CN103464122B - A kind of preparation method of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin - Google Patents
A kind of preparation method of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103464122B CN103464122B CN201310434322.2A CN201310434322A CN103464122B CN 103464122 B CN103464122 B CN 103464122B CN 201310434322 A CN201310434322 A CN 201310434322A CN 103464122 B CN103464122 B CN 103464122B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- chitosan
- solution
- titanium dioxide
- graphene oxide
- graphene
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Abstract
The present invention provides the preparation method of a kind of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin, is characterized in: joined by titanium dioxide nanoparticle in distilled water, disperses with high speed dispersor, obtains nano titanium oxide suspension；Take graphene oxide water solution, nano titanium oxide suspension is joined in graphene oxide solution, high-speed stirred mix homogeneously；Prepare chitosan solution with dilute acetic acid solution, titanium dioxide graphene oxide mixed solution is added in chitosan solution, after high-speed stirred, obtain titanium dioxide graphene oxide chitosan mixed solution；Preparation glutaraldehyde solution, it is added in titanium dioxide graphene oxide chitosan mixed solution, cross-link 14 hours under the conditions of 60 100 DEG C after mix homogeneously, dry at temperature is 90 DEG C, pulverized 200 mesh sieves and obtain titanium dioxide Graphene chitosan composite resin particle.Dyestuff in energy catalytic degradation and absorption dyeing waste water, and high adsorption capacity, absorption stability are good.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to photocatalytic degradation technical field of material, be specifically related to the preparation method of a kind of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin, the degraded of dyestuff and absorption in organic dye waste water.
Background technology
Dyeing is always the main industries of China's industrial wastewater discharge, no matter for which type of dyeing waste water, mainly has following feature: (1) water yield is big；(2) concentration is high；(3) variation water quality is big；(4) based on Organic Pollution；(5) intractability is bigger；(6) effluent part contains noxious substance.In recent years, along with the fast development of chemical fibre so that the composition of the most intractable dyeing waste water becomes more complicated, intractability increases.Seek the efficient treatment of dyeing wastewater material treatment for reuse to the waste water that printing and dyeing industry is discharged, always make home and abroad environment engineering circles problem demanding prompt solution.
Because of TiO2Have that oxidability is strong, degraded completely and the advantage such as can reuse, and stable chemical nature, resistance to acids and bases are good, low cost, environmentally safe, and the aspect such as preparation in sewage disposal, cleaning material receives much concern always.But TiO2Band gap about 3.2eV, could can only show photochemical activity by the shorter ultraviolet excitation of wavelength in the wavelength ultra-violet (UV) band less than 378 nm, this utilization is only had 4% the sunlight of ultraviolet light content totally unfavorable.It addition, its light induced electron and hole-recombination rate are higher, photo-quantum efficiency is low, reduces its photocatalysis efficiency.Therefore, TiO is improved2Photocatalytic activity is the study hotspot studying its photocatalysis technology field.
Graphene is a kind of New Type of Carbon nanometer light material, has the monoatomic layer two dimensional crystal structure of uniqueness, has bigger specific surface area and stronger electronic transmission performance, absorption, heat-transfer matcrial preparation in terms of be widely studied.By Graphene and TiO2The employing sol-gel processes such as carrying out compound catalysis material of preparing also is the focus that recent people study, as newborn in Geng Jingyi, Zhu of University Of Suzhou are prepared for TiO2-Graphene photo-catalyst, result shows, the introducing of Graphene improves TiO2Photocatalytic activity.Deng Lingjuan etc. are with graphite oxide and TiO2For predecessor, being prepared for titanium dioxide-graphene complex, methylene blue solution simulated wastewater carries out degraded absorption research, result shows: the photocatalysis performance of this complex is than pure TiO2Improve a lot.
Chitosan has good absorption and chelation to many dye molecules and heavy metal ion, is widely used in terms of water process, chemical industry and environmental protection.
How to design a kind of reasonably composite resin, the advantage of collection titanium dioxide, chitosan and Graphene and one, utilize the effective synergism between three, can have and effectively degrade the Organic substance that dyeing waste water and other compositions are complex and adsorb, this is technical task the most urgently to be resolved hurrily.
Summary of the invention
The present invention solves the problem that prior art exists, it is provided that the preparation method of a kind of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin, dyestuff in energy catalytic degradation and absorption dyeing waste water, and high adsorption capacity, absorption stability are good, recycling rate of waterused is high.
It is an object of the invention to be achieved through the following technical solutions: the preparation method of a kind of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin, it is characterised in that: preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) a certain amount of nanometer anatase titania granule is joined in a certain amount of distilled water, carry out high speed dispersion with high speed dispersor, obtain finely dispersed nano titanium oxide suspension；
(2) take a certain amount of graphene oxide water solution, while stirring scattered nano titanium oxide suspension is joined in graphene oxide solution, high-speed stirred mix homogeneously；
(3) prepare certain density chitosan solution with dilute acetic acid solution, titanium dioxide-graphene oxide mixed solution is slowly added drop-wise in chitosan solution, after high-speed stirred, obtains titanium dioxide-graphene oxide-chitosan mixed solution；Wherein the content of graphene oxide is 1%-30%, and the content of titanium dioxide is 2%-5%；
(4) compound concentration is the glutaraldehyde solution of 3.5%, it is added drop-wise to while stirring in titanium dioxide-graphene oxide-chitosan mixed solution, cross-link 1-4 hour under the conditions of 60-100 DEG C after mix homogeneously, dry at temperature is 90 DEG C, pulverized 200 mesh sieves and obtain titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin particle.
Improvement to technique scheme: in described step (1), rotating speed when utilizing high speed dispersor dispersion titanium dioxide nanoparticle is 6000rpm.
Further improvement to technique scheme: in described step (2), the concentration of graphene oxide used is 2%-5%.
Further improvement to technique scheme: in described step (3), the concentration of acetic acid used during preparation chitosan solution is 2%, and the chitosan concentration of preparation is 2%.
The present invention compared with prior art has many advantages and a good effect:
1, titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin prepared by the present invention, the advantage of collection titanium dioxide, chitosan and Graphene and one, utilize the effective synergism between three, good to degradation efficiency height, the absorption property of dyestuff, stability is strong, and the advantages such as recycling rate of waterused is high are inhaled in desorbing again.
2, preparation technology of the present invention is simple, reaction condition is gentle, is suitable for large-scale production.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with concrete embodiment, the present invention is described further.
The detailed description of the invention of the preparation method of a kind of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin of the present invention, comprises the following steps:
(1) a certain amount of nanometer anatase titania granule is joined in a certain amount of distilled water, carry out high speed dispersion with high speed dispersor, obtain finely dispersed nano titanium oxide suspension；
(2) take a certain amount of graphene oxide water solution, while stirring scattered nano titanium oxide suspension is joined in graphene oxide solution, high-speed stirred mix homogeneously；
(3) prepare certain density chitosan solution with dilute acetic acid solution, titanium dioxide graphene oxide mixed solution is slowly added drop-wise in chitosan solution, after high-speed stirred, obtains titanium dioxide-graphene oxide-chitosan mixed solution；Wherein the content of graphene oxide is 1%-30%, and the content of titanium dioxide is 2%-5%；
(4) compound concentration is the glutaraldehyde solution of 3.5%, it is added drop-wise to while stirring in titanium dioxide-graphene oxide-chitosan mixed solution, cross-link 1-4 hour under the conditions of 60-100 DEG C after mix homogeneously, dry at temperature is 90 DEG C, pulverized 200 mesh sieves and obtain titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin particle.
The specific embodiment of the present invention is as follows:
Embodiment 1: the preparation method of a kind of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin
1, the preparation of titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan mixed solution
Joining in a certain amount of distilled water by a certain amount of nanometer anatase titania granule (particle diameter is about 80nm), carry out high speed dispersion with high speed dispersor, rotating speed is 6000rpm, obtains finely dispersed nano titanium oxide suspension.Taking a certain amount of mass concentration is 2% graphene oxide water solution, joins in graphene oxide solution by scattered nano titanium oxide suspension while stirring, high-speed stirred mix homogeneously.It is the chitosan solution of 2% by the dilute acetic acid solution preparation mass concentration that mass concentration is 2%, titanium dioxide graphene oxide mixed solution is slowly added drop-wise in chitosan solution, titanium dioxide-graphene oxide-chitosan mixed solution is obtained after high-speed stirred, wherein the content of graphene oxide is 8%, and the content of titanium dioxide is 5%.
2, the preparation of titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin
Compound concentration is the glutaraldehyde solution of 3.5%, it is added drop-wise to while stirring in titanium dioxide-graphene oxide-chitosan mixed solution, cross-link 4 hours under the conditions of 60 DEG C after mix homogeneously, dry at temperature is 90 DEG C, pulverized 200 mesh sieves and obtain titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin particle.
The degraded to stimulated dye wastewater of the titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin of embodiment 1 and adsorption effect:
Under room temperature, take 0.03g titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin, add in the active red CL-5B stimulated dye wastewater that 25 milliliters of concentration is 80mg/L, while be irradiated with magnetic agitation limit ultraviolet light, irradiation condition is: light source distance 15cm, and light intensity is 20mW/cm2, wavelength is 365nm, timing when light source starts to irradiate, after 30min, takes the supernatant and utilizes the change of spectrophotometer detection Wastewater Dyes concentration.
Result shows, the titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin of the present embodiment 1 preparation reaches more than 93% to the degraded adsorption rate of dyestuff in the dyeing waste water of 80mg/L.
Embodiment 2: the preparation method of a kind of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin
1, the preparation of titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan mixed solution
Joining in a certain amount of distilled water by a certain amount of nanometer anatase titania granule (particle diameter is about 80nm), carry out high speed dispersion with high speed dispersor, rotating speed is 6000rpm, obtains finely dispersed nano titanium oxide suspension.Taking a certain amount of mass concentration is 2% graphene oxide water solution, joins in graphene oxide solution by scattered nano titanium oxide suspension while stirring, high-speed stirred mix homogeneously.It is the chitosan solution of 2% by the dilute acetic acid solution preparation mass concentration that mass concentration is 2%, titanium dioxide graphene oxide mixed solution is slowly added drop-wise in chitosan solution, titanium dioxide-graphene oxide-chitosan mixed solution is obtained after high-speed stirred, wherein the content of graphene oxide is 19%, and the content of titanium dioxide is 3.5%.
2, the preparation of titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin
Compound concentration is the glutaraldehyde solution of 3.5%, it is added drop-wise to while stirring in titanium dioxide-graphene oxide-chitosan mixed solution, cross-link 2 hours under the conditions of 80 DEG C after mix homogeneously, dry at temperature is 90 DEG C, pulverized 200 mesh sieves and obtain titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin particle.
The degraded to stimulated dye wastewater of the titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin of embodiment 2 and adsorption effect:
Under room temperature, take 0.03g titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin, add in the active red CL-5B stimulated dye wastewater that 25 milliliters of concentration is 80mg/L, while be irradiated with magnetic agitation limit ultraviolet light, irradiation condition is: light source distance 15cm, and light intensity is 20mW/cm2, wavelength is 365nm, timing when light source starts to irradiate, after 30min, takes the supernatant and utilizes the change of spectrophotometer detection Wastewater Dyes concentration.
Result shows, the titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin of the present embodiment 2 preparation reaches more than 96% to the degraded adsorption rate of dyestuff in the dyeing waste water of 80mg/L.
Embodiment 3: the preparation method of a kind of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin
1, the preparation of titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan mixed solution
Joining in a certain amount of distilled water by a certain amount of nanometer anatase titania granule (particle diameter is about 80nm), carry out high speed dispersion with high speed dispersor, rotating speed is 6000rpm, obtains finely dispersed nano titanium oxide suspension.Taking a certain amount of mass concentration is 2% graphene oxide water solution, joins in graphene oxide solution by scattered nano titanium oxide suspension while stirring, high-speed stirred mix homogeneously.It is the chitosan solution of 2% by the dilute acetic acid solution preparation mass concentration that mass concentration is 2%, titanium dioxide graphene oxide mixed solution is slowly added drop-wise in chitosan solution, titanium dioxide-graphene oxide-chitosan mixed solution is obtained after high-speed stirred, wherein the content of graphene oxide is 30%, and the content of titanium dioxide is 2%..
2, the preparation of titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin
Compound concentration is the glutaraldehyde solution of 3.5%, it is added drop-wise to while stirring in titanium dioxide based on chitosan/graphene oxide mixed solution, cross-link 1 hour under the conditions of 100 DEG C after mix homogeneously, dry at temperature is 90 DEG C, pulverized 200 mesh sieves and obtain titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin particle.
The degraded to stimulated dye wastewater of the titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin of embodiment 3 and adsorption effect:
Under room temperature, take 0.03g titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin, add in the active red CL-5B stimulated dye wastewater that 25 milliliters of concentration is 80mg/L, while be irradiated with magnetic agitation limit ultraviolet light, irradiation condition is: light source distance 15cm, and light intensity is 20mW/cm2, wavelength is 365nm, timing when light source starts to irradiate, after 30min, takes the supernatant and utilizes the change of spectrophotometer detection Wastewater Dyes concentration.
Result shows, titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin prepared by this programme reaches more than 98% to the degraded adsorption rate of dyestuff in the dyeing waste water of 80mg/L.
Above example is only in order to illustrate technical scheme, rather than is limited；Although the present invention being described in detail with reference to previous embodiment, for the person of ordinary skill of the art, still the technical scheme described in previous embodiment can be modified, or wherein portion of techniques feature is carried out equivalent；And these amendments or replacement, do not make the essence of appropriate technical solution depart from the spirit and scope of claimed technical solution of the invention.
Claims (1)
1. the preparation method of a graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin, it is characterised in that: preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) a certain amount of nanometer anatase titania granule is joined in a certain amount of distilled water, carry out high speed dispersion with high speed dispersor, obtain finely dispersed nano titanium oxide suspension；
(2) take a certain amount of graphene oxide water solution, while stirring scattered nano titanium oxide suspension is joined in graphene oxide solution, high-speed stirred mix homogeneously；
(3) prepare certain density chitosan solution with dilute acetic acid solution, titanium dioxide-graphene oxide mixed solution is slowly added drop-wise in chitosan solution, after high-speed stirred, obtains titanium dioxide-graphene oxide-chitosan mixed solution；Wherein the content of graphene oxide is 1%-30%, and the content of titanium dioxide is 2%-5%；
(4) compound concentration is the glutaraldehyde solution of 3.5%, it is added drop-wise to while stirring in titanium dioxide-graphene oxide-chitosan mixed solution, cross-link 1-4 hour under the conditions of 60-100 DEG C after mix homogeneously, dry at temperature is 90 DEG C, pulverized 200 mesh sieves and obtain titanium dioxide-Graphene-chitosan composite resin particle；
In described step (1), rotating speed when utilizing high speed dispersor dispersion titanium dioxide nanoparticle is 6000rpm；In described step (2), the mass concentration of graphene oxide used is 2%-5%；In described step (3), the mass concentration of acetic acid used during preparation chitosan solution is 2%, and the chitosan mass concentration of preparation is 2%.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310434322.2A CN103464122B (en) | 2013-09-23 | 2013-09-23 | A kind of preparation method of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310434322.2A CN103464122B (en) | 2013-09-23 | 2013-09-23 | A kind of preparation method of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103464122A CN103464122A (en) | 2013-12-25 |
| CN103464122B true CN103464122B (en) | 2016-08-10 |
Family
ID=49789294
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310434322.2A Active CN103464122B (en) | 2013-09-23 | 2013-09-23 | A kind of preparation method of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN103464122B (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105085975A (en) * | 2014-05-16 | 2015-11-25 | 宁波大学 | Bulk macroporous composite material constructed by silica/chitosan ultrathin membrane and preparation method thereof |
| CN104549180B (en) * | 2015-01-19 | 2017-01-11 | 张志文 | Method for preparing purification resin for removing arsenic and fluorine in underground water |
| CN105688809B (en) * | 2016-01-26 | 2018-01-12 | 西南科技大学 | A kind of preparation method of graphene oxide/titania nanotube composite |
| CN106000337B (en) * | 2016-06-07 | 2018-06-22 | 新疆大学 | A kind of preparation method of magnetism catalytic adsorption material |
| CN106238104A (en) * | 2016-08-30 | 2016-12-21 | 樊之雄 | A kind of photocatalysis composite dye gives up material for water treatment and preparation method thereof |
| CN107571361A (en) * | 2017-09-20 | 2018-01-12 | 阜南佳利工艺品有限公司 | A kind of processing method for improving birch durability |
| RU2659285C1 (en) * | 2017-10-25 | 2018-06-29 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Тамбовский государственный технический университет" (ФГБОУ ВО "ТГТУ") | Sorbent based on modified graphene oxide and method of its production |
| CN110862557B (en) * | 2019-11-25 | 2021-11-23 | 华南理工大学 | Cellulose/graphene oxide/titanium dioxide hydrogel applied to fields of photocatalysis and physical adsorption and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101559919A (en) * | 2009-04-30 | 2009-10-21 | 上海大学 | Method for directly preparing graphene/cadmium sulfide quantum dot nano composite material with one step by adopting graphite oxide as material |
| CN102266787A (en) * | 2010-06-07 | 2011-12-07 | 付文甫 | Preparation method of novel noble-metal-free catalyst for photolysis of water to produce hydrogen |
| CN101948108B (en) * | 2010-10-02 | 2012-05-09 | 上海交通大学 | Preparation method of oxidized graphite paper |
| TWI424957B (en) * | 2010-12-08 | 2014-02-01 | Taiwan Textile Res Inst | Graphene/nano-tio2 composites and method for preparing the same |
| CN102553559A (en) * | 2010-12-08 | 2012-07-11 | 财团法人纺织产业综合研究所 | Graphene/nanometer titanium dioxide compound and preparation method thereof |
| CN102145887B (en) * | 2011-05-18 | 2012-12-12 | 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所 | Method for preparing and purifying graphene oxide |
| CN102716730B (en) * | 2012-07-11 | 2014-04-02 | 济南大学 | Preparation method for novel nano magnetic cyclodextrin/graphene biological adsorption material |
| CN102716722A (en) * | 2012-07-11 | 2012-10-10 | 济南大学 | Preparation method of graphene-based novel nano magnetic biological adsorbent |
| CN102872848A (en) * | 2012-10-17 | 2013-01-16 | 东南大学 | Preparation method for adsorption enhanced graphene titanium dioxide nano-composite photocatalyst |
| CN103143337B (en) * | 2013-03-14 | 2015-01-07 | 吉林大学 | Preparation method of composite material of graphene oxide and titanium oxide nano particles |
-
2013
- 2013-09-23 CN CN201310434322.2A patent/CN103464122B/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN103464122A (en) | 2013-12-25 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN103464122B (en) | A kind of preparation method of graphene/chitosan adsorbent resin | |
| Lei et al. | Built-in piezoelectric field improved photocatalytic performance of nanoflower-like Bi2WO6 using low-power white LEDs | |
| CN102921435A (en) | Magnetic Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2/quantum dot compounded nanometer photocatalyst and preparation method and application thereof | |
| Bai et al. | High-efficiency TiO2/ZnO nanocomposites photocatalysts by sol–gel and hydrothermal methods | |
| Liu et al. | Preparation of α-Fe2O3–TiO2/fly ash cenospheres photocatalyst and its mechanism of photocatalytic degradation | |
| CN113058659A (en) | Nano TiO (titanium dioxide)2Preparation method and application of/UiO-66 composite material | |
| CN102614859A (en) | Synthesis method of load type carbon modified titanium dioxide photocatalyst | |
| CN103252244A (en) | Preparation method and application method of visible-light response type bismuth oxychloride photocatalyst | |
| CN106881111A (en) | Composite bismuth vanadium photocatalyst of cuprous oxide and silver-colored mutual load and its preparation method and application | |
| CN103071502A (en) | Magnetically-separable multiplex photo-catalyst, and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN110756163A (en) | Nano CoFe2O4Carbon fiber felt composite material and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN105776494A (en) | Phenol wastewater treatment method and preparation method of CuO/ZSM-5 catalyst | |
| Rahimi et al. | Investigation of the synergistic effect of porphyrin photosensitizer on graphene–TiO2 nanocomposite for visible light photoactivity improvement | |
| CN103193265A (en) | Preparation method of spiral titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano wire doped with silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) | |
| Chen et al. | A Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Biomimetic Photocatalyst Zn (II)-Porphyrin-Sensitized 3D TiO 2 Hollow Nanoboxes and Synergistically Enhanced Visible-Light Degradation | |
| CN102583636A (en) | Nanometer cobalt-doped titanium dioxide/chitosan composite microspheres for photolyzing organophosphorus pesticide wastewater | |
| Nokandeh et al. | Removal of yellow acid-36 dye from textile industries waste water using photocatalytic process (UV/TiO2) | |
| CN112156764A (en) | Nano TiO (titanium dioxide)2Modified graphene oxide/organic bentonite composite material and preparation method thereof | |
| Zhu et al. | Heterogeneous activation of persulfate by Bi2MoO6–CuS composite for efficient degradation of orange II under visible light | |
| CN104368369B (en) | A kind of preparation method of silver phosphate-cadmium sulfide compounded visible light photocatalyst | |
| Hu et al. | Controllable construction of hierarchical TiO2 supported on hollow rGO/P-HC heterostructure for highly efficient photocatalysis | |
| Zhao et al. | Preparation of TiO 2/sponge composite for photocatalytic degradation of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol | |
| CN103721713A (en) | Three-phase composite visible-light-driven photocatalyst capable of efficiently degrading dyes | |
| CN102489291B (en) | Method for preparing expanded graphite load nanometer bismuth vanadate photochemical catalyst | |
| CN102698734B (en) | Amorphous tantalic acid photocatalyst for decomposing benzene pollutants and preparation method for amorphous tantalic acid photocatalyst |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |