理解,SCR***12可替代地使用例如诸如纯无水氨、液态氨或尿素之类的还原剂。
上游NOx传感器30被定位以在催化剂20上游的位置检测废气流中的NOx的水平,并产生响应的上游NOx信号。如图1所示,上游NOx传感器30可位于内燃机和喷射器24之间的废气***28中。下游NOx传感器32可被定位以在催化剂20下游的位置检测废气流中的NOx的水平,并产生响应的下游NOx信号。ECU26被连接以从传感器30和32接收上游和下游NOx信号。ECU26可被配置成响应上游和/或下游NOx信号(和其它感测到的参数)来控制来自喷射器24的还原剂剂量。本技术并不限于任何具体的定剂量策略。因此,定剂量策略的细节在此不予以详细描述。
除了控制氨的剂量或计量,ECU26也可存储信息,诸如被输送的氨的量、提供氨的罐、罐内的可输送氨的起始体积以及可与确定每个罐内的可输送氨的量相关的其它这样的数据。可定期或连续地监测信息。当ECU26确定可输送氨的量低于预定水平时,则电连接于控制器26的状态指示器(未示出)可被激活。
图2和图3是示出通过催化剂的NOx转化和NOx存储之间的示例性关系的曲线图,其中NOx存储代表正被使用的催化剂的存储容量的百分比。催化剂的NOx转化效率通常因变于所存储的NO3、温度和空间速度。如从图2和图3可以看到的那样,NOx转化一般随着NOx存储增加而增加。然而,当催化剂达到某一容量,例如在所示实施例中为90%,其效率停止增加。结果,催化剂将停止转化所有的氨,并且一些氨将通过(漏过)催化剂并进入环境。NOx传感器通常对氨是横向灵敏的(cross-sensitive)。更具体地,NOx传感器通常无法在这两种化合物之间进行区别。因此,漏过催化剂的氨将通过下游NOx被感测为NOx。结果,氨泄漏将使更多的氨被喷入,这进而将使泄漏问题更为复杂。因此,期望能检测“氨泄漏”的发生,以调节剂量水平。
图4是根据本技术某些方面用于检测SCR***中的氨泄漏的示例性方法400的流程图。该方法400在步骤405开始。控制随后转到步骤410,在该步骤中方法进行检查以了解内燃机是否处于预选的内燃机运转状况。在至少一些实施例中,预选的内燃机运转状况可以是“稳态”运转状况,其中由内燃机产生的NOx是基本恒定的。例如,稳态运转状况可对应于车辆正在监视——例如发动机速度或负载基本恒定——的状况。方法经过步骤410继续循环,直到检测到预选的运转状况为止。
一旦检测到这种状况,控制就转到步骤415,在该步骤中方法400在第一时间T1确定第一NOx效率。具体地说,该方法例如通过从上游NOx传感器30读取上游NOx信号来确定上游NOx的水平,通过从下游NOx传感器32读取下游NOx信号来确定下游NOx的水平。然后方法400使用上游和下游NOx值来根据下列公式确定NOx效率:
其中Eff是NOx转化效率,NOx-上游是上游NOx的水平,而NOx-下游是下游NOx的水平。
控制随后转到步骤420,在该步骤中方法400将测试剂量的还原剂(例如氨)喷入催化剂20上游的废气***。例如,方法400可涉及使ECU26驱动喷射器24以将预定量的还原剂喷入到废气***28中。
控制随后转到步骤425,在该步骤中方法在第二时间T2确定第二NOx转化效率。如上所述,方法400可通过在第二时间从上游和下游NOx传感器30、32读取信号并基于这些值计算NOx转化效率来确定NOx转化效率。
控制随后转到步骤430,在该步骤中方法400处理第一和第二NOx转化效率值以确定是否存在氨泄漏情况。具体地说,所述方法将第一和第二NOx转化效率值进行比较以了解紧随在步骤420喷射测试剂量之后NOx效率是否增加。如果NOx转化效率值增加,则控制转到步骤435,在该步骤中方法指示氨泄漏情况可能存在。相反,如果NOx转化效率值不增加,则控制转到步骤440,在该步骤中方法指示氨泄漏情况不存在。具体地说,由于内燃机在其中NOx产量基本恒定的稳态状况下运转,因此来自上游NOx传感器30的NOx读数在第一时间T1和第二时间T2之间将保持基本恒定。如果在传感器32下游喷入的氨剂量不完全被催化剂20转化,它会被下游NOx传感器32感测到。因此,当氨泄漏发生时,第二NOx转化效率值将高于第一NOx转化效率。
总地来说,方法400一开始检查以了解内燃机10是否在其中由内燃机产生的NOx基本恒定的稳态状况下运转。一旦检测到稳态状况,方法400就在第一时间T1确定催化剂的第一NOx转化效率。方法400随后将一剂量的还原剂喷入催化剂20上游的废气并在第二时间T2确定第二NOx转化效率。方法400随后确定NOx转化效率是否在第一时间和第二时间之间增加。增加的NOx转化效率指示氨泄漏情况的存在。
本技术的至少一些实施例涉及检测内燃机的废气***中穿过SCR催化剂的氨泄漏的***12。再次参见图1,***12大体可包括喷射器24、还原剂供给22、上游NOx传感器30、下游NOx传感器32以及诸如ECU26之类的控制器。ECU26可被配置成接收上游和下游NOx信号并控制喷射器24的操作。ECU26可被配置成检测内燃机中的选定运转状况,诸如稳态运转状况。一旦检测到稳态运转状况,ECU26就在第一时间T1确定第一NOx转化效率。ECU26随后信号通知喷射器24将一剂量的还原剂喷入到废气***28。ECU26随后在紧随还原剂喷射之后的第二时间基于上游和下游NOx水平来确定第二NOx转化效率。ECU26随后处理第一和第二NOx转化效率以确定是否存在氨泄漏情况。具体地说,ECU26可被配置成当第一时间和第二时间之间的NOx转化效率增加时信号通知氨泄漏情况存在。
尽管已将本公开物描述为具有示例性实施例,然而本申请旨在覆盖使用本文所述大体原理的任何变型、用途或适应。能预见到,本领域内技术人员可构思出许多修改和等效物而不脱离本公开物如下面权利要求书中描述的精神和范围。此外,本申请旨在覆盖与本公开物的差异落在其相关领域内的已知或常见实践范围内的那些偏差。
Claims (15)
1.一种检测内燃机的废气***中穿过催化剂的氨泄漏的方法,包括:
确定所述内燃机的预选运转状况;
在第一时间确定所述催化剂的第一NOx转化效率;
将还原剂喷入所述催化剂上游的废气;
此后在第二时间检测所述催化剂的第二NOx转化效率;以及
处理所述第一和第二NOx转化效率以确定是否存在氨泄漏情况。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述还原剂包括氨。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述预选内燃机运转状况包括稳态状况。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述在第一时间确定所述催化剂的第一NOx转化效率的步骤包括:
在所述第一时间检测相对于所述催化剂的第一上游NOx水平;以及
在所述第一时间检测相对于所述催化剂的第一下游NOx水平。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述在第二时间确定所述催化剂的第二NOx转化效率的步骤包括:
在所述第二时间检测相对于所述催化剂的第二上游NOx水平;以及
在所述第二时间检测相对于所述催化剂的第二下游NOx水平。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括响应第一时间和第二时间之间的NOx转化效率增加而信号通知氨泄漏情况。
8.一种检测内燃机的废气***中穿过催化剂的氨泄漏的方法,包括:
确定所述内燃机的预选运转状况;
此后在第一时间检测相对于所述催化剂的第一上游NOx的水平;
在第一时间检测相对于所述催化剂的第一下游NOx的水平;
将还原剂喷入所述催化剂上游的废气;
此后在第二时间检测相对于所述催化剂的第二上游NOx的水平;
在第二时间检测相对于所述催化剂的第二下游NOx的水平;以及
基于所述第一上游和第一下游NOx的水平来确定第一NOx转化效率;
基于所述第二上游和第二下游NOx的水平来确定第二NOx转化效率;以及
处理所述第一和第二NOx转化效率以确定是否存在氨泄漏情况。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述还原剂包括氨。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,所述预选内燃机运转状况包括稳态状况。
12.一种检测内燃机的废气***中的氨的***,所述废气***包括催化剂和该催化剂上游、用于将还原剂喷入所述废气***的喷射器,所述***包括:
上游NOx传感器,被定位以在所述催化剂上游的位置检测废气流中的NOx的水平,并产生响应的上游NOx信号;
下游NOx传感器,被定位以在所述催化剂下游的位置检测废气流中的NOx的水平,并产生响应的下游NOx信号;
控制器,其被配置成:接收上游和下游NOx信号;检测预选的内燃机运转状况;在第一时间基于所述上游和下游NOx的水平来确定第一NOx转化效率;信号通知所述喷射器将还原剂喷入所述废气***;在紧随所述还原剂的喷射之后的第二时间基于所述上游和下游NOx的水平来确定第二NOx转化效率;以及处理所述第一和第二NOx转化效率以确定是否存在氨泄漏情况。
13.如权利要求12所述的***,其特征在于,所述预选的内燃机运转状况包括稳态运转状况。
15.如权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,所述还原剂包括氨。
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