CN103717441B - 具有功率电子器件的车辆 - Google Patents

具有功率电子器件的车辆 Download PDF

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CN103717441B
CN103717441B CN201280039357.XA CN201280039357A CN103717441B CN 103717441 B CN103717441 B CN 103717441B CN 201280039357 A CN201280039357 A CN 201280039357A CN 103717441 B CN103717441 B CN 103717441B
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circuit board
current
phase
busbar
control circuit
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CN103717441A (zh
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J·洛佩兹德阿罗亚贝
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/007—Physical arrangements or structures of drive train converters specially adapted for the propulsion motors of electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
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    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K1/00—Printed circuits
    • H05K1/02—Details
    • H05K1/0213—Electrical arrangements not otherwise provided for
    • H05K1/0263—High current adaptations, e.g. printed high current conductors or using auxiliary non-printed means; Fine and coarse circuit patterns on one circuit board
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    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
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    • H05K1/02—Details
    • H05K1/14—Structural association of two or more printed circuits
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    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • H05K7/14—Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack
    • H05K7/1422—Printed circuit boards receptacles, e.g. stacked structures, electronic circuit modules or box like frames
    • H05K7/1427—Housings
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    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
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    • H05K7/14—Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack
    • H05K7/1422—Printed circuit boards receptacles, e.g. stacked structures, electronic circuit modules or box like frames
    • H05K7/1427—Housings
    • H05K7/1432—Housings specially adapted for power drive units or power converters
    • H05K7/14322—Housings specially adapted for power drive units or power converters wherein the control and power circuits of a power converter are arranged within the same casing
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    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
    • H05K7/14—Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack
    • H05K7/1422—Printed circuit boards receptacles, e.g. stacked structures, electronic circuit modules or box like frames
    • H05K7/1427—Housings
    • H05K7/1432—Housings specially adapted for power drive units or power converters
    • H05K7/14329—Housings specially adapted for power drive units or power converters specially adapted for the configuration of power bus bars
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42—Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/429—Current
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/80—Time limits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2270/00—Problem solutions or means not otherwise provided for
    • B60L2270/10—Emission reduction
    • B60L2270/14—Emission reduction of noise
    • B60L2270/147—Emission reduction of noise electro magnetic [EMI]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/003—Constructional details, e.g. physical layout, assembly, wiring or busbar connections
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/04—Assemblies of printed circuits
    • H05K2201/041—Stacked PCBs, i.e. having neither an empty space nor mounted components in between
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/10—Details of components or other objects attached to or integrated in a printed circuit board
    • H05K2201/10007—Types of components
    • H05K2201/10151—Sensor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/10—Details of components or other objects attached to or integrated in a printed circuit board
    • H05K2201/10007—Types of components
    • H05K2201/10166—Transistor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/10—Details of components or other objects attached to or integrated in a printed circuit board
    • H05K2201/10227—Other objects, e.g. metallic pieces
    • H05K2201/10272—Busbars, i.e. thick metal bars mounted on the PCB as high-current conductors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Inverter Devices (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Control Of Ac Motors In General (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种车辆，其包括用于在直流电路与多相交流电机之间转换能量的功率电子单元，所述功率电子单元包括功率模块、驱动电路板和控制电路板，并且所述功率电子单元具有两个直流汇流条，所述直流电路能连接到这些直流汇流条上，所述功率电子单元还具有相电流汇流条，所述多相交流电机能连接到这些相电流汇流条上，其中，所述相电流汇流条的数量与多相交流电机的相数相对应，构造方式是：功率模块、驱动电路板和控制电路板的布置相当于一夹层结构，所述相电流汇流条与所述功率模块连接，所述控制电路板对于每个相电流汇流条设有一穿引部，相应的相电流汇流条能够穿过所述穿引部。

Description

具有功率电子器件的车辆
技术领域
本发明涉及一种车辆，其包括用于在直流电路与多相交流电机之间转换能量的功率电子单元，所述功率电子单元包括功率模块、驱动电路板和控制电路板，并且所述功率电子单元具有两个直流汇流条，所述直流电路能连接到这些直流汇流条上，所述功率电子单元还具有相电流汇流条，所述多相交流电机能连接到这些相电流汇流条上，其中，所述相电流汇流条的数量与所述多相交流电机的相数相对应。
背景技术
在现代化的机动车如混合动力车或电动车中使用的功率电子部件与固定不动的应用场合(诸如在工业及设备技术中)相比，有着更加苛刻的要求。这一点例如涉及到几何构造和结构空间、以及热稳定性或者用于短时运行的设计。
在具有电气化传动系的车辆中，作为功率电子部件，特别是需要电气变流器或者整流器，它们在处于高压范围内的直流电压车载电网与多相电机之间转换能量。在一电气变流器中使用组合成功率模块的电子半导体高功率开关，大多为IGBTs(insulated-gatebipolartransistors，绝缘栅门双极晶体管)，其类似于一个装备好的印刷电路板。另外，一个变流器大多具有一个独立的驱动电路板，通过该驱动电路板实现对栅门的电压控制。此外，变流器具有一个控制电路板，该控制电路板具有一中央处理器(CPU)。控制电路板的工作电压通常处在低压范围内，驱动电路板和功率模块则被设计为用于高电压。
根据现有技术，功率模块与用于交变电流的流动的汇流条相连接。通常，汇流条都配备有电流传感器。大多情况下，电流传感器的模拟测量信号被传送到控制电路板的CPU。如由科学出版物DOI10.1109/ISPSD.2008.4538886所获知的那样，也可选择按照一种花费较高的设计使测量信号在测量位置得到处理。
由文献US2004/0066643已知一种用于汇流条和金属屏蔽板(Schirmplatte)的设置结构，用以将电子器件与由IGBTs开关操作产生的电磁干扰场的相互影响降低到最小。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，介绍一种带有经过改良的功率电子单元的车辆。
为此，本发明提供一种车辆，其包括用于在直流电路与多相交流电机之间转换能量的功率电子单元，所述功率电子单元包括功率模块、驱动电路板和控制电路板，并且所述功率电子单元具有两个直流汇流条，所述直流电路能连接到这些直流汇流条上，所述功率电子单元还具有相电流汇流条，所述多相交流电机能连接到这些相电流汇流条上，其中，所述相电流汇流条的数量与所述多相交流电机的相数相对应，其特征在于：
-所述功率模块、所述驱动电路板和所述控制电路板彼此按夹层结构设置，
-所述相电流汇流条能够与所述功率模块电连接，
-所述控制电路板对于每个相电流汇流条设有一穿引部，相应的相电流汇流条能够穿过所述穿引部，
-所述控制电路板在每个穿引部上具有电流传感器，
-每个电流传感器测量相应的相电流汇流条中的电流。
根据本发明，功率模块、驱动电路板和控制电路板的布置相当于一夹层结构，其中，各相电流汇流条与功率模块连接。此外，控制电路板对于每个相电流汇流条设有一穿引部，相应的相电流汇流条穿过所述穿引部。
由此实现了将各相电流汇流条以相对于控制电路板尽可能小的空间距离进行设置的效果。
按照本发明的一个优选的实施方式，控制电路板在每个穿引部上具有一电流传感器，其中，每个电流传感器测量相应的相电流汇流条中的电流。
这一点提供了一个特别的优点，即，在相电流汇流条内测定电机的各相应相电流的电流传感器可以通过相电流汇流条的这种设置被集成整合于控制电路板上。
按照本发明的另一个变型方案，控制电路板具有一个中央处理器和通往电流传感器中的每一个的模拟数据连接。每个电流传感器经由配属给相应传感器的数据连接传输电流测量信号。
优选所述数据连接构造成电缆连接，经由该电缆连接，模拟的测量信号分别从各个相应的电流传感器被传输给中央处理器。在这种情况下特别有益的是：由于小的空间距离之故，而实现了电流传感器与中央处理器之间电缆连接的最小化长度。因此，电流测量信号相对于电磁干扰的敏感度很小。
如果该车辆构造成电动车或混合动力车的话，则产生特别的优点。电动车和混合动力车具有可达380V以上的高压范围内的电气化传动系。该传动系要基于大量的运行状态和影响参量尽可能精密地加以控制。对电机相电流的几乎无干扰的测量为此做出了贡献。
本发明是基于下述考虑：对于电动车和混合动力车，在功率电子器件***中为测量电机的相电流而采用了电流传感器。这些电流传感器对于电机的调节控制具有重要意义。因此就一定要避免对电流传感器的电流测量信号的干扰或相移。通过对功率电子器件***的各电路板的一种合适的、拓扑学的设置方式，可以决定性地提高信号质量。这一点可以通过下述方式得以实现：将相电流传感器安置在控制电路板上，以使得电流传感器与CPU的模拟数字转换器之间的条状导体(印制导线)长度最小化。为此，用于各个相的汇流条被引导穿过控制电路板。由此产生了节省材料花费和减轻重量的潜在可能。
附图说明
下文将参照附图对本发明的优选实施例加以阐述。由此可得出本发明的其他的细节、优选的实施方式和发展设计。图解详细示出：
图1为功率电子单元；
图2为功率电子单元的分解图。
具体实施方式
图1示意性地示出的是一个用于机动车的功率电子单元。在图2中示出了该功率电子单元的分解图，其中，图2内的附图标记与图1内的附图标记相对应。该功率电子单元作为示例构造成用于三相电机的功率电子变流器。
在一个被称为功率模块(1)的电路板上具有由高功率半导体开关(IGBTs，insulated-gatebipolartransistors)和半导体二极管构成的三个半桥(2'、2”、2”')。每个半桥分别与一个相电流汇流条(3'、3”、3”')连接。各相电流汇流条可以利用汇流条加长部(10'、10”、10”')延长，以便建立与电机的传导连接。IGBTs的栅门经由一个位于驱动电路板(4)上的驱动电路被控制。
另外，该功率电子单元还具有一个带有中央处理器(CPU，centralprocessingunit，6)的控制电路板(5)。该控制电路板具有一些槽口，相电流汇流条可以被引导穿过这些槽口。在所述槽口处，电路板可以配有在该印刷电路板与穿引通过的相电流汇流条之间的定距件。
此外，控制电路板在所述槽口处具有电流传感器(7'、7”、7”')，这些电流传感器例如可以构造成霍尔传感器。为了能够按照霍尔原理进行电流测量，霍尔传感器同样具有穿引部(8'、8”、8”')，相电流汇流条被引导穿过这些穿引部。霍尔传感器为模拟传感器并且分别测定模拟的测量信号。这些测量信号分别经由条状导体(印制导线)或者电缆连接的线路(9'、9”、9”')传输给中央处理器。
用于相电流汇流条的电流传感器的空间上的接近对电流测量信号的质量可产生特别有益的影响，因为实现了用于数据传输的短距离。此外，用于数据传输的线路仅仅位于控制电路板的区域内。
根据现有技术，在模拟的电流传感器与控制电路板的CPU之间的空间距离较大，与该现有技术相比，对用于传输模拟测量信号的线路产生了更好的屏蔽。电磁干扰影响(该电磁干扰影响由IGBTs的高电流的开关操作所引起并且导致一种不希望有的和几乎无法校验的测量信号延时或者相移)得以降低。因而可以在变流器的成本投入小和结构空间需求低的情况下，实现对相电流、亦即电机的精密调节控制。这一点将本实施例与下述现有技术区分开来，按照该现有技术，由电流传感器测得的信号在电流测量位置被处理。在此，对于每个电流传感器需要附加的印刷电路板，它们分别具备一种本身由CPU提供的功能性。
此外，本实施例相对下述现有技术也存在着区别，按照该现有技术，由电流传感器测得的信号优选借助于阻容过滤器进行处理以实现干扰补偿。这种过滤器在图1和2介绍的实施例中可以省去或者以比现有技术小得多的复杂性加以应用。
由按照图1和2所示的设置方式产生的另一个优点是变流器的紧凑结构。所有的线路可以保持很短，因而对于整个设置组合保持电磁兼容性。这一点不只是涉及到用于电流传感器的数据传输的线路，而且还涉及在驱动电路板与功率模块之间的IGBTs的控制线路。因此，IGBT-控制信号可以几乎无干扰地并且本身导线电感少地得以应用。这样有助于实现对IGBTs的迅速而精密的控制，并且附加地产生了对相电流的更加精确的可调节性。于是车辆驾驶者便能通过电机的短促响应特性而获得特别是无冲撞的和轻快灵活的驾驶体验。紧凑的构造形式也节省了材料消耗和结构空间。
按照另一种实施方式，驱动电路板的结构组件也可以集成整合于控制电路板的一个部分上，从而可以省去位于功率模块与控制电路板之间的驱动电路板。

Claims (3)

1.车辆，其包括用于在直流电路与多相交流电机之间转换能量的功率电子单元，所述功率电子单元包括功率模块、驱动电路板和控制电路板，并且所述功率电子单元具有两个直流汇流条，所述直流电路能连接到这些直流汇流条上，所述功率电子单元还具有相电流汇流条，所述多相交流电机能连接到这些相电流汇流条上，其中，所述相电流汇流条的数量与所述多相交流电机的相数相对应，其特征在于：
-所述功率模块、所述驱动电路板和所述控制电路板彼此按夹层结构设置，
-所述相电流汇流条能够与所述功率模块电连接，
-所述控制电路板对于每个相电流汇流条设有一穿引部，相应的相电流汇流条能够穿过所述穿引部，
-所述控制电路板在每个穿引部上具有电流传感器，
-每个电流传感器测量相应的相电流汇流条中的电流。
2.如权利要求1所述的车辆，其特征在于：
-所述控制电路板具有中央处理器，
-所述控制电路板在所述中央处理器与所述电流传感器之间分别具有模拟的数据连接，
-通过所述电流传感器，经由相应的数据连接，能够将电流测量信号传输至所述中央处理器。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的车辆，其特征在于：
-该车辆构造成电动车或混合动力车。
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