CN1035547C - 难混合挤压物的挤压机 - Google Patents

难混合挤压物的挤压机 Download PDF

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CN1035547C
CN1035547C CN91111462A CN91111462A CN1035547C CN 1035547 C CN1035547 C CN 1035547C CN 91111462 A CN91111462 A CN 91111462A CN 91111462 A CN91111462 A CN 91111462A CN 1035547 C CN1035547 C CN 1035547C
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extruder
screw
pin
extruding
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格德·凯彼尔
马丁·彼尔斯
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KraussMaffei Extrusion GmbH
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Hermann Berstorff Maschinenbau GmbH
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Abstract

一种用于难混合挤压物的挤压机,它将迄今只是单独使用的销钉机筒部分和传送混合部分联合起来用在一个挤压机中。在传送混合部分中壳体螺纹容积最大的地方所设置的节流销,可以使挤压机通用于各种挤压物。壳体和螺杆螺纹的螺纹头数采用常值,可使壳体和螺纹的螺旋棱数与壳体和螺杆的螺纹横截面积无关。在引料段的挤压机壳内设螺旋形壳体槽,进一步改善了挤压物的混合质量和提高了挤压机的推出能力。

Description

难混合挤压物的挤压机
本发明涉及一种加工和生产橡胶和热塑性塑料的挤压机。
挤料并均化用的挤压机,以往无例外采用所谓销钉机筒式挤压机,例如申请人在DE-OS2235784或DE-0S3003615中所介绍的。这类结构的挤压机中,金属销穿过挤压机壳,径向地伸入挤压机加工腔,在该处的挤压螺杆上的螺旋棱是间断的。。
这种挤压机的特点是有很高的生产量和对所加工的材料有良好的均化效果,而且与传统的带剪切螺杆的冷给料挤压机相比,能够在螺杆转速相同时每单位时间有更大的排料能力。这一优点导致在近15年来销钉机筒式挤压机成为橡胶工业最常用的挤压机。
与此无关地另外还发展了一种挤压机的混合部件,已知将它用作传送机的混合部分(DE-A1142839)。此混合部分的基本特征为,无论挤压螺杆还是挤压机壳内壁,都在一定长度上设有槽和螺旋棱,,沿挤压机壳的纵向,壳体槽的深度先增加再减小,而挤压螺杆上的螺纹深度则以同样的比例先降为零,紧接着重新增大。这样的挤压螺杆和挤压机壳,可以使螺杆槽和壳体槽之间的挤压物得到充分交换,从而获得良好的混合效果。
与销钉机筒式挤压机相比,尤其是当挤压机结构长度较小时,传送式挤压机也会占有一定的市场。
此外,由US3613160已知一种设有节流部件的挤压机,可以从外部操纵此节流部件,以改变挤压物在挤压机内的传送。按照此专利文件的介绍,在挤压螺杆的颈部设一圆柱形构件,它与螺杆装配在一起,以完全闭锁加工腔下游。在此圆柱形机件的所在部位,有两个节流销从外部穿过挤压机壳径向地***沿轴向的溢流通道内,此通道制在挤压机壳内壁上。
当抽回节流销时,一部分在圆柱形构件上游的挤压物,经过这些通道,到达挤压机的下游。通过使节流销在溢流通道内有不同的***深度,可以限制挤压物流量。
由DE-PS2731438还已知一种传送式挤压机,它在传送段外壳中和螺杆上的螺旋棱数,,随螺杆螺纹横截面积的增大而减小,随着螺杆螺纹横截面积的变小而增多。此时,螺杆螺纹在具有较大横截面积时的宽度比螺杆螺纹有较小横截面积时的宽度大。
尽管过去在这种混合部分中所进行的试验表明有较好的混合质量,而且此混合部分是完全自动净化的,但是,其缺点是所建议的这种结构形式使制造相当费时,因此生产成本高。
最后,由DE-0S3133708和EP-PS0062203已知在单螺杆挤压机中引料段挤压机壳内壁上,设轴向或螺旋状壳体槽。这种挤压机一般用于挤压熔体粘度较高、热稳定性差或与挤压机加工腔的金属表面摩擦小的聚合材料。这样一种挤压机,对这类难以加工的挤压物,还可在熔体温度较低和压力较高的情况下,有高的生产量。此外,通过在挤压机引料段减小剪切,可使挤压物塑化和无脉动地挤压成形。
由于混合挤压机技术,在最近15年内除某些细微处作了一些改进外,没有什么变化,所以本发明的目的是介绍一种混合和均化的挤压机,它与现有已知的设备相比,至少可以在混合效果同样好的情况下,既减小投资费用,又能提高推出能力,并可显著缩短结构长度和扩大混合与均化的挤压机迄今为止的使用范围。
还有,用这种挤压机所进行的塑化处理,可以根据挤压物特性自由地加以调整。
为此本发明提供按主专利4039942.7加工和制造橡胶和热塑性塑料的挤压机,它包括一个有加料口和出料口的挤压机壳以及一个传动装置,它用以驱动装在壳体加工腔内可绕其纵轴线旋转的挤压螺杆,其特征为:挤压机有两个前后设置的混合和均化段;其中一个区段设计为销钉机筒段,它有***壳体加工腔中的径向销钉,并在销钉所在处将螺杆螺旋棱中断;;另一个区段设计为传送段,在该区段中;从入口段到出口段,挤压螺杆的螺纹容积不断减小直至零,此后螺纹容积增大到最大值,在此区段中挤压机壳上有不间断的壳体螺纹,与传送部分的入口段到出口段此螺纹的容积从零增大到最大值,紧接着重新降为零,在此区段中壳体螺纹螺旋状地围绕着一条想象的挤压机轴线;在壳体螺纹的螺纹容积最大的地方设有可移动的径向节流销,它可穿过壳体***壳体螺纹和加工腔中;在传送段的入口段和出口段中,螺纹数并因而螺杆螺旋棱和壳体螺旋棱的数目与壳体和螺杆螺纹的横截面积无关而保持常数;以及,在挤压机的引料段中,壳体内壁设螺旋形的槽。
通过将两种已知的混合部件的结构形式组合起来,可以制成具有主权利要求特征的挤压机,它与按现有技术制造的混合与均化挤压机相比有着明显的优点。
可以确定,一台具有销钉机筒段和带附加销钉的传送段的挤压机,在混合质量相同、螺杆转速相等时,挤压机的驱动功率可以减小50%,排量提高60%至100%。
这一极好的结果还进一步使驱动扭矩减小50%,从而导致大大降低挤压机传动装置的制造成本。此外,将销钉机筒和传送部件的技术结合起来后,与那种只按销钉机筒原理工作的挤压机相比,可以在保证混合质量相同时所必须的混合段结构长度减小约50%。
设置可作径向移动的节流销,可使所建议的挤压机用于加工不同的橡胶混合物。上述节流销沿径向***挤压机壳的传送段中其壳体螺纹容积最大的地方。通过使节流销在壳体螺纹和挤压机加工腔中有不同的***深度,可以任意地和根据混合要求预先选定挤压物塑化功率和在传送部分转化为用于挤压物的摩擦能量。可见,与迄今已知的此类挤压机相比,所介绍的挤压机除了螺杆转速和工艺温度外,还有其他可自由选择的过程参数。
此外,在传送段中,挤压螺杆和壳体衬筒的螺纹头数并因而螺旋棱数与螺纹横截面积无关的设计,使挤压机在保持具有自动净化能力和保证混合质量的条件下,加工成本较低。
在挤压机引料段中采用已知的壳体槽,再加上销钉圆柱和传送部分,可进一步极大地提高挤压机的混合质量和推出能力。
尤其是对于以橡胶为基的难以加工的挤压物,下述挤压机引料段被证明有突出的优点,即在引料段的挤压机壳内壁制有螺旋形槽,槽的起点在挤压机加料口下方,顺流而下的长度约为螺杆直径的3倍。
此槽的最大深度约1厘米,宽度恒定不变为2.5厘米,槽的两端逐渐终止在壳体内径上。槽的螺距与引料段中挤压螺杆的大体相同。
按此设计的引料段显著提高了挤压机的排出能力,并进一步改善了挤压物混合质量。槽深较浅(约0.5厘米)的挤压机系列试验表明,工作特性和混合质量均明显恶化。还可以证实,在引料段具有所述槽和所述传送部分,但没有设在此传送部分之前的销钉机筒部分的同一台挤压机,其混合质量明显恶化。对于特殊的和连续的但难以进行混合的挤压物,如用于装甲车履带链轮的橡胶混合物,这类挤压机不能令人满意地将其混合。由此可见,对于这类挤压物,要想达到理想的混合效果,有必要将销钉机筒部分和传送部分组合起来。螺旋形的槽改善了混合质量,进一步提高了挤压物的推出量。
下面可借助于实施例和附图说明本发明。其中:
图1传送部分无节流销的单螺杆挤压机纵剖面;
图2传送部分有节流销的单螺杆挤压机纵剖面;
图3a-c具有所建议结构形式的挤压机与传统的销钉挤压机试验结果比较曲线;
图4传送螺杆示意侧视图;
图5经剖切的传送衬筒部分示意侧视图;
图6按图5的衬筒部分展开图;
图7引料段的挤压机壳纵剖面。
图1示意表示单螺杆挤压机1的纵剖面。在挤压机壳2内部装有一根挤压螺杆6,它可由传动装置5驱动绕其纵轴线转动。在壳体2的上游端有一个挤压物加料口3,挤压物完成混合和均化后,从出口4离开挤压机。
挤压螺杆6在引料段9中具有螺杆的几何形状,它适用于按已知的方式将从加料口3喂入的物料引入挤压机中并进行塑化。
在引料段的下游设一销钉机筒段7,有两排销钉11穿过挤压机壳2朝螺杆的轴线径向地***挤压机加工腔14中。在这一区段7中,螺杆的螺旋棱12以熟知的方式在销钉平面处被中断,以免与销钉11碰撞。
传送段8在销钉机筒段7的下游。按本实施例,在这一区段中,挤压螺杆6的螺旋条带18与挤压机壳2上的螺旋条带13之间的角度大于或等于105°,互相不构成90°角。
传送段8可分为入口段和出口段,两者在螺纹深度最深的壳体螺纹处彼此分开。
在此挤压机的传送段8中,入口段和出口段的螺纹头数为常数,所以在入口段或出口段中的螺旋棱数,与壳体螺纹或螺杆螺纹16、15的螺纹横截面积无关。
挤压螺杆6的最后一个工艺部分是增压段10,在这一区段中,螺杆的几何形状应选择为能用已知的方式将熔体压力提高到必要的加工压力。
尽管上面所介绍的方案已带来更好的混合和均化的结果,但除了这种实施例以外,这种销钉传送挤压机还可设想有另外的实施方案,例如传送段8也可设在销钉机筒段7的上游。此外,也可以看出,销钉机筒段中也可采用多于两排的销钉来履行其混合和均化的任务。考虑成本与混合质量的关系,销钉机筒段最好配一至五排销钉。
若挤压机长度为螺杆直径(D)的10倍时,挤压机各区段的最佳长度为:引料段3D;销钉机筒段1.5至3D,最好为1.5至2D;传送段2至2.5D;以及增压段约为3D。
与上述参数无关,还可按照需要,在前面或后面或在销钉机筒段与传送段之间,设附加的工艺段,例如放气段或搅拌段。
图2表示一种销钉传送挤压机1,它在传送段中设有节流销钉11。此挤压机的引料段9与通常的冷给料挤压机相当,其螺杆长度与螺杆直径(D)之比为3。
在引料段9之后是总长为6D的挤压段,其中设有销钉机筒段7,它有前后两个销钉平面,销钉平面内装有挤压销钉11。销钉机筒段7的下游有传送段8和增压段9,它们的长度分别约为2D和1.5D。
挤压机壳2的温度控制是按已知的方式通过壳体2壁中的控温孔19来实现的。在本实施例中,传送部分的挤压机壳设计成装入壳体2中的壳体衬筒20。
挤压螺杆和传送部分衬筒的螺纹螺距,应选为使螺杆和衬筒之间的螺旋棱构成等于或大于105°的角。其有利的结果是,由于螺杆每转一圈在螺杆和衬筒的螺旋棱之间产生大量切合点,所以当挤压物通过此传送部分时受到强烈的剪切。
与螺杆螺纹不同,在传送部分中的衬筒螺纹并未中断。确切地说,从传送部分的入口段至其出口段,它们以增大和减小的螺旋状围绕挤压机的一条想象的纵轴线连续不断地卷绕。
在传送部分的前三分之一部分,螺杆直径从最大螺纹深度增大至外径,亦就是说,螺杆6的螺纹容积从在入口段的最大值降为零。衬筒20的螺纹容积则具有与之相反的趋势。这样一来,为挤压物提供的有效流通容积,沿传送方向的轴向和径向保持常数。由于存在这一事实,所以在螺杆6和圆柱衬筒20之间强行使挤压物进行百分之百的彻底交换。
在按图2所示传送部分出口段的长度约为1.4D的情况下,螺杆6的螺纹容积连续增加,而衬筒20的螺纹容积则不断减小,从而再次使由螺杆和衬筒所提供给挤压物的螺纹总容积保持常数。
在本实施例中,传送段8在其入口段和出口段中的螺纹头数也是相同的,因此,螺杆和壳体衬筒的螺旋棱数与螺杆和壳体螺纹的横截面积无关。
大量研究证明,尤其是在加工高粘度的天然橡胶混合物时,在传送部分中进行强烈的塑化加工前,在销钉区具有较低的剪切梯度的情况下挤压机的预塑化,既使机器的推出能力提高,又使机器的脉动特性产生有利的影响。
除了螺杆转速和工艺部件的温度外,机器还有其他的过程参数可以预先自由选择,因此扩大了机器的通用性,即对大范围不同橡胶混合物的可加工性。
本实施例中在传送段8前三分之一的末端设有节流机构,它具有对称地分布在传送部分圆周上的销钉17,销钉沿径向***传送部分衬筒20不间断的螺纹中,并可将衬筒20在该处的螺纹容积从最大值减小到零。
通过从外部手动或液压调节此节流销钉17,可以预先任意选定塑化功率和在传送部分中转化为用于挤压物的摩擦能量。
还应当对此节流销17再作些说明。采用这种销钉传送挤压机,首次达到对橡胶混合物进行高质量的加工,至今对它们尚采用冷给料挤压装置,即便使用特殊的最佳销钉机筒挤压机,也不能加工成有足够的均匀性。这里涉及的是天然橡胶的质量,它例如用于制造装甲车履带链轮以及载重卡车和电动车轮胎上用的具有同类基本聚合物的胎面混合物。
若总结迄今为止采用结构类型为GE150STX9DD的挤压机所取得的试验结果,则人们可以确定,与销钉机筒挤压机相比,对于粘度从55至60ML1+4(100℃)的低粘度合成橡胶混合物,推出能力提高25%至50%,此时单位能量减少20%。
对于品质在90-120ML1+4(100℃)之间的难以加工的高粘度天然橡胶,则这一优点更为重要,因为如所阐明的,销钉机筒挤压机推出能力在大约为800-1000公斤/小时时就已经到达挤出物均匀化极限,因而在个别情况下,在销钉传送侪压机中可能出现功率倍增的现象。
图3a-c用曲线表示了试验结果,其中对用虚线表示的按现有技术的挤压机与用实线表示的实验用销钉传送挤压机的试验结果进行了比较。挤压物采用一种天然橡胶混合物NK90-95ML1+4(100℃),众所周知,这是一种特别难加工的高粘度材料。在三张图中均用带阴影的垂直线表示转速为每分钟25转,这是用传统挤压机加工这类橡胶混合物时能具有可接受质量的转速极限。
图3a表示了橡胶推出量与螺杆转速的关系,图3b表示每公斤挤压物的单位能耗与螺杆转速的关系,以及图3c表示物料温度与螺杆转速的函数关系。综合这三个图表明,采用此处推荐的挤压机方案,在混合和均化效果极佳的情况下,可以在可接受的挤压物温度下有较高的挤压物推出量,并能减小能量的投入。
还应补充,销钉机筒挤压机在低生产率范围就已经出现的产品型面疏松的问题,在销钉传送挤压机中根本没有发现。
图4表示在一种实施例中装在传送段8中的挤压螺杆6。通常已知的螺杆螺纹横截面积在入口段和出口段的增大和减小,在这里只是通过螺杆芯部截面(亦即其螺纹深度)的锥形变化造成的。尽管在入口段和出口段中的螺纹头数互不相同,但在各该区段中则是常数,其结果是,螺旋棱的数量与螺纹横截面积22无关。
此外,由图4可看出,传送螺杆上相应于挤压物在壳体螺纹上的最大传送区,亦即大体在节流销17所在处,在螺杆芯部设有槽23。这些槽23将入口段和出口段的螺杆螺纹互相连接起来。由于它们的深度较浅(约为1毫米)和宽度较窄(约为10毫米),因而不允许材料从此处通过并输送。确切地说,即使对于难以处理的挤压物也能借助于它们改善传送段的混合效率。之所以能实现这一点,主要是由于这些槽提供了一些附加的剪切棱边。
图5表示与图4所示传送螺杆共同工作的传送壳体衬筒20的示意纵剖面。由图可清楚看出,壳体螺纹头数在入口段和出口段是常数,所以壳体螺旋棱数与壳体螺纹横截面无关。
这种结构形式保证在有极好的混合质量的情况下,有非常良好的自动净化作用,而且尤其是当与图5和图6所示的衬筒零件的展开图连系起来时可以看得很清楚,即当壳体(和螺杆)螺纹宽度相同时,加工费用显著降低。
还应指出,尽管在最佳结构形式中不应当放弃节流销钉,但所推荐的销钉机筒挤压机在传送部分可以采用或也可以不采用节流销钉。利用销钉的定位装置可将挤压机调整为针对不同的橡胶混合物和它的加工参数,因而用户可利用其通用性。在一种结构形式中,可移动的节流销钉也可以设在挤压机下游端,例如在增压段10的端头。
在图7中表示了在引料段9中设有壳体槽24的挤压机壳2的纵剖面。在此实施例中,螺旋形的壳体槽24深度约为1厘米和宽度约为2.5厘米。尽管还可以考虑采用其他的槽深和槽宽,但是槽深不应大于槽宽,而且槽深和槽宽不应小于0.3厘米。槽24的螺距与在此区段中的挤压螺杆的螺距大体相同,其长度约为螺杆直径的3至5倍。槽24的深度在其两端缓慢减小,直至最后终止为无槽的壳体内壁。在一种最佳结构形式中,槽24的卷绕方向与螺杆的螺旋方向相反(图2)。
在挤压机壳2的引料段9中设置这类槽,提供了一个供塑化和混合挤压物之用的增大了的壳体壁面,由于增大了引料的粘附作用,因而改善了挤压机的脉动特性。此外,槽壁增加了传热面积,尤其对于冷却式的挤压机壳(见图7的冷却通道)而言,它可在相当大的程度上防止在挤压机引料段中造成不希望的预塑化。

Claims (13)

1.一种加工和制造橡胶和热塑性塑料的挤压机,它包括一个有加料口和出料口(3、4)的挤压机壳(2)以及一个传动装置(5),它用以驱动装在壳体(2)加工腔(14)内可绕其纵轴线旋转的挤压螺杆(6),其特征为:挤压机(1)有两个前后设置的混合和均化段(7、8);其中一个区段设计为销钉机筒段(7),它有***壳体(2)加工腔(14)中的径向销钉(11),并在销钉(11)所在处将螺杆螺旋棱(12)中断;另一个区段设计为传送段(8),在该区段中,从入口段到出口段,挤压螺杆(6)的螺纹容积不断减小直至零,此后螺纹容积增大到最大值,在此区段中挤压机壳(2)上有不间断的壳体螺纹,与传送部分的入口段到出口段此螺纹的容积从零增大到最大值,紧接着重新降为零,在此区段中壳体螺纹螺旋状地围绕着一条想象的挤压机轴线;在壳体螺纹的螺纹容积最大的地方设有可移动的径向节流销(17),它可穿过壳(2)***壳体螺纹(16)和加工腔(14)中在传送段(8)的入口段和出口段中,螺纹头数并因螺杆螺旋棱(18)和壳体螺旋棱(13)的数目与壳体和螺杆螺纹的横截面积(22)无关而保持常数;以及,在挤压机(1)的引料段(9)中,壳体内壁设螺旋形的槽(24)。
2.按照权利要求1所述之挤压机,其特征为:销钉机筒段(7)设在传送段(8)之前的上游。
3.按照权利要求1所述之挤压机,其特征为:挤压机在混合和均化段(7、8)的上游有一个引料段(9),在其下游有一个区段(10),在该区段(10)中,可将挤压物挤压到必要的加工压力。
4.按照权利要求3所述之挤压机,其特征为:当挤压机长度为螺杆直径(D)的10倍时,引料段(9)长度为3D,销钉机筒段(7)为1.5至2D,传送段(8)为2至2.5D以及增压段(10)为3D。
5.按照权利要求1所述之挤压机,其特征为:在销钉机筒段(7)中设有1至5排销钉(11)。
6.按照权利要求1所述之挤压机,其特征为:挤压机的传送段(8)设计成,在挤压螺杆(6)的螺旋棱(12)和挤压机壳(2)的螺旋棱(13)之间的角度大于或等于105°,并且互相不构成90°的角。
7.按照权利要求1所述之挤压机,其特征为:可移动的节流销(17)设在挤压机(1)的下游端。
8.按照权利要求1所述之挤压机,其特征为:节流销(17)可由机械、气动或液压操纵的调节装置(21)控制移动。
9.按照权利要求1所述之挤压机,其特征为:在传送段(8)中的挤压螺杆(6)上有浅而窄的槽(23),它将入口端和出口端的螺杆螺纹互相连接起来。
10.按照权利要求1至9中任一项所述之挤压机,其特征为:槽(24)与在引料段(9)挤压机壳(2)中的挤压螺杆(6)的螺纹旋向相反。
11.按照权利要求10所述之挤压机,其特征为:槽宽和槽深不小于0.3厘米。
12.按照权利要求11所述之挤压机,其特征为:在槽的端部槽深慢慢地降为零,槽螺旋形地沿3至5倍螺杆直径(D)的长度延伸。
13.按照权利要求12所述之挤压机,其特征为:挤压机壳(2)可借助于控温通道(19)调节温度。
CN91111462A 1990-12-14 1991-12-07 难混合挤压物的挤压机 Expired - Fee Related CN1035547C (zh)

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DE4039942A DE4039942C1 (zh) 1990-12-14 1990-12-14
DEP4039942.7-16 1990-12-14
US07/693,224 1991-04-29
US07/693,221 US5145352A (en) 1990-12-14 1991-04-29 Pin transfer extruder
US07/693,224 US5141426A (en) 1990-12-14 1991-04-29 Degassing extruder
US07/693,237 US5147198A (en) 1990-12-14 1991-04-29 High performance extruder with a constant number of threads in the inlet and outlet regions of a transfer shearing section
US07/693,221 1991-04-29
US07/693,237 1991-04-29

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KR20140034227A (ko) 2011-05-13 2014-03-19 엔에프엠 웰딩 엔지니어스 인코포레이티드 개선된 탈수 기계 및 프로세스
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CA2057603C (en) 1996-09-24
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