CN103173706A - Batch hot-dip galvanizing smoke-free assistant and use method thereof - Google Patents
Batch hot-dip galvanizing smoke-free assistant and use method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a batch hot-dip galvanizing smoke-free assistant. The batch hot-dip galvanizing smoke-free assistant comprises the following components: 70-300g/L zinc chloride, 0-30g/L aluminum chloride, 5-40g/L sodium fluosilicate, 0-15g/L amino carboxyl compound, 2-10g/L non-ionic surfactant and 2-12g/L cationic surfactant. The invention further discloses a use method of the batch hot-dip galvanizing smoke-free assistant. The use method comprises the following steps of: controlling the total concentration of the complex salt of the batch hot-dip galvanizing smoke-free assistant at 120-400g/L, the temperature of the batch hot-dip galvanizing smoke-free assistant at 40-80 DEG C and the pH value of the batch hot-dip galvanizing smoke-free assistant at 3-3.5; and washing a workpiece by an acid and water, directly immersing into the batch hot-dip galvanizing smoke-free assistant, galvanizing for 5-10 minutes, and drying at the temperature of 60-120 DEG C. The batch hot-dip galvanizing smoke-free assistant disclosed by the invention has the advantage of wetability and penetrability, and can increase the salt-film adhesion speed and the salt-film adhesion amount when being used for galvanizing at low temperature, control the salt-film adhesion amount when being used for galvanizing at high temperature, reduce the ash production amount and avoid the problem of moisture regain and zinc explosion due to zinc chloride redundancy.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to metal surface treatment technology, relate in particular to the smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc.
The invention still further relates to a kind of batch quantity hot dipping zinc with the using method of plating assistant agent, belong to metallic substance aseptic technic field.
Background technology
At metallic surface coated metal or other non-metallic coatings, can effectively prevent the corrosion of matrix metal.Hot-dip plating metal technique comprise galvanizing, hot dip aluminum plating, hot dipping of zinc-aluminum alloy etc., mostly adopt solvent method, be about in the liquid metal bath of plating metal immersion melting, after proposing work-piece cools, the surface forms the very thin metal plating of one deck, thereby corrosion resistance nature is improved greatly.
It is one important treatment process in the galvanizing pre-treatment that solvent helps plating, and it not only can make up the deficiency that former procedures may exist, and can also activate steel surface, improves galvanizing quality.This is unexistent in other steel anti-corrosive techniques.Its quality not only directly affects quality of coating, also zinc consumption cost is had a significant impact.It is that the steel piece after pickling is immersed in the chloride zinc chloride ammonium quickening liquid of certain ingredients again that tradition helps depositing process, proposes rear process at the thin zinc chloride ammonium salt film of product surface formation one deck.Help the plating operation steel piece surface to be played the effect of cleaning, remove the molysite or the oxide compound that remain in the product surface after pickling, make steel piece have larger surfactivity when zinc is bathed entering.Help the zinc chloride ammonium salt film that workpiece surface covers after plating to play activation, be embodied in: ⑴ is during lower than 200 ℃, and workpiece surface forms a kind of approximate H
2[Zn (OH)
2Cl
2] the composite salt film, this is a kind of strong acid, thereby guarantees that workpiece surface can't form oxide film and keep active state in drying process.⑵ more than 200 ℃, the NH in workpiece surface salt film
4Cl can at high temperature resolve into NH
3And HCl, this moment, HCl accounted for leadingly to the erosion of workpiece substrate, made steel surface can't form oxide compound, kept the active state of steel substrate.So, be that the ammonium chloride tool plays a very important role, and correctly uses ammonium chloride that galvanizing quality is produced a very large impact at galvanizing.
Although ammonium chloride helps plating to play a very important role, can produce a large amount of flue dust owing to decomposing under hot conditions, affect workshop condition and workman's health.For the volume of smoke that produces, most domestic enterprise does not adopt adequate measure to process.And in American-European countries, generally having adopted the mode of flue dust collecting filtration treatment, the flue dust that produces after collecting, is processed in strainer air-bleed system.This flue dust collecting treatment system equipment is huge, operation energy consumption is higher.More to smokeless plating assistant agent research both at home and abroad, have the scholar to propose to substitute ammonium chloride with NaCl and KCl, but research does not have actual industrial application nearby in experimental stage.Pot galvanize practice shows, contains massfraction in quickening liquid and surpasses the impurity such as 1% NaCl or KCl, can cause and help the plating effect to descend, and causing plating leakage to return the plating workpiece increases greatly.At present, be more to focus on the low ammonium of low cigarette to help plating research and industrialization.Korea S has or not ammonium to help the product of plating, dissects to draw by formula and wherein also contains more ammonium chloride composition, can not reach smokeless effect fully.
Invented a kind of phytate plating resisting agent for heat zinc coating in Chinese patent (CN101122000A), plating assistant agent is comprised of PHYTIC ACID ZINC SALT, borax, Sodium Fluoride, citric acid, oxalic acid, does not contain ammonium chloride in plating assistant agent, is conducive to the improvement of Working environment.And for example, invented the multifunctional plating assistant agent used for hot dipping additive in Chinese patent (CN101328568A), the additive that is comprised of quaternary cationics and Soxylat A 25-7 nonionogenic tenside has been added to help the plating effect when improving hot dip process in the plating assistant agent that is formed by Sodium Fluoride, aluminum fluoride, zinc chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium chlorate fluozirconate, Potassium monofluoride, sodium-chlor.In addition, some other patent excessive use sodium-chlor, Repone K etc., control does not with great difficulty produce plating leakage and returns the problems such as plating, should not promote the use of.For this reason, the present invention proposes a kind of smokeless plating assistant agent without the chlorination ammonium salt, can greatly reduce the flue dust that produces in hot galvanizing process, improves the environment in workshop.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides the smokeless plating assistant agent of a kind of batch quantity hot dipping zinc.
The present invention also provides the using method of the smokeless plating assistant agent of a kind of batch quantity hot dipping zinc.
This smokeless plating assistant agent can reduce the flue dust that produces in the batch quantity hot dipping zinc process, improves the plating piece rate of drying, reduces the problem of quick-fried zinc and plating leakage, reduces unnecessary zinc consumption, saves production cost.
The technical solution used in the present invention is:
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 70 ~ 300g/L, aluminum chloride 0 ~ 30 g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 5 ~ 40 g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 0 ~ 15 g/L, nonionogenic tenside 2 ~ 10 g/L, cats product 2 ~ 12 g/L.
Described ammonia carboxylation compound has following molecular structural formula:
R in formula
1Molecular structure as follows:
R in formula
2Molecular structure as follows:
Described ionic surfactant pack is drawn together one or both in fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether and alkyl glycoside.
Described fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether has following molecular structural formula:
Wherein, R
3A kind of in methyl, ethyl, propyl group, methylol, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, R
4Be C
2~ C
8Chain alkyl, the value of m are that the value of 0 ~ 3, n is 10 ~ 40.
The molecular formula of described alkyl glycoside is:
Wherein, R
5Be C
8 ~C
10Chain alkyl, the value of n are 1.4
~1.8.
The structure of described cats product is:
Wherein, R
9A kind of in methyl, ethyl, propyl group, butyl, methylol, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, benzyl, R
7Be C
6~ C
14Chain alkyl, R
6, R
8Be methyl or methylol, X is halide-ions.
The using method of the smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc comprises the following steps:
1, quickening liquid double salt total concn is controlled at 120 ~ 400g/L, 40 ~ 80 ℃ of quickening liquid temperature, pH value 3 ~ 5.5;
2, workpiece after pickling and washing, directly immerses quickening liquid, and helping the plating time is get final product in 5 ~ 10 minutes, help plating after workpiece dry, bake out temperature is 60 ~ 120 ℃.
In described step 2, the pickling employing is mass concentration 15%-20% hydrochloric acid, pickling time 15-60 minute.
Smokeless plating assistant agent of the present invention, has wetting infiltration, to helping the plating composite salt to have the scope of certain saturation, active principle of the present invention first is attached to workpiece surface on a small quantity in helping the plating process, play respectively according to the formation speed difference of salt film the effect of accelerating or limiting, play the effect of adjusting, thereby effectively the adhesion amount of composite salt is controlled at certain scope; When low temperature helps plating, the salt film be can accelerate and speed and adhesion amount adhered to, produce the problem of plating leakage when avoiding low temperature because salt film concentration is not enough; Simultaneously, can control salt film adhesion amount when high temperature helps plating, reduce and produce the ash amount, avoid zinc chloride too much to produce the problem of the quick-fried zinc of moisture regain.
Embodiment
The following examples can make the present invention of those skilled in the art comprehend, but do not limit the present invention in any way.
Embodiment 1
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 70g/L, aluminum chloride 30 g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 5 g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 5 g/L, nonionogenic tenside 2g/L, cats product 2g/L.Wherein, R in ammonia carboxylation compound
1N=0 in molecular structural formula, R
2M=0 in molecular structural formula; When nonionogenic tenside is fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, R
3Be methyl, R
4Be C
2Chain alkyl, m value 2, n value 25; R in cats product
9Be methyl, R
7Be C
6Chain alkyl, R
6, R
8Be methyl, X is halide-ions.
Embodiment 2
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 70g/L, aluminum chloride 30 g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 5 g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 10 g/L, nonionogenic tenside 2g/L, cats product 3g/L.Wherein, R in ammonia carboxylation compound
1N=1 in molecular structural formula, R
2M=1 in molecular structural formula; When nonionogenic tenside is fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, R
3Be ethyl, R
4Be C
3Chain alkyl, m value 1, n value 15; R in cats product
9Be ethyl, R
7Be C
7Chain alkyl, R
6, R
8Be methyl, X is halide-ions.
Embodiment 3
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 70g/L, aluminum chloride 30 g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 5 g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 20 g/L, nonionogenic tenside 2g/L, cats product 4g/L.Wherein, R in ammonia carboxylation compound
1N=2 in molecular structural formula, R
2M=2 in molecular structural formula; When nonionogenic tenside is fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, R
3Be propyl group, R
4Be C
4Chain alkyl, m value 0, n value 10; R in cats product
9Be propyl group, R
7Be C
8Chain alkyl, R
6, R
8Be methyl, X is halide-ions.
Embodiment 4
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 100g/L, aluminum chloride 15 g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 10g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 5g/L, nonionogenic tenside 4g/L, cats product 5g/L.Wherein, nonionogenic tenside 2g/L, cats product 2g/L.Wherein, R in ammonia carboxylation compound
1N=3 in molecular structural formula, R
2M=3 in molecular structural formula; When nonionogenic tenside is alkyl glycoside, R
5Be C
8Chain alkyl, n value 1.4; R in cats product
9Be butyl, R
7Be C
9Chain alkyl, R
6, R
8Be methylol, X is halide-ions.
Embodiment 5
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 150g/L, aluminum chloride 10 g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 10g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 10g/L, nonionogenic tenside 6g/L, cats product 6g/L.Wherein, nonionogenic tenside 2g/L, cats product 2g/L.Wherein, R in ammonia carboxylation compound
1N=4 in molecular structural formula, R
2M=4 in molecular structural formula; When nonionogenic tenside is alkyl glycoside, R
5Be C
9Chain alkyl, n value 1.6; R in cats product
9Be methylol, R
7Be C
10Chain alkyl, R
6, R
8Methylol, X are halide-ions.
Embodiment 6
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 200g/L, aluminum chloride 20 g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 15g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 15 g/L, nonionogenic tenside 8g/L, cats product 7g/L.Wherein, nonionogenic tenside 2g/L, cats product 2g/L.Wherein, R in ammonia carboxylation compound
1N=5 in molecular structural formula, R
2M=5 in molecular structural formula; When nonionogenic tenside is alkyl glycoside, R
5Be C
10Chain alkyl, n value 1.8; R in cats product
9Be hydroxyethyl, R
7Be C
11Chain alkyl, R
6, R
8Be methylol, X is halide-ions.
Embodiment 7
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 250g/L, aluminum chloride 25 g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 20 g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 20 g/L, nonionogenic tenside 10g/L, cats product 8g/L.Wherein, R in ammonia carboxylation compound
1N=6 in molecular structural formula, R
2M=0 in molecular structural formula; When nonionogenic tenside is fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, R
3Be methyl, R
4Be C
2Chain alkyl, m value 1, n value 20; R in cats product
9In benzyl, R
7Be C
12Chain alkyl, R
6, R
8Be methyl, X is halide-ions.
Embodiment 8
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 300g/L, aluminum chloride 30 g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 25g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 20 g/L, nonionogenic tenside 10g/L, cats product 9g/L.Wherein, R in ammonia carboxylation compound
1N=7 in molecular structural formula, R
2M=1 in molecular structural formula; When nonionogenic tenside is fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, R
3Be ethyl, R
4Be C
4Chain alkyl, m value 2, n value 30; R in cats product
9Be methyl, R
7Be C
13Chain alkyl, R
6, R
8Be methyl, X is halide-ions.
Embodiment 9
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 300g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 5 g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 20 g/L, nonionogenic tenside 2g/L, cats product 8g/L.Wherein, R in ammonia carboxylation compound
1N=8 in molecular structural formula, R
2M=2 in molecular structural formula; When nonionogenic tenside is fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, R
3Be propyl group, R
4Be C
6Chain alkyl, m value 3, n value 40; R in cats product
9Be ethyl, R
7Be C
14Chain alkyl, R
6, R
8Be methyl, X is halide-ions.
Embodiment 10
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 70g/L, aluminum chloride 5 g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 5 g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 5 g/L, nonionogenic tenside 2g/L, cats product 10g/L.Wherein, nonionogenic tenside 2g/L, cats product 2g/L.Wherein, R in ammonia carboxylation compound
1N=9 in molecular structural formula, R
2M=3 in molecular structural formula; When nonionogenic tenside is alkyl glycoside, R
5Be C
2Chain alkyl, n value 1.5; R in cats product
9Be propyl group, R
7Be C
6Chain alkyl, R
6, R
8Be methyl, X is halide-ions.
Embodiment 11
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 150g/L, aluminum chloride 15 g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 25 g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 12g/L, nonionogenic tenside 6g/L, cats product 11g/L.Wherein, R in ammonia carboxylation compound
1N=10 in molecular structural formula, R
2M=4 in molecular structural formula; When nonionogenic tenside is alkyl glycoside, R
5Be C
4Chain alkyl; R in cats product
9Be butyl, R
7Be C
7Chain alkyl, n value 1.7, R
6, R
8Be methyl, X is halide-ions.
Embodiment 12
The smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 300g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 40 g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 5 g/L, nonionogenic tenside 10g/L, cats product 12g/L.Wherein, R in ammonia carboxylation compound
1N=10 in molecular structural formula, R
2M=5 in molecular structural formula; When nonionogenic tenside is alkyl glycoside, R
5Be C
6Chain alkyl; R in cats product
9Be methylol, R
7Be C
14Chain alkyl, n value 1.8, R
6, R
8Be methylol, X is halide-ions.
Following examples 13-15 is the embodiment of the using method of the smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc of the present invention.
Embodiment 13
The using method of the smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc comprises the following steps:
1, quickening liquid double salt total concn is controlled at 120g/L, 40 ℃ of quickening liquid temperature, pH value 3;
2, workpiece is after pickling and washing, and it is mass concentration 15% hydrochloric acid that pickling is adopted, and pickling time 15 minutes directly immerses quickening liquid, and helping the plating time is get final product in 5 minutes, help plating after workpiece dry, bake out temperature is 60 ℃.
Embodiment 14
The using method of the smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc comprises the following steps:
1, quickening liquid double salt total concn is controlled at 260g/L, quickening liquid temperature 60 C, pH value 4.2;
2, workpiece is after pickling and washing, and it is mass concentration 17% hydrochloric acid that pickling is adopted, and pickling time 40 minutes directly immerses quickening liquid, and helping the plating time is get final product in 7 minutes, help plating after workpiece dry, bake out temperature is 90 ℃.
Embodiment 15
The using method of the smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc comprises the following steps:
1, quickening liquid double salt total concn is controlled at 400g/L, 80 ℃ of quickening liquid temperature, pH value 5.5;
2, workpiece is after pickling and washing, and it is mass concentration 20% hydrochloric acid that pickling is adopted, and pickling time 60 minutes directly immerses quickening liquid, and helping the plating time is get final product in 10 minutes, help plating after workpiece dry, bake out temperature is 120 ℃.
Test without the ammonium quickening liquid of the present invention, when 40 ℃ of quickening liquid temperature, the plating leakage rate only has 3.3%, but smoke dust, plating piece smooth surface, without list edge; When 80 ℃ of quickening liquid temperature, the plating leakage rate is 0, but a small amount of flue dust is arranged, the plating piece surface very smooth smooth, without list edge.
Annotate: above data are the statistics of every 30 batches.440 ℃ of zinc-plated temperature, workpiece are tubing.
Smokeless plating assistant agent of the present invention, has wetting infiltration, to helping the plating composite salt to have the scope of certain saturation, active principle of the present invention first is attached to workpiece surface on a small quantity in helping the plating process, play respectively according to the formation speed difference of salt film the effect of accelerating or limiting, play the effect of adjusting, thereby effectively the adhesion amount of composite salt is controlled at certain scope.
When low temperature helps plating, the salt film be can accelerate and speed and adhesion amount adhered to, produce the problem of plating leakage when avoiding low temperature because salt film concentration is not enough.Simultaneously, can control salt film adhesion amount when high temperature helps plating, reduce and produce the ash amount, avoid zinc chloride too much to produce the problem of the quick-fried zinc of moisture regain.
Claims (8)
1. the smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc, composed of the following components: zinc chloride 70 ~ 300g/L, aluminum chloride 0 ~ 30 g/L, Sodium Silicofluoride 5 ~ 40 g/L, ammonia carboxylation compound 0 ~ 15 g/L, nonionogenic tenside 2 ~ 10 g/L, cats product 2 ~ 12 g/L.
2. the smokeless plating assistant agent of described batch quantity hot dipping zinc according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described ammonia carboxylation compound has following molecular structural formula:
R in formula
1Molecular structure as follows:
R in formula
2Molecular structure as follows:
3. the smokeless plating assistant agent of described batch quantity hot dipping zinc according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described ionic surfactant pack is drawn together one or both in fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether and alkyl glycoside.
4. the smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc according to claim 3, is characterized in that, described fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether has following molecular structural formula:
Wherein, R
3A kind of in methyl, ethyl, propyl group, methylol, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, R
4Be C
2~ C
8Chain alkyl, the value of m are that the value of 0 ~ 3, n is 10 ~ 40.
5. the smokeless plating assistant agent of described batch quantity hot dipping zinc according to claim 3, is characterized in that, the molecular formula of described alkyl glycoside is:
Wherein, R
5Be C
8 ~C
10Chain alkyl, the value of n are 1.4
~1.8.
6. the smokeless plating assistant agent of described batch quantity hot dipping zinc according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the structure of described cats product is:
Wherein, R
9A kind of in methyl, ethyl, propyl group, butyl, methylol, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, benzyl, R
7Be C
6~ C
14Chain alkyl, R
6, R
8Be methyl or methylol, X is halide-ions.
7. the using method of the smokeless plating assistant agent of batch quantity hot dipping zinc, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
(1) quickening liquid double salt total concn is controlled at 120 ~ 400g/L, 40 ~ 80 ℃ of quickening liquid temperature, pH value 3 ~ 5.5;
(2) workpiece after pickling and washing, directly immerses quickening liquid, and helping the plating time is get final product in 5 ~ 10 minutes, help plating after workpiece dry, bake out temperature is 60 ~ 120 ℃.
8. the using method of the smokeless plating assistant agent of described batch quantity hot dipping zinc according to claim 7, is characterized in that, in step 2, the pickling employing is mass concentration 15%-20% hydrochloric acid, pickling time 15-60 minute.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111876708A (en) * | 2020-07-15 | 2020-11-03 | 杨吉 | Improved process for reducing zinc consumption of hot-dip galvanized steel pipe by controlling uniformity of zinc layer |
| CN115537698A (en) * | 2022-09-29 | 2022-12-30 | 华南理工大学 | Hot-dip galvanizing smokeless plating assistant and hot-dip galvanizing method |
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| CN101122000A (en) * | 2007-09-21 | 2008-02-13 | 王玉强 | Phytate plating resisting agent for heat zinc coating |
| CN101328568A (en) * | 2008-06-23 | 2008-12-24 | 南通飞拓生物科技有限公司 | Multifunctional assistant plating additive for hot dip plating process, preparation and use method thereof |
| CN102002661A (en) * | 2010-12-18 | 2011-04-06 | 昆明理工大学 | Low melting point flux for hot dip plating |
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2013
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| GB1412067A (en) * | 1972-02-23 | 1975-10-29 | Basf Ag | Flux for hot-dip galvanizing |
| CN101122000A (en) * | 2007-09-21 | 2008-02-13 | 王玉强 | Phytate plating resisting agent for heat zinc coating |
| CN101328568A (en) * | 2008-06-23 | 2008-12-24 | 南通飞拓生物科技有限公司 | Multifunctional assistant plating additive for hot dip plating process, preparation and use method thereof |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111876708A (en) * | 2020-07-15 | 2020-11-03 | 杨吉 | Improved process for reducing zinc consumption of hot-dip galvanized steel pipe by controlling uniformity of zinc layer |
| CN115537698A (en) * | 2022-09-29 | 2022-12-30 | 华南理工大学 | Hot-dip galvanizing smokeless plating assistant and hot-dip galvanizing method |
| CN115537698B (en) * | 2022-09-29 | 2024-05-14 | 华南理工大学 | Hot-dip galvanizing smokeless plating assistant and hot-dip galvanizing method |
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| CN103173706B (en) | 2015-11-04 |
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