CN103214260A - Method for performing diffusion bonding on DD3 high-temperature alloy and Ti3AlC2 ceramic by adopting Nb/Ni composite middle layer - Google Patents
Method for performing diffusion bonding on DD3 high-temperature alloy and Ti3AlC2 ceramic by adopting Nb/Ni composite middle layer Download PDFInfo
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- CN103214260A CN103214260A CN2013101398492A CN201310139849A CN103214260A CN 103214260 A CN103214260 A CN 103214260A CN 2013101398492 A CN2013101398492 A CN 2013101398492A CN 201310139849 A CN201310139849 A CN 201310139849A CN 103214260 A CN103214260 A CN 103214260A
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- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 229910009818 Ti3AlC2 Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract 8
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 73
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004506 ultrasonic cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000037656 Respiratory Sounds Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for performing the diffusion bonding on a DD3 high-temperature alloy and a Ti3AlC2 ceramic by adopting an Nb/Ni composite middle layer, relates to a method for bonding the DD3 high-temperature alloy and the Ti3AlC2 ceramic, and aims to solve the problem that the DD3 high-temperature alloy and the Ti3AlC2 ceramic are difficult to bond. The method comprises the following steps of: 1, cutting raw materials; 2, grinding, polishing and cleaning the raw materials; 3, forming an assembled piece made of the DD3 high-temperature alloy/Nb foil/Ni foil/Ti3AlC2; and 4, executing the method for performing the diffusion bonding on the DD3 high-temperature alloy and the Ti3AlC2 ceramic by adopting the Nb/Ni composite middle layer. By utilizing the method, the bonding between the DD3 high-temperature alloy and the Ti3AlC2 ceramic is realized, and a reliable joint is obtained. The room temperature shearing strength of the joint is up to 86.3 MPa at most. According to the method, the DD3 high-temperature alloy and the Ti3AlC2 ceramic are connected through the Nb/Ni composite middle layer.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery.
Background technology
Superalloy is widely used in aircraft engine hot-end component such as moving turbine blade and turning vane because of having the good high-temperature performance.Single crystal super alloy has been owing to eliminated crystal boundary fully, thereby eliminated grain boundary segregation and crystal boundary inherent defective, greatly reduces the crackle tendency, and its high-temperature behavior obviously is better than the conventional cast superalloy.The DD3 superalloy is the first-generation nickel-base high-temperature single crystal alloy of domestic development, and its composition is comparatively simple, and does not contain rare noble metal, and cost is lower, and the medium and high temperature performance is good.
The practical application of DD3 superalloy will inevitably relate to self and being connected of other materials.Chinese scholars is being launched serial work aspect the soldering of DD3 superalloy self and the transition liquid phase diffusion weld.Aspect the soldering connection, mainly be to adopt with B as the nickel-based solder that falls molten element with high temperature, technology is tested when growing, and obtained to have the joint of certain high-temperature behavior.Aspect transition liquid phase diffusion weld, be to adopt the alloy of certain special composition, when the certain temperature of heating as intermediate layer material, intermediate layer material fusing joint filling, and when being incubated subsequently, become solid phase by diffusion, and make tissue and homogenization of composition, realize that finally the high-performance of superalloy connects.Up to the present, the DD3 superalloy is connected with other materials, rarely has report.
Ti
3AlC
2Pottery is a kind of of the ceramic layered material of novel tertiary, becomes the domestic in recent years focus for numerous material scholar researchs because of it has excellent properties.It had both had the performance of metal, and good heat-conducting and conductivity are arranged, and lower hardness is arranged, and can carry out mechanical workout as metal, had performance, high-melting-point, high thermal stability and the good antioxidant property of pottery simultaneously again.These excellent properties have broad application prospects it.
Ti
3AlC
2Pottery makes that because of himself inherent fragility the block materials of preparation high purity, high-compactness is very difficult, mainly is at present the Ti to reduced size and simple shape
3AlC
2Pottery adopts the means that connect, and obtains the Ti of needed large-size or complicated shape
3AlC
2Ceramic component.In addition, in view of Ti
3AlC
2The excellent properties of pottery inevitably relates to the connectivity problem with other materials, gives full play to its potential value with this.
Consider DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The comprehensive excellent properties of pottery connects together these two kinds of materials and is prepared into composite component, can give full play to both performance advantages, particularly makes the field at high temperature structure component such as aerospace, has great application prospect.Up to the present, both at home and abroad also not relevant for DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The bibliographical information that pottery connects.
Summary of the invention
The present invention will solve DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The problem that pottery is difficult to connect, and provide a kind of employing Nb/Ni composite interlayer diffusion to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery.
A kind of employing Nb/Ni composite interlayer diffusion of the present invention connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery, specifically finish according to following steps:
One, with DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2Pottery carries out the line cutting, obtains DD3 superalloy and Ti to be connected
3AlC
2Pottery;
The joint face and the Ti of the DD3 superalloy to be connected that two, step 1 is obtained
3AlC
2The joint face of pottery all adopts sand papering, polishing, again with the joint face and the Ti of DD3 superalloy
3AlC
2The joint face of pottery is put into acetone ultrasonic cleaning 5～15min;
Three, Nb paper tinsel and Ni paper tinsel are placed the joint face and the Ti of DD3 superalloy to be connected
3AlC
2Between the joint face of pottery, be assembled into DD3 superalloy/Nb paper tinsel/Ni paper tinsel/Ti
3AlC
2The assembly parts of pottery, wherein the thickness of Nb paper tinsel is 25 μ m～200 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 25 μ m～150 μ m;
Four, the assembly parts that step 3 is obtained are placed in the vacuum furnace, and pressure to the vacuum furnace vacuum tightness that applies 20MPa～40MPa reaches (1.3～2.0) * 10
-3Behind the Pa, the energising heating, the control heat-up rate is 20 ℃/min～40 ℃/min, be warming up to 900 ℃～1000 ℃, be incubated 30min～120min then, controlled chilling speed is 5 ℃/min～15 ℃/min again, is cooled to 300 ℃, and then furnace cooling, promptly finish and adopt the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2Pottery.
The present invention comprises following beneficial effect:
The present invention selects for use Nb paper tinsel and Ni paper tinsel as the composite interlayer material, can realize the connection of joint.At first, Ni is by diffusion and Ti
3AlC
2Reactions such as Ti in the pottery and Al have formed compound, have realized connection, and secondly, the intermetallic species that Nb and Ni reaction generate is less, and the compound N i that generates
3Nb at room temperature has higher intensity and plasticity, has guaranteed the mechanical property of joint to a certain extent.
The present invention adopts the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2Pottery, connect temperature (900 ℃～1000 ℃) and soaking time (30～120min) by the control diffusion, with the distribution of reacting phase in control thickness of responding layer and the joint, and then reach the purpose of control joint microstructure and performance, successfully realized DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The connection of pottery, and obtained reliable joint.The room temperature shearing resistance of joint reaches as high as 86.3MPa.
DD3 superalloy of the present invention and Ti
3AlC
2The successful connection of pottery is with DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The web member of pottery is used for the aviation component of thermal structure, can effectively improve specific tenacity, creep-resistant property and the antioxidant property of existing device, has great application prospect.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is DD3 superalloy and the Ti that embodiment one obtains
3AlC
2The backscattered electron photo of the joint interface weave construction of pottery.
Embodiment
Technical solution of the present invention is not limited to following cited embodiment, also comprises the arbitrary combination between each embodiment.
Embodiment one: the diffusion of a kind of employing of present embodiment Nb/Ni composite interlayer connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery, specifically finish according to following steps:
One, with DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2Pottery carries out the line cutting, obtains DD3 superalloy and Ti to be connected
3AlC
2Pottery;
The joint face and the Ti of the DD3 superalloy to be connected that two, step 1 is obtained
3AlC
2The joint face of pottery all adopts sand papering, polishing, again with the joint face and the Ti of DD3 superalloy
3AlC
2The joint face of pottery is put into acetone ultrasonic cleaning 5～15min;
Three, Nb paper tinsel and Ni paper tinsel are placed the joint face and the Ti of DD3 superalloy to be connected
3AlC
2Between the joint face of pottery, be assembled into DD3 superalloy/Nb paper tinsel/Ni paper tinsel/Ti
3AlC
2The assembly parts of pottery, wherein the thickness of Nb paper tinsel is 25 μ m～200 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 25 μ m～150 μ m;
Four, the assembly parts that step 3 is obtained are placed in the vacuum furnace, and pressure to the vacuum furnace vacuum tightness that applies 20MPa～40MPa reaches (1.3～2.0) * 10
-3Behind the Pa, the energising heating, the control heat-up rate is 20 ℃/min～40 ℃/min, be warming up to 900 ℃～1000 ℃, be incubated 30min～120min then, controlled chilling speed is 5 ℃/min～15 ℃/min again, is cooled to 300 ℃, and then furnace cooling, promptly finish and adopt the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2Pottery.
Be assembled in the present embodiment step 3 DD3 superalloy/Nb paper tinsel //Ni paper tinsel/Ti
3AlC
2The structure of pottery guarantees that [001] direction of DD3 superalloy is vertical with to be connected all the time, and the Nb paper tinsel is positioned near DD3 superalloy side, and the Ni paper tinsel is positioned near Ti
3AlC
2The pottery side.By Nb, Ni and DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The reacting to each other and spread of element in the pottery realized reliable connection.
Present embodiment adopts the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2Pottery, connect temperature (900 ℃～1000 ℃) and soaking time (30～120min) by the control diffusion, with the distribution of reacting phase in control thickness of responding layer and the joint, and then reach the purpose of control joint microstructure and performance, successfully realized DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The connection of pottery, and obtained reliable joint.The room temperature shearing resistance of joint reaches as high as 86.3MPa.
Present embodiment DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The successful connection of pottery is with DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The web member of pottery is used for the aviation component of thermal structure, can effectively improve specific tenacity, creep-resistant property and the antioxidant property of existing device, has great application prospect.
Embodiment two: what present embodiment and embodiment one were different is: put into acetone ultrasonic cleaning 10min described in the step 2.Other are identical with embodiment one.
Embodiment three: what present embodiment was different with embodiment one or two is: the thickness of the Nb paper tinsel described in the step 3 is 50 μ m～150 μ m, and the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 50 μ m～100 μ m.Other are identical with embodiment one or two.
Embodiment four: what present embodiment was different with one of embodiment one to three is: the thickness of the Nb paper tinsel described in the step 3 is 100 μ m, and the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 80 μ m.Other are identical with one of embodiment one to three.
Embodiment five: what present embodiment was different with one of embodiment one to four is: the pressure that applies 30MPa described in the step 4.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to four.
Embodiment six: what present embodiment was different with one of embodiment one to five is: the vacuum furnace vacuum tightness described in the step 4 reaches 1.5 * 10
-3Pa.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to five.
Embodiment seven: what present embodiment was different with one of embodiment one to six is: the control heat-up rate described in the step 4 is 30 ℃/min.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to six.
Embodiment eight: what present embodiment was different with one of embodiment one to seven is: be warming up to 925 ℃～975 ℃ described in the step 4.Other are identical with one of embodiment one to seven.
Embodiment nine: what present embodiment was different with one of embodiment one to eight is: be warming up to 950 ℃ described in the step 4.Other are identical with one of embodiment one to eight.
Embodiment ten: embodiment eight: what present embodiment was different with one of embodiment one to nine is: the insulation 45min～90min described in the step 4.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to nine.
Embodiment 11: what present embodiment was different with one of embodiment one to ten is: the insulation 60min described in the step 4.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to ten.
Embodiment 12: what present embodiment was different with one of embodiment one to 11 is: the speed of cooling described in the step 4 is 10 ℃/min.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to 11.
Adopt following examples to verify beneficial effect of the present invention:
Embodiment one:
The diffusion of a kind of employing of present embodiment Nb/Ni composite interlayer connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery, specifically finish according to following steps:
One, with DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2Pottery obtains DD3 superalloy and Ti to be connected with the line cutting
3AlC
2Pottery, wherein, DD3 superalloy to be connected is of a size of 20mm * 8mm * 3mm, Ti
3AlC
2Pottery is of a size of 4mm * 4mm * 3mm;
Two, DD3 superalloy and the Ti to be connected that step 1 are obtained
3AlC
2The joint face of pottery polishes after adopting sand papering, again with DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The joint face of pottery is put into acetone ultrasonic cleaning 10min;
Three, Nb paper tinsel and Ni paper tinsel are placed DD3 superalloy and Ti to be connected
3AlC
2Between the joint face of pottery, be assembled into DD3 superalloy/Nb paper tinsel/Ni paper tinsel/Ti
3AlC
2The assembly parts of pottery, wherein the thickness of Nb paper tinsel is 100 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 80 μ m;
Four, the assembly parts that step 3 is obtained are placed in the vacuum furnace, apply the pressure of 30MPa, when vacuum process furnace vacuum tightness reaches 1.5 * 10
-3During Pa, the energising heating, the control heat-up rate is 30 ℃/min, be warming up to 950 ℃, be incubated 60min then, controlled chilling speed is 10 ℃/min again, be cooled to 300 ℃, and then furnace cooling, promptly finish and adopt the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery.
DD3 superalloy and Ti that present embodiment obtains
3AlC
2The pottery diffusion jointing interface microstructure the backscattered electron photo as shown in Figure 1, among the figure left side be the DD3 superalloy, the right side is Ti
3AlC
2Pottery, the complete densification of joint of adopting present embodiment to obtain, defectives such as flawless have realized DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The reliable connection of pottery.After tested, the room temperature average shear intensity of joint reaches 86.3MPa.
Claims (10)
1. one kind is adopted the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery is characterized in that adopting the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery, specifically finish according to following steps:
One, with DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2Pottery carries out the line cutting, obtains DD3 superalloy and Ti to be connected
3AlC
2Pottery;
The joint face and the Ti of the DD3 superalloy to be connected that two, step 1 is obtained
3AlC
2The joint face of pottery all adopts sand papering, polishing, again with the joint face and the Ti of DD3 superalloy
3AlC
2The joint face of pottery is put into acetone ultrasonic cleaning 5～15min;
Three, Nb paper tinsel and Ni paper tinsel are placed the joint face and the Ti of DD3 superalloy to be connected
3AlC
2Between the joint face of pottery, be assembled into DD3 superalloy/Nb paper tinsel/Ni paper tinsel/Ti
3AlC
2The assembly parts of pottery, wherein the thickness of Nb paper tinsel is 25 μ m～200 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 25 μ m～150 μ m;
Four, the assembly parts that step 3 is obtained are placed in the vacuum furnace, and pressure to the vacuum furnace vacuum tightness that applies 20MPa～40MPa reaches (1.3～2.0) * 10
-3Behind the Pa, the energising heating, the control heat-up rate is 20 ℃/min～40 ℃/min, be warming up to 900 ℃～1000 ℃, be incubated 30min～120min then, controlled chilling speed is 5 ℃/min～15 ℃/min again, is cooled to 300 ℃, and then furnace cooling, promptly finish and adopt the diffusion of Nb/Ni composite interlayer to connect DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2Pottery.
2. a kind of employing Nb/Ni composite interlayer diffusion according to claim 1 connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery is characterized in that putting into acetone ultrasonic cleaning 10min described in the step 2.
3. a kind of employing Nb/Ni composite interlayer diffusion according to claim 1 connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery, the thickness that it is characterized in that the Nb paper tinsel described in the step 3 is 50 μ m～150 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 50 μ m～100 μ m.
4. a kind of employing Nb/Ni composite interlayer diffusion according to claim 3 connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery, the thickness that it is characterized in that the Nb paper tinsel described in the step 3 is 100 μ m, the thickness of Ni paper tinsel is 80 μ m.
5. a kind of employing Nb/Ni composite interlayer diffusion according to claim 1 connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery is characterized in that the pressure that applies 30MPa described in the step 4.
6. a kind of employing Nb/Ni composite interlayer diffusion according to claim 1 connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery is characterized in that the vacuum furnace vacuum tightness described in the step 4 reaches 1.5 * 10
-3Pa.
7. a kind of employing Nb/Ni composite interlayer diffusion according to claim 1 connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery is characterized in that the control heat-up rate described in the step 4 is 30 ℃/min.
8. a kind of employing Nb/Ni composite interlayer diffusion according to claim 1 connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery is characterized in that be warming up to 925 ℃～975 ℃ described in the step 4.
9. a kind of employing Nb/Ni composite interlayer diffusion according to claim 1 connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery is characterized in that the insulation 45min～90min described in the step 4.
10. a kind of employing Nb/Ni composite interlayer diffusion according to claim 1 connects DD3 superalloy and Ti
3AlC
2The method of pottery is characterized in that the speed of cooling described in the step 4 is 10 ℃/min.
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310139849.2A CN103214260B (en) | 2013-04-22 | 2013-04-22 | Method for performing diffusion bonding on DD3 high-temperature alloy and Ti3AlC2 ceramic by adopting Nb/Ni composite middle layer |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310139849.2A CN103214260B (en) | 2013-04-22 | 2013-04-22 | Method for performing diffusion bonding on DD3 high-temperature alloy and Ti3AlC2 ceramic by adopting Nb/Ni composite middle layer |
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| CN103214260B CN103214260B (en) | 2014-08-20 |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103698183A (en) * | 2013-12-23 | 2014-04-02 | 北京科技大学 | Artificial crystal boundary preparation method for detecting stability of crystal interface of high-temperature nickel-base single-crystal alloy |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2020083493A1 (en) * | 2018-10-25 | 2020-04-30 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Max phase coupons for high temperature applications and method |
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2013
- 2013-04-22 CN CN201310139849.2A patent/CN103214260B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1850731A (en) * | 2006-05-15 | 2006-10-25 | 西北工业大学 | Connection method for carbon/carbon, carbon/silicon carbonate composite material and thermal-resisting alloy |
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| CN101391901A (en) * | 2008-11-07 | 2009-03-25 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Brazing method Al2O3 ceramic and metallic material |
| CN102060556A (en) * | 2010-11-30 | 2011-05-18 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Method for soldering TiAlC ceramic and copper by using Ag-Cu eutectic solder |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103698183A (en) * | 2013-12-23 | 2014-04-02 | 北京科技大学 | Artificial crystal boundary preparation method for detecting stability of crystal interface of high-temperature nickel-base single-crystal alloy |
| CN103698183B (en) * | 2013-12-23 | 2016-04-27 | 北京科技大学 | A kind of artificial crystal boundary preparation method for detecting nickel-base high-temperature single crystal alloy crystal interface stability |
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|---|---|
| CN103214260B (en) | 2014-08-20 |
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