CN103792233B - Pick-up unit and detection method while potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide in wheat flour - Google Patents

Pick-up unit and detection method while potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide in wheat flour Download PDF

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CN103792233B
CN103792233B CN201410076153.4A CN201410076153A CN103792233B CN 103792233 B CN103792233 B CN 103792233B CN 201410076153 A CN201410076153 A CN 201410076153A CN 103792233 B CN103792233 B CN 103792233B
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benzoyl peroxide
potassium bromate
camera
checked
cuvette
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CN103792233A (en
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张玉荣
张德伟
周显青
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Henan University of Technology
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Henan University of Technology
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Abstract

Pick-up unit and detection method while potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide in a kind of wheat flour, comprise the reflecting plate being arranged on and measuring inside camera bellows rear wall, symmetry is arranged on the colour examining standard sources measuring upper and lower both sides, camera bellows front end, the cuvette measuring camera bellows front end is arranged in the mode relative with reflecting plate, be positioned at the camera in cuvette front, camera is connected with computing machine the corresponding interface by data line; Detection method comprises: preparation acetic acid and phosphoric acid solution, starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion, prepares potassium bromate, benzoyl peroxide titer and liquid to be checked; After potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide titer or liquid to be checked being added the colour developing of starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion, add in cuvette, by the transmitted spectrum image of solution after camera picked-up colour developing, its colourity R value is read by computing machine, with the colourity R value production standard curve after titer colour developing, colourity R value after liquid colour developing to be checked and typical curve are contrasted, draws the content of potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide.

Description

Pick-up unit and detection method while potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide in wheat flour
Technical field
The invention belongs to food additives rapid detection technical field, the harvester of chromophoric solution transmitted spectrum image is devised according to optical principle, and the principle linearly relevant to its concentration according to the chromatic value of the transmitted spectrum image of solution after benzoyl peroxide and potassium bromate colour developing, realize detecting fast while potassium bromate in wheat flour and benzoyl peroxide.More specifically pick-up unit and the detection method of potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide in a kind of wheat flour is related to.
Background technology
Potassium bromate (KBrO 3) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) Zeng Zuowei wheat flour modifying agent and being widely used.Potassium bromate is used as wheat flour treating agent, and obviously can improve structure and the rheological characteristics of dough, make bread softer, benzoyl peroxide adds in wheat flour, wheat flour not only can be made to bleach, but also have corrosion-resistant effect.But because the edible wheat flour containing potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide can produce adverse influence to human body for a long time, China have disabled potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide as wheat flour treating agent respectively at 2005 and 2011.At present, in wheat flour, the detection method of potassium bromate mainly contains: oxidimetry, vapor-phase chromatography, liquid phase chromatography, the chromatography of ions, spectrophotometric method, and wherein the chromatography of ions is GB recommend method.The detection method of benzoyl peroxide mainly contains: iodimetric titration, vapor-phase chromatography, liquid phase chromatography, chemoluminescence method, hexavalent chrome bio-removal, spectrophotometric method etc., GB recommend method is liquid phase chromatography.Said method all can only measure a kind of adjuvant in potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide, and some method complicated operations, expensive equipment, on-the-spot rapid screening cannot be realized.In the wheat flour reported, the method for potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide Simultaneously test only has the chromatography of ions, but ion chromatograph is expensive, and laboratories is difficult to popularize, and more can not realize Site Detection.The principle that this research and utilization potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide and starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion develop the color, by the harvester of chromophoric solution transmitted spectrum image designed according to optical principle, and according to the colourity R value of the transmitted spectrum image principle linearly relevant to nitrite ion concentration, realize detecting fast while potassium bromate in wheat flour and benzoyl peroxide.
Summary of the invention
Object of the present invention just in order to provide in a kind of easy, that cost is low wheat flour pick-up unit while potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide, and provides the Simultaneous Detection of potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide in a kind of wheat flour fast and accurately.
The object of the invention is to be realized by following technique measures:
In wheat flour of the present invention, while potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide, pick-up unit comprises measurement camera bellows, be arranged on the reflecting plate reflecting uniform directional light measured inside camera bellows rear wall, the colour examining standard sources that the employing CIE that symmetry is arranged on measurement upper and lower both sides, camera bellows front end specifies, the cuvette for holding mensuration chromophoric solution measuring camera bellows front end is arranged in the mode relative with reflecting plate, and being positioned at the camera in cuvette front, described camera is connected with computing machine the corresponding interface of Built-in Image process software by data line; Described detection computing machine Built-in Image process software, image processing software can be write by LabVIEW, MATLAB, also the softwares such as the photoshop with image processing function can be used, when filling solution after potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide colour developing in cuvette, the transmitted spectrum image of solution after the colour developing of being absorbed by camera, and by data line transfer in computing machine, image processing software in computing machine can carry out noise reduction process to the transmitted spectrum image collected, and reads the image chroma R value after noise reduction.
The center section that cuvette described in the present invention is placed in the relative face of reflective blank adopts cambered design, and the light that can prevent light source from sending like this shines directly in cuvette, guarantees the directional light of light entirely for reflecting through reflective blank through cuvette.Cuvette installs two in the middle of arc, is respectively used to the mensuration of potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide, also can be used as the parallel experiment of single mensuration.
Described camera is USB standard, and support USB specification 2.0 and 3.0, according to langbobier law, the true colors of solution should be the color of transmitted spectrum, so camera is installed in the middle of camera bellows outer arcuate, relatively with two cuvettes respectively installs one; Video camera is connected by the port that data line is corresponding to computing machine.
Detection method of the present invention comprises the following steps:
(1) preparation of 10ug/mL potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide titer:
At accurately taking 130 DEG C dried potassium bromate 0.1306g redistilled water dissolve after in 100mL volumetric flask constant volume, then accurately pipette 1.0mL constant volume in 100mL volumetric flask, now concentration is 10ug/mL;
Accurately take 0.100g benzoyl peroxide, after getting appropriate anhydrous alcohol solution, constant volume is in 100mL volumetric flask, and then accurately pipette 1.0mL constant volume in 100mL volumetric flask, now concentration is 10ug/mL;
(2) preparation of starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion:
Accurately take 1.0g starch, after adding 100mL water, heating is boiled and is dissolved completely, is cooled to room temperature, adds 5g potassium iodide stirring and dissolving;
(3) preparation of 0.1mol/L acetic acid, phosphoric acid solution:
Conventionally prepare 0.1mol/L acetic acid, phosphoric acid solution;
(4) drafting of typical curve:
The typical curve that a, potassium bromate measure: get 11 5mL color comparison tubes, the potassium bromate titer of the difference amount of 0mL-2.0mL is added according to gradient, add 1mL acetic acid solution and 2mL potassium iodide-starch nitrite ion afterwards respectively, 5mL is settled to distilled water, get appropriate in cuvette after reaction 5min, by camera, the transmitted spectrum image transmitting of solution after the colour developing of picked-up, in computing machine, is opened the image processing software in computing machine, read its colourity R value after noise reduction process; With colourity R value for ordinate, potassium bromate concentration is horizontal ordinate, production standard curve;
The typical curve that b, benzoyl peroxide measure: get 11 5mL color comparison tubes, the benzoyl peroxide titer of the difference amount of 0mL-2.0mL is added according to gradient, add 1.5mL phosphoric acid solution and 1.5mL potassium iodide-starch nitrite ion afterwards respectively, get appropriate in cuvette after reaction 5min, by camera by the transmitted spectrum image transmitting of solution after the colour developing of picked-up in computing machine, open the image processing software in computing machine, after noise reduction process, read its colourity R value; With colourity R value for ordinate, benzoyl peroxide concentration is horizontal ordinate, production standard curve;
(5) preparation of liquid to be checked:
After getting wheat flour sample blending, accurately take two portions of 2.000g wheat flours in triangular flask, portion adds 20mL water, and another part adds 20mL absolute ethyl alcohol, and after concussion 15min, cross 0.45 μm of filter membrane, filtrate is liquid to be checked; Wherein, the filtrate of water is potassium bromate liquid to be checked, and absolute ethyl alcohol filtrate is benzoyl peroxide liquid to be checked;
(6) mensuration of potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide:
Get potassium bromate and each 2mL of benzoyl peroxide liquid to be checked in color comparison tube, add 1mL acetic acid solution and 2mL starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion in potassium bromate liquid to be checked, benzoyl peroxide liquid to be checked adds 1.5mL phosphoric acid solution and 1.5mL starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion; After reaction 5min, get appropriate in two cuvettes, by camera by the transmitted spectrum image transmitting of solution after the colour developing of picked-up in computing machine, open the image processing software in computing machine, its colourity R value is read after noise reduction process, with standard curve control, draw the content of potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is as follows:
To the present invention is directed in wheat flour common Illegal addition in potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide two grow wheat powder, devise a kind of pick-up unit cheap, easy to carry, and based on the method for quick of this device.Detection speed of the present invention is fast, can detect potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide simultaneously, can realize the field screening of wheat flour sample and the fast processing of batch samples simultaneously.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the principle assumption diagram of apparatus of the present invention.
Embodiment
The present invention is further described below in conjunction with embodiment (accompanying drawing).
According to langbobier law, the surface color of the viewed solution of naked eyes is the color of its reflectance spectrum, is not the integral color of solution.So the measurement of solution colour can not measure the color of its reflectance spectrum, the color of its transmitted spectrum should be measured.Devise the harvester of solution transmitted spectrum image accordingly, and utilize the chromatic value of this device and solution transmitted spectrum to realize detecting while potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide in wheat flour.
As shown in Figure 1, in wheat flour of the present invention, while potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide, pick-up unit comprises and measures camera bellows 1, be arranged on the reflecting plate 2 reflecting uniform directional light measured inside camera bellows rear wall, the colour examining standard sources 3 that the employing CIE that symmetry is arranged on measurement upper and lower both sides, camera bellows front end specifies, the cuvette 4 for holding mensuration chromophoric solution measuring camera bellows front end is arranged in the mode relative with reflecting plate, and being positioned at the camera 5 in cuvette front, described camera 5 is connected with computing machine 6 the corresponding interface by data line; When filling solution after potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide colour developing in cuvette, the transmitted spectrum image of solution after camera acquisition colour developing, and by data line transfer in computing machine.
More specifically, described measurement camera bellows 1 adopts light tight and makes the insensitive paper material of auroral poles; Reflecting plate 2 is the good organic material blank of diffuse reflection, and it can reflect uniform directional light; The center section that described cuvette is placed in the relative face of reflective blank adopts cambered design, and the light that can prevent light source 3 from sending like this shines directly in cuvette 4, guarantees the directional light of light entirely for reflecting through reflective blank through cuvette.Cuvette 4 installs two in the middle of arc, is respectively used to the mensuration of potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide, also can be used as the parallel experiment of single mensuration.
Camera 5 is USB standard, and support USB specification 2.0 and 3.0, according to langbobier law, the true colors of solution should be the color of transmitted spectrum, so camera 5 is installed in the middle of camera bellows outer arcuate, relatively with two cuvettes respectively installs one.Camera 5 is connected by USB data line and computing machine 6, computing machine 6 Built-in Image process software, when filling solution after potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide colour developing in cuvette, the transmitted spectrum image of solution after camera acquisition colour developing, and by data line transfer in computing machine, by the image processing software in computing machine, noise reduction process can be carried out to the transmitted spectrum image collected, and read the chromatic value after noise reduction, image processing software can be write by LabVIEW, MATLAB, and photoshop etc. also can be used to have the software of image processing function.
Detection method of the present invention comprises the following steps:
(1) preparation of 10ug/mL potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide titer:
At accurately taking 130 DEG C dried potassium bromate 0.1306g redistilled water dissolve after in 100mL volumetric flask constant volume, then accurately pipette 1.0mL constant volume in 100mL volumetric flask, now concentration is 10ug/mL.
Accurately take 0.1000g benzoyl peroxide, after getting appropriate anhydrous alcohol solution, constant volume is in 100mL volumetric flask, and then accurately pipette 1.0mL constant volume in 100mL volumetric flask, now concentration is 10ug/mL.
(2) preparation of starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion:
Accurately take 1.0g starch, add the heating of 100mL water and boil and dissolve completely, be cooled to room temperature, add 5g potassium iodide stirring and dissolving, be cooled to room temperature, namely make starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion.
(3) preparation of 0.1mol/L acetic acid, phosphoric acid solution:
Conventionally prepare 0.1mol/L acetic acid, phosphoric acid solution.
(4) typical curve of potassium bromate mensuration:
Get 11 5mL color comparison tubes, the potassium bromate titer of 0mL, 0.2mL, 0.4mL, 0.6mL, 0.8mL, 1.0mL, 1.2mL, 1.4mL, 1.6mL, 1.8mL, 2.0mL is added respectively according to gradient, add 1mL acetic acid solution and 2mL starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion afterwards respectively, 5mL is settled to distilled water, reaction 5min, then get appropriate in cuvette, the transmitted spectrum image of solution after the colour developing of being absorbed by camera, and by data line transfer in computing machine, open the image processing software in computing machine, after noise reduction process, read its colourity R value; With colourity R value for ordinate, potassium bromate concentration is horizontal ordinate, production standard curve.
(5) typical curve of benzoyl peroxide mensuration
Get 11 5mL color comparison tubes, the benzoyl peroxide titer of 0mL, 0.2mL, 0.4mL, 0.6mL, 0.8mL, 1.0mL, 1.2mL, 1.4mL, 1.6mL, 1.8mL, 2.0mL is added respectively according to gradient, add 1.5mL phosphoric acid solution and 1.5mL starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion afterwards respectively, 5mL is settled to, reaction 5min with distilled water.Then get appropriate in cuvette, the transmitted spectrum image of solution after the colour developing of being absorbed by camera, and by data line transfer in computing machine, open the image processing software in computing machine, after noise reduction process, read its colourity R value; With colourity R value for ordinate, benzoyl peroxide concentration is horizontal ordinate, production standard curve.
Utilize the above-mentioned typical curve made, to the step that potassium bromate in wheat flour and benzoyl peroxide detect simultaneously be:
(1) preparation of starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion
Accurately take 1.0g starch, after adding 100mL water, heating is boiled and is dissolved completely, is cooled to room temperature, adds 5g potassium iodide stirring and dissolving, be cooled to room temperature, namely make starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion.
(2) preparation of 0.1mol/L acetic acid, phosphoric acid solution
Conventionally prepare 0.1mol/L acetic acid, phosphoric acid solution.
(3) preparation of liquid to be checked
After getting wheat flour sample blending, accurately take two portions of 2.000g wheat flours in triangular flask, portion adds 20mL water, and another part adds 20mL absolute ethyl alcohol, and after concussion 15min, cross 0.45 μm of filter membrane, filtrate is liquid to be checked.Wherein, the filtrate of water is potassium bromate liquid to be checked, and absolute ethyl alcohol filtrate is benzoyl peroxide liquid to be checked.
(4) mensuration of potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide in wheat flour
Get 2mL potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide liquid to be checked respectively in two 5mL color comparison tubes, 1mL acetic acid and 2mL starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion is added in potassium bromate liquid to be checked, phosphoric acid and the 1.5mL starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion of 1.5mL is added in benzoyl peroxide liquid to be checked, after two color comparison tube reaction 5min, get appropriate in cuvette, the transmitted spectrum image of solution after the colour developing of being absorbed by camera, and by data line transfer in computing machine, open the image processing software in computing machine, its colourity R value is read after noise reduction process, contrast with typical curve, draw the content of potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide.
Embodiment 2
In order to verify the effect of pick-up unit of the present invention and detection method, inventor adopts pick-up unit and detection method in embodiment 1 to carry out test experience to potassium bromate in wheat flour and benzoyl peroxide, and result is as follows:
1. interference experiment
Experimental apparatus adopts experimental provision of the present invention, and experimental technique adopts detection method.
Experimental result:
Under selected conditions, the impact on potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide measurement result of common interference material is tested.Under the condition of relative error < 5%, be the potassium bromate of 0.1mg/L for concentration, the concurrent of permission is: 500 times of glucose, Sodium Benzoates, 1000 times of K +, Na +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Zn 2+, NO 3-, SO 4 2-deng.Be the benzoyl peroxide of 0.1mg/L for concentration, allow the material coexisted to be: 1000 times of K +, Na +, Cl -, Mg 2+, Zn 2+, Cu 2+, Pb 2+, Cr 3+, NO 3 -, SO 4 2-deng.Potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide all can be oxidized potassium iodide, but because potassium bromate can be water-soluble and be insoluble to majority of organic solvent, and benzoyl peroxide can be dissolved in majority of organic solvent and water insoluble, the present invention uses water extraction to get potassium bromate, benzoyl peroxide is extracted, so the mutual interference between the two can be got rid of with absolute ethyl alcohol.
Experiment conclusion: this law has stronger antijamming capability.
2. detection limit experiment
Experimental apparatus adopts experimental provision of the present invention, and experimental technique adopts detection method.
Experimental result:
Under selected conditions, carry out 11 blank determinations experiment to potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide respectively, the standard deviation obtaining 11 blank assays is: S kBrO3=0.199, S bPOthe typical curve concentration that=0.274,3 times of standard deviations are corresponding is respectively C kBrO3=1.26 × 10 -2mg/L, C bPO=1.84 × 10 -2mg/L.So detecting of potassium bromate is limited to 1.26 × 10 -2mg/L, detecting of benzoyl peroxide is limited to 1.84 × 10 -2mg/L.
Experiment conclusion: the present invention has lower detection limit.
3. recovery testu and Precision Experiment
Experimental apparatus adopts experimental provision of the present invention, and experimental technique adopts detection method.
Experimental result:
Under selected conditions, to potassium bromate (KBrO 3) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) carry out recovery testu, each experimental group average measurement 11 times.
Table 1 mark-on reclaims measurement result (n=11)
Experiment conclusion:
From experimental group 1-3 in table 1 and experimental group 4-6: when in wheat flour when individualism potassium bromate or benzoyl peroxide, the recovery of potassium bromate is 99.03%-101.17%, RSD is 1.14%-2.01%.The recovery of benzoyl peroxide is 96.53%-102.23%, RSD is 1.63%-2.12%.From experimental group 7-9, when potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide exist simultaneously, the recovery of potassium bromate is 98.9%-101.08%, RSD is 1.05%-1.78%.The recovery of benzoyl peroxide is 97.78%-98.42%, RSD is 1.26%-2.01%.Contrasted by experimental group 7-9 and experimental group 1-6, illustrate when potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide exist simultaneously, impact be there is no on measurement result.Visible the present invention has the higher recovery and higher reappearance, and can realize detecting while potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide.

Claims (2)

1. pick-up unit while potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide in a wheat flour, it is characterized in that: described pick-up unit comprises measurement camera bellows, be arranged on the reflecting plate reflecting uniform directional light measured inside camera bellows rear wall, the colour examining standard sources that the employing CIE that symmetry is arranged on measurement upper and lower both sides, camera bellows front end specifies, be arranged on the cuvette for holding mensuration chromophoric solution measuring camera bellows front end in the mode relative with reflecting plate, and be positioned at the camera in cuvette front; Described cuvette is placed in the center section of reflecting plate opposite face, adopts cambered design, and cuvette installs two in the middle of arc, is respectively used to the mensuration of potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide; Described camera is USB standard, and support USB specification 2.0 and 3.0, camera is installed in the middle of camera bellows outer arcuate, relatively with two cuvettes respectively respectively installs one, and is connected with computing machine the corresponding interface of Built-in Image process software by data line.
2. utilize pick-up unit described in claim 1 simultaneously to the method that potassium bromate in wheat flour and benzoyl peroxide detect, it is characterized in that: said method comprising the steps of:
The preparation of (1) 10 μ g/mL potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide titer:
At accurately taking 130 DEG C dried potassium bromate 0.1306g redistilled water dissolve after in 100mL volumetric flask constant volume, then accurately pipette 1.0mL constant volume in 100mL volumetric flask, now concentration is 10 μ g/mL;
Accurately take 0.100g benzoyl peroxide, after getting appropriate anhydrous alcohol solution, constant volume, in 100mL volumetric flask, then accurately pipettes 1.0mL constant volume in 100mL volumetric flask, and now concentration is 10 μ g/mL;
(2) preparation of starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion:
Accurately take 1.0g starch, after adding 100mL water, heating is boiled and is dissolved completely, is cooled to room temperature, adds 5g potassium iodide stirring and dissolving;
(3) preparation of 0.1mol/L acetic acid, phosphoric acid solution:
Conventionally prepare 0.1mol/L acetic acid, phosphoric acid solution;
(4) making of typical curve
The typical curve that a, potassium bromate measure: get 11 5mL color comparison tubes, the potassium bromate titer of the difference amount of 0mL-2.0mL is added according to gradient, add 1mL acetic acid solution and 2mL starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion afterwards respectively, 5mL is settled to distilled water, get appropriate in cuvette after reaction 5min, by camera, the transmitted spectrum image transmitting of solution after the colour developing of picked-up, in computing machine, is opened the image processing software in computing machine, read its colourity R value after noise reduction process; With colourity R value for ordinate, potassium bromate concentration is horizontal ordinate, production standard curve;
B, the typical curve that benzoyl peroxide measures: get 11 5mL color comparison tubes, the benzoyl peroxide titer of the difference amount of 0mL-2.0mL is added according to gradient, add 1.5mL phosphoric acid solution and 1.5mL potassium iodide-starch nitrite ion afterwards respectively, 5mL is settled to distilled water, get appropriate in cuvette after reaction 5min, by camera by the transmitted spectrum image transmitting of solution after the colour developing of picked-up in computing machine, open the image processing software in computing machine, its colourity R value is read after noise reduction process, with colourity R value for ordinate, benzoyl peroxide concentration is horizontal ordinate, production standard curve,
(5) preparation of liquid to be checked:
After getting wheat flour sample blending, accurately take two portions of 2.000g wheat flours in triangular flask, portion adds 20mL water, and another part adds 20mL absolute ethyl alcohol, and after concussion 15min, cross 0.45 μm of filter membrane, filtrate is liquid to be checked; Wherein, the filtrate of water is potassium bromate liquid to be checked, and absolute ethyl alcohol filtrate is benzoyl peroxide liquid to be checked;
(6) mensuration of potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide:
Get potassium bromate and each 2mL of benzoyl peroxide liquid to be checked in color comparison tube, add 1mL acetic acid solution and 2mL starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion in potassium bromate liquid to be checked, benzoyl peroxide liquid to be checked adds 1.5mL phosphoric acid solution and 1.5mL starch-kalium iodide nitrite ion; After reaction 5min, get appropriate in two cuvettes, by camera by the transmitted spectrum image transmitting of solution after the colour developing of picked-up in computing machine, open the image processing software in computing machine, its colourity R value is read after noise reduction process, and contrast with typical curve, draw the content of potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide.
CN201410076153.4A 2014-03-04 2014-03-04 Pick-up unit and detection method while potassium bromate and benzoyl peroxide in wheat flour Expired - Fee Related CN103792233B (en)

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