CN103718846B - A kind of LED light source reduces the method for Nitrate - Google Patents
A kind of LED light source reduces the method for Nitrate Download PDFInfo
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- CN103718846B CN103718846B CN201310721797.XA CN201310721797A CN103718846B CN 103718846 B CN103718846 B CN 103718846B CN 201310721797 A CN201310721797 A CN 201310721797A CN 103718846 B CN103718846 B CN 103718846B
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- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 235000021384 green leafy vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 abstract description 18
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 14
- 240000007124 Brassica oleracea Species 0.000 abstract description 10
- 235000003899 Brassica oleracea var acephala Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 10
- 235000011301 Brassica oleracea var capitata Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 10
- 235000001169 Brassica oleracea var oleracea Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 10
- 235000009337 Spinacia oleracea Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000000318 Bindesalat Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 244000106835 Bindesalat Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 244000300264 Spinacia oleracea Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 241000208822 Lactuca Species 0.000 description 9
- 235000003228 Lactuca sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 241000219315 Spinacia Species 0.000 description 9
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HMUNWXXNJPVALC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]piperazin-1-yl]-2-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)N1CCN(CC1)C(CN1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2)=O HMUNWXXNJPVALC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-erythro-ascorbic acid Natural products OCC1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930003268 Vitamin C Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930002875 chlorophyll Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 235000019804 chlorophyll Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M chlorophyll a Chemical compound C1([C@@H](C(=O)OC)C(=O)C2=C3C)=C2N2C3=CC(C(CC)=C3C)=[N+]4C3=CC3=C(C=C)C(C)=C5N3[Mg-2]42[N+]2=C1[C@@H](CCC(=O)OC\C=C(/C)CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@H](C)C2=C5 ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000010835 comparative analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019154 vitamin C Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 description 2
- VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)-N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C(=O)NCCC(N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2)=O VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDXJRKWFNNFDSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-1-[4-[2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidin-5-yl]piperazin-1-yl]ethanone Chemical compound C1CN(CC2=NNN=C21)CC(=O)N3CCN(CC3)C4=CN=C(N=C4)NCC5=CC(=CC=C5)OC(F)(F)F LDXJRKWFNNFDSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLZOPXRUQYQQID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-1-[4-[2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidin-5-yl]piperazin-1-yl]propan-1-one Chemical compound N1N=NC=2CN(CCC=21)CCC(=O)N1CCN(CC1)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F YLZOPXRUQYQQID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007952 growth promoter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/14—Measures for saving energy, e.g. in green houses
Landscapes
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a kind of method that LED light source reduces Nitrate, the method utilizes the LED of blue light, ruddiness, infrared light three kinds of different wave lengths and photon hypothesis value according to blue light: ruddiness: infrared light=5: the lamp number proportions of 3: 2 becomes LED illumination unit, 7-10 days before the leaf vegetables such as cabbage heart, romaine lettuce, spinach are gathered, place LED illumination unit 22:00-2:00 every night that 50cm-100cm is high above plant irradiates and carries out light filling in 4 hours, extremely significantly can reduce the nitrate content in results organ.Be conducive to preventing nitrate content in leaf vegetables from exceeding safety standard and causing the harm to human body, for ensureing that pollution-free vegetable quality safety provides new technology.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of vegetable production, in particular to a method for reducing nitrate content of leaf vegetables by using an LED light source.
Background
The plant absorbs light not in all bands but selectively, only light with the wavelength of 400-700 nm can be used for photosynthesis, namely photosynthetically active radiation, and ultraviolet light with the wavelength of less than 400nm and far-red light with the wavelength of 700-800 nm cannot directly act on the photosynthesis, but can be used as environmental signals to regulate the growth and development process and metabolism of the plant; plants cannot utilize light with wavelengths longer than 800nm, which is mostly dissipated in the form of thermal radiation. Therefore, for light sources (hereinafter referred to as common light sources) which emit light with continuous wavelengths (300-1500 nm or wider wavelength range) such as high-pressure sodium lamps, halogen lamps, incandescent lamps and the like with high energy consumption, the utilization rate of the light energy of the plants is low, and meanwhile, the light sources belong to thermal light sources, easily cause the rise of the environmental temperature, cannot be close to the irradiation of the plants, and are not beneficial to accurately regulating the growth and metabolism of the plants.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects in the prior art and provides the method for reducing the nitrate content of the leaf vegetables by using the LED light source, which has high light energy utilization rate and can accurately regulate and control the growth, development and metabolism of plants.
A method for reducing nitrate content of leaf vegetables by using an LED light source comprises the following steps:
installing an irradiation unit to irradiate the leaf vegetables 7-10 days before harvesting according to the cultivation area per square meter, wherein the irradiation unit irradiates for a plurality of hours every night and continuously irradiates for 7-10 days;
the irradiation unit is 1 irradiation unit formed by combining three LED lamps of blue light, red light and infrared light according to the number proportion of the lamps of blue light, red light and infrared light which is 5: 3: 2, and the three LED lamps in each irradiation unit are evenly distributed on the same plane;
wherein,
blue light: wavelength 45010nm, light quantum flux density of 0.78 μmol/m-2·s-1；
Red light: wavelength of 630 +/-10 nm and light quantum flux density of 0.79 mu mol.m-2·s-1；
Infrared light: wavelength 735 +/-10 nm and light quantum flux density of 0.45 mu mol.m-2·s-1。
Further, in the method for reducing the nitrate content in the leaf vegetables by using the LED light source as described above, the distribution of the three LED lamps on the irradiation unit is as follows: the blue LED lamps are evenly distributed on the circumference with the diameter of 8.5cm-12.5 cm; the red LED lamps are evenly distributed on the circumference with the diameter of 4.5cm-6.5 cm; the infrared light is evenly distributed on the circumference with the diameter of 2.5cm-3.5cm, and the circle centers of the circumferences where the three LED lamps are located are overlapped.
Furthermore, in the method for reducing the nitrate content of the leaf vegetables by using the LED light source, the irradiation unit irradiates the leaf vegetables for 22:00-2:00 hours every day for 7-10 days continuously.
Further, the method for reducing the nitrate content of the leaf vegetables by using the LED light source is characterized in that the irradiation unit is arranged at a position which is 50cm-100cm high and is vertically above the plants 7-10 days before the leaf vegetables are harvested.
The technology applies three LEDs of blue light, red light and infrared light to be combined into an irradiation unit according to a certain proportion, and light is supplemented 7-10 days before leaf vegetables such as cabbage, lettuce and spinach are harvested, so that the nitrate content in leaf vegetable harvesting organs can be obviously reduced. And the effect is superior to that of a common light source, and the energy consumption (electricity consumption) is greatly reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a distribution diagram of three LED lamps on an illumination unit of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention are described clearly and completely below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1-1:
the distribution of the three types of LED lamps on the irradiation unit is as follows: the blue LED lamps are evenly distributed on the circumference with the diameter of 8.5 cm; the red LED lamps are evenly distributed on the circumference with the diameter of 4.5 cm; the infrared light is evenly distributed on a circumference with the diameter of 2.5cm, and the circle centers of the circumferences where the three LED lamps are located are overlapped;
blue light: wavelength of 450nm and light quantum flux density of 0.78 μmol/m-2·s-1；
Red light: wavelength of 630nm and light quantum flux density of 0.79 μmol · m-2·s-1；
Infrared light: wavelength 735nm, light quantum flux density 0.45 μmol. m-2·s-1；
The LED irradiation unit shown in FIG. 1 is used for irradiating for 4 hours every night at 22:00-2:00 days before the harvest of the cabbage heart, the lettuce and the spinach. The experimental area of each vegetable is 3m2And 3 irradiation units are respectively installed, the number of the LED lamps installed in each irradiation unit is 5 blue LED lamps, 3 red LED lamps and 2 infrared LED lamps, and the irradiation height of each irradiation unit is 100cm away from the top of the plant.
Examples 1 to 2:
the number of the LED lamps of the irradiation unit in the embodiment 1-1 is increased by 1 time according to the ratio of blue light, red light and infrared light of 5: 3: 2, namely 10 blue LED lamps, 6 red LED lamps and 4 infrared LED lamps, and the rest of the experimental methods are the same as those in the embodiment 1-1.
Comparative example 1:
irradiating with 25W incandescent lamp for 4 hr at night 22:00-2:00 days before harvesting cabbage heart, lettuce and spinach. The experimental area of each vegetable is 3m23 incandescent lamps were installed each, with the height of illumination 100cm from the top of the plant.
Example 2-1:
the distribution of the three types of LED lamps on the irradiation unit is as follows: the blue LED lamps are evenly distributed on the circumference with the diameter of 12.5 cm; the red LED lamps are evenly distributed on the circumference with the diameter of 6.5 cm; the infrared light is evenly distributed on a circumference with the diameter of 3.5cm, and the circle centers of the circumferences where the three LED lamps are located are overlapped;
blue light: wavelength 440nm, light quantum flux density 0.78 μmol/m-2·s-1；
Red light: wavelength of 620nm and light quantum flux density of 0.79 mu mol.m-2·s-1；
Infrared light: wavelength of 745nm and light quantum flux density of 0.45 μmol · m-2·s-1；
The LED irradiation unit shown in FIG. 1 is used for irradiating for 4 hours at night of 22:00-2:00 every day 8 days before the harvest of the cabbage heart, the lettuce and the spinach. The experimental area of each vegetable is 3m23 irradiation units are respectively arranged, and the irradiation height is 80cm away from the top of the plant.
Example 2-2:
the number of the LED lamps of the irradiation unit in example 2-1 was increased by 1 time according to the ratio of blue light to red light to infrared light of 5: 3: 2, that is, 10 blue LED lamps, 6 red LED lamps, and 4 infrared LED lamps, and the rest of the experimental methods were the same as those in example 2-1.
Comparative example 2:
irradiating with 25W incandescent lamp for 4 hr at night at 22:00-2:00 days before harvesting cabbage heart, lettuce and spinach. The experimental area of each vegetable is 3m23 incandescent lamps were installed each, with the height of illumination 80cm from the top of the plant.
Example 3-1:
the distribution of the three types of LED lamps on the irradiation unit is as follows: the blue LED lamps are evenly distributed on the circumference with the diameter of 10.5 cm; the red LED lamps are evenly distributed on the circumference with the diameter of 5.5 cm; the infrared light is evenly distributed on a circumference with the diameter of 3.0cm, and the circle centers of the circumferences where the three LED lamps are located are overlapped;
blue light: wavelength of 460nm and light quantum flux density of 0.78 μmol/m-2·s-1；
Red light: wavelength of 640nm and light quantum flux density of 0.79 mu mol.m-2·s-1；
Infrared light: wavelength of 725nm and light quantum flux density of 0.45 mu mol.m-2·s-1；
The LED irradiation unit shown in FIG. 1 is used for irradiating for 4 hours every night at 22:00-2:00 days before the harvest of the cabbage heart, the lettuce and the spinach. The experimental area of each vegetable is 3m23 irradiation units are respectively arranged, and the irradiation height is 50cm away from the top of the plant.
Example 3-2:
the number of the LED lamps of the irradiation unit in example 3-1 was increased by 1 time according to the ratio of blue light, red light and infrared light of 5: 3: 2, that is, 10 blue LED lamps, 6 red LED lamps and 4 infrared LED lamps, and the rest of the experimental methods were the same as those in example 3-1.
Comparative example 3:
irradiating with 25W incandescent lamp for 4 hr at night 22:00-2:00 days before harvesting cabbage heart, lettuce and spinach. The experimental area of each vegetable is 3m23 incandescent lamps were installed each, with the height of illumination 50cm from the top of the plant.
Comparative example 4:
the cabbage heart, the lettuce and the spinach are respectively cultivated in the same period as the embodiment and the comparative example, artificial irradiation and light supplement are not carried out, and the experimental area of each vegetable is 3m2。
The data from the above examples and comparative examples were analyzed in comparison, as follows:
TABLE 1 comparative analysis of nitrate content for examples and comparative examples
TABLE 2 comparative analysis of plant height, fresh weight per plant and quality of examples and comparative examples
The experimental results show that the effect of the method for irradiating vegetables is very obvious on reducing the nitrate content of vegetables such as cabbage, lettuce and spinach, the effect is reduced by 30.2-42.5% compared with the effect of not supplementing light, and the effect is reduced by 21.0-33.0% compared with the effect of irradiating the vegetables by using an incandescent lamp for the same time (Table 1). In addition, compared with the plant without light supplement, the plant growth promoter can promote the high growth of plants, has a certain yield increase effect, increases the content of soluble sugar, vitamin C and chlorophyll in leaves, and improves the quality (table 2).
The method can remarkably reduce the nitrate content in the harvested organs of the vegetables. Is beneficial to preventing the nitrate content in the leaf vegetables from exceeding the safety standard to cause harm to human bodies, and provides a new technology for ensuring the quality safety of the pollution-free vegetables. In addition, compared with the method without light supplement, the method can promote the high growth of plants, has a certain yield increase effect, can increase the content of soluble sugar, vitamin C and chlorophyll in leaves, and improves the quality. Compared with the use of a common light source, the use of an LED light source can greatly reduce energy consumption (power consumption).
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for reducing nitrate content of leaf vegetables by using an LED light source is characterized by comprising the following steps:
installing an irradiation unit to irradiate the leaf vegetables 7-10 days before harvesting according to the cultivation area per square meter, wherein the irradiation unit irradiates for a plurality of hours every night and continuously irradiates for 7-10 days;
the irradiation unit is 1 irradiation unit formed by combining three LED lamps of blue light, red light and infrared light according to the number proportion of the lamps of blue light, red light and infrared light which is 5: 3: 2, and the three LED lamps in each irradiation unit are evenly distributed on the same plane;
wherein,
blue light: wavelength of 450 +/-10 nm and light quantum flux density of 0.78 micron mol.m-2·s-1；
Red light: wavelength of 630 +/-10 nm and light quantum flux density of 0.79 mu mol.m-2·s-1；
Infrared light: wavelength 735 +/-10 nm and light quantum flux density of 0.45 mu mol.m-2·s-1。
2. The method for reducing the nitrate content of leaf vegetables by using the LED light source as claimed in claim 1, wherein the distribution of three LED lamps on the irradiation unit is as follows: the blue LED lamps are evenly distributed on the circumference with the diameter of 8.5cm-12.5 cm; the red LED lamps are evenly distributed on the circumference with the diameter of 4.5cm-6.5 cm; the infrared light is evenly distributed on the circumference with the diameter of 2.5cm-3.5cm, and the circle centers of the circumferences where the three LED lamps are located are overlapped.
3. The method for reducing the nitrate content of the leaf vegetables by using the LED light source as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the irradiation unit irradiates the leaf vegetables for 22:00-2:00 hours every day for 7-10 days continuously.
4. The method for reducing the nitrate content of leaf vegetables by using the LED light source as claimed in claim 3, wherein the irradiation unit is installed at a position 50cm-100cm high vertically above the plants 7-10 days before the leaf vegetables are harvested.
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| CN105815197A (en) * | 2016-04-29 | 2016-08-03 | 华南农业大学 | Method for improving quality of hydroponic vegetables by use of blue light LED for supplementing light |
| CN106258871A (en) * | 2016-07-25 | 2017-01-04 | 北海市蔬菜研究所 | The ciltivating process of Caulis et Folium Lactucae Sativae |
| CN109197219A (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2019-01-15 | 广东绿爱生物科技股份有限公司 | A kind of method for growing vegetables and LED light source |
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| EP0577222A1 (en) * | 1992-07-02 | 1994-01-05 | Bakker Panklaar B.V. | Method of quickly and significantly lowering the nitrate content of plant material |
| CN101066026A (en) * | 2007-06-13 | 2007-11-07 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | Pakchoi fertilizing method capable of reducing nitrate content |
| CN101124874A (en) * | 2006-08-18 | 2008-02-20 | 康泉生物科技股份有限公司 | Low nitrate salts containing vegetable and cultivating method thereof |
| CN101642032A (en) * | 2009-09-08 | 2010-02-10 | 江苏大学 | Determining method of reasonable illuminating dose of facility vegetable |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2002315569A (en) * | 2001-04-24 | 2002-10-29 | Tokai Sangyo Kk | Method for culturing algae |
| US7895790B2 (en) * | 2009-04-23 | 2011-03-01 | Chien-Feng Lin | Algae cultivation apparatus |
| JP5988420B2 (en) * | 2011-01-17 | 2016-09-07 | 株式会社四国総合研究所 | Leafy vegetables production method |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0577222A1 (en) * | 1992-07-02 | 1994-01-05 | Bakker Panklaar B.V. | Method of quickly and significantly lowering the nitrate content of plant material |
| CN101124874A (en) * | 2006-08-18 | 2008-02-20 | 康泉生物科技股份有限公司 | Low nitrate salts containing vegetable and cultivating method thereof |
| CN101066026A (en) * | 2007-06-13 | 2007-11-07 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | Pakchoi fertilizing method capable of reducing nitrate content |
| CN101642032A (en) * | 2009-09-08 | 2010-02-10 | 江苏大学 | Determining method of reasonable illuminating dose of facility vegetable |
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| 坝上地区蔬菜硝酸盐含量的状况及其防治措施;李新波等;《土壤肥料》;20031231(第02期);第24-26页 * |
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