CN103125519A - Stem-type potted plant defoliant and defoliant treatment method thereof - Google Patents
Stem-type potted plant defoliant and defoliant treatment method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims abstract description 97
- RMOGWMIKYWRTKW-UONOGXRCSA-N (S,S)-paclobutrazol Chemical compound C([C@@H]([C@@H](O)C(C)(C)C)N1N=CN=C1)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 RMOGWMIKYWRTKW-UONOGXRCSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000005985 Paclobutrazol Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000011218 segmentation Effects 0.000 claims description 61
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- ANHAEBWRQNIPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroethyl dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OCCCl ANHAEBWRQNIPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
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- 241000219112 Cucumis Species 0.000 claims 2
- UDPGUMQDCGORJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)CCCl UDPGUMQDCGORJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
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- HFCYZXMHUIHAQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thidiazuron Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1NC(=O)NC1=CN=NS1 HFCYZXMHUIHAQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 7
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 230000028514 leaf abscission Effects 0.000 description 5
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- YZHUMGUJCQRKBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)=O YZHUMGUJCQRKBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 244000241257 Cucumis melo Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001423497 Himalayacalamus falconeri Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000632869 Pachira glabra Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
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- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L paraquat dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].C1=C[N+](C)=CC=C1C1=CC=[N+](C)C=C1 FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-phenylalanine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a stem-type potted plant defoliant and a method for promoting stem-type potted plant defoliant by adopting the stem-type potted plant defoliant. The stem-type potted plant defoliant comprises an aqueous solution with the following components in concentration: 50-100 mg/L of larch, 200-1000 mg/L of 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid and 100-1000 mg/L of paclobutrazol. The stem-type potted plant defoliant and the method for carrying out defoliant treatment on the stem-type potted plant by adopting the stem-type potted plant defoliant can enable the potted plant to completely defoliant in a short period, facilitate long-distance transportation, transfer the contents in the leaves into the plant, promote the growth of new branches and leaves of the plant, and adjust the plant shape of the plant to enable the branches and leaves of the plant to be more compact.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of stem segmentation pot plant defoliant, and the method processed of the fallen leaves that adopt this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant that stem segmentation pot plant is carried out.
Technical background
Stem segmentation pot plant refer to take plant trunk stem section as view and admire, the flowers product form of trade, object of transport.The stem segmentation is potted plant, also can be called the stem segmentation and cut branch.On the flowers market, common stem segmentation pot flowers has Brazilian iron (Brazilian rod), Dutch iron, Malabar chestnut (money tree), fairy bamboo, Da Ye umbrella and heavy curtain umbrella maple etc. at present.The stem segmentation pot flowers of China's export is mainly money tree and fairy bamboo, and outlet history is longer.The Da Ye umbrella of developing recently, heavy curtain umbrella maple, green treasured etc., its good market prospects.Yet stem segmentation pot plant has the branches and leaves of vigorous growth, and in transportation, the space that takes up room is large, and cost is high.Damage, extruding in the transportation simultaneously can make strain shape not good enough, view and admire Quality Down.If can make leaf abscission before transportation, young leaves occurs again after transporting the destination to, just can overcome the problems referred to above.The combination of hormone-type defoliant is used at present the technology of stem segmentation pot plant, its best of breed composition, the most proper combination concentration wait for exploration, and the fallen leaves treatment technology remains development and application.
The defoliant of producing now allotment has the effect of growth regulator, can promote aging course, causes leaf abscission, but does not damage plant.Promote the withered chemical agent that comes off of blade can be divided into two classes according to its disleave principle, the first kind is the weed killer herbicide type, and Equations of The Second Kind is hormone types defoliant and ripener.The first kind such as paraquat, glyphosate, at first disleave phosphines etc. injure plant after spraying, make plant to the injury generation ethene of making a response, and cause leaf abscission.These agents for defoliating are many has injury to plant.As extremely strong to chloroplast tunic destructive power in paraquat active ingredient, make that photosynthesis and chlorophyll are synthetic to be stopped very soon, without conduction, the medicine position is injured.The sweet unicorn of the grass mainly cauline leaf by weeds absorbs and conduct complete stool, disturbs the biosynthetic process of phenyl alanine and tyrosine, and makes the interior chromosome of cell nucleus not normal, makes weeds withered etc.Equations of The Second Kind such as ethrel, Thidiazuron etc., the hormonal balance in this compounds energy regulating plant body accelerates the naturally-aged process and causes disleave.Synthesizing of ethephon-induction endogenous ethylene, ethene is the major hormone of dominating abscission of plant organs.Ethene causes in coming off or accelerates organ senescence, regulates the formation of absciss layer, promotes simultaneously hydrolase in the abscission zone, comprises that cellulase and pectin Enzyme induced formation are synthetic.Thidiazuron is mainly as the cotton defoliant, promotes the chorista self-assembling formation between petiole and stem and falls leaves.Generally, the effect of accelerating the ripening of ethrel is better than defoliation effect, and the defoliation effect of Thidiazuron is better than the effect of accelerating the ripening.Weed killer herbicide type compound is too large to the poisoning effect of plant, cause that easily plant is dead, and the hormone types defoliant is similar to the plant usual aging with the ripener exercising result, adopts the Equations of The Second Kind compound so the present invention fills a prescription.In the selection of leaf abscission agent, different effects is being brought into play in the hormone-type defoliant combination of different classes of plant growth regulator, for making plant leaf come off, shift inclusion fully, improving plant strain shape etc., need to explore the preferred compositions of each parahormone, thereby newly added paclobutrazol in the present invention, paclobutrazol is a kind of growth retardant, and fallen leaves are had facilitation.
Modern leaf abscission technology adopts the hormone-type defoliant of plant growth regulator to come off more.Defoliant is used on economy such as mainly concentrating on cotton and fruit tree and ornamental plants.The mechanical harvesting that for example is used for cotton is saved the labour, be convenient to the gathering of unginned cotton (execute foundation etc., Shihezi science and technology, 2003(1): 5-7; Wen Xianghui etc., the Xinjiang agricultural machanization, 2004(4): 48; Tian Xiaoli etc., Cotton, 2006(1): 4-6; Li Yongqing etc., the land-reclaimable science and technology in Xinjiang, 2007, (2): 58-59).On fruit tree, application to the mechanical harvesting of apple is arranged the earliest, and (the Kubo field is very third-class, northern fruit tree, 1983, (3): 51; ), make the volume increase such as fruit tree such as apple, Portugal peach application (Wang Yuan, the Tianjin agriculture and forestry science and technology, 1994(1): 27).Also there are in recent years some researchers to carry out some application studies to ornamental plant, as spray on the street tree plane tree of leaf fall period length, make it concentrate fallen leaves, environmental contamination reduction, reduction sanitationman's workload (Li Yuan etc., Shaanxi forestry science and technology, 2009(2): application 4-7).
In view of this, develop a kind of novel stem segmentation pot plant defoliant, can overcome in existing actual shipment the deficiency that causes the plant damage, views and admires Quality Down, promoting pot plant to fall leaves, dwindle transportation fully takes up room, extends the transportation duration, saves cost of transportation, and the plant strain shape of germinateing and improving pot plant by secondary, this is the technical problem that these those skilled in the art need to be resolved hurrily.
Summary of the invention
For the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of method that technical problem solved by the invention is to provide stem segmentation pot plant defoliant and adopts this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant that stem segmentation pot plant is fallen leaves and processes, can overcome the deficiency in existing actual production transportation, can promote pot plant to fall leaves, dwindle transportation fully takes up room, improves the transportation duration, saves cost of transportation, and the plant strain shape of germinateing and improving pot plant by secondary, make its branches and leaves compacter, improve ornamental value.
For this reason, on the one hand, a kind of stem segmentation pot plant defoliant provided by the invention, this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant is the aqueous solution that comprises following concentration composition:
Clean 50 ~ the 100mg/L that falls leaves,
2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 200 ~ 1000mg/L,
Paclobutrazol 100 ~ 1000mg/L.
Preferably, this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant is the aqueous solution that comprises following concentration composition:
Clean 50 ~ the 90mg/L that falls leaves,
2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 200 ~ 800mg/L,
Paclobutrazol 300 ~ 600mg/L.
Further preferably, this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant is the aqueous solution that comprises following concentration composition:
The clean 75mg/L that falls leaves,
2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 600 mg/L,
Paclobutrazol 500mg/L.
Wherein, described stem segmentation pot plant is the stem segmentation pot plant of Bombacaceae melon Castanea, Araliaceae Ivy Tree Bark genus and Araliaceae Heteropanax seeds.
Particularly, described stem segmentation pot plant is the stem segmentation pot plant of Malabar chestnut, Da Ye umbrella and heavy curtain umbrella maple.
On the other hand, technical problem solved by the invention is to provide a kind of fallen leaves processing method of stem segmentation pot plant defoliant, the leave dual sides that is included in stem segmentation pot plant sprays this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant, and this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant is the aqueous solution that comprises following concentration composition:
Clean 50 ~ the 100mg/L that falls leaves,
2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 200 ~ 1000mg/L,
Paclobutrazol 100 ~ 1000mg/L;
The spraying method of this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant comprises: the positive and negative at stem segmentation pot plant blade sprays this defoliant, until drop evenly falls; After completing processing, observe and estimate indices, and carry out interpretation of result.
Preferably, this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant is the aqueous solution that comprises following concentration composition:
Clean 50 ~ the 90mg/L that falls leaves,
2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 200 ~ 800mg/L,
Paclobutrazol 300 ~ 600mg/L.
Further preferably, this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant is the aqueous solution that comprises following concentration composition:
The clean 75mg/L that falls leaves,
2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 600mg/L,
Paclobutrazol 500mg/L.
Moreover the present invention has also illustrated stem segmentation pot plant defoliant of the present invention, the application in the potted plant fallen leaves of stem segmentation of Bombacaceae melon Castanea, Araliaceae Ivy Tree Bark genus and Araliaceae Heteropanax arbor are processed.
Particularly, stem segmentation pot plant defoliant of the present invention is the application in the stem segmentation pot plant fallen leaves of Malabar chestnut, Da Ye umbrella and heavy curtain umbrella maple are processed.
Than prior art, stem segmentation pot plant defoliant of the present invention and the method that adopts this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant that stem segmentation pot plant is fallen leaves and processes, can overcome the deficiency in existing production and transport, promoting this pot plant to fall leaves, dwindle transportation fully takes up room, improves the transportation duration, saves cost of transportation, and the plant strain shape of germinateing and improving pot plant by secondary, make its branches and leaves compacter, improve ornamental value.
Embodiment
Embodiment one:
The present embodiment is that the hormone kind of defoliant and concentration are explored, and mainly selects Thidiazuron (TDZ), ethrel, paclobutrazol (pp333), and it is sprayed in the positive and negative of Malabar chestnut blade, seeks suitable hormone combinations kind and concentration.
Test is processed and is respectively independent drug concentration setting 1., 2., and 3., 4. the concentration setting of two kinds of confections is specifically processed as follows:
1. ethrel concentration is set is 200mg/L, 500mg/L, and 800mg/L, 1100mg/L, 1400 mg/L, 1700 mg/L, 2,000 seven of mg/L processing, each processes 10 strains;
2. TDZ concentration is set is 50 mg/L, 100mg/L, and 500mg/L, 1000mg/L, 1500mg/L, five processing of 2000mg/L, each processes 10 strains;
3. respectively add the pp333 of 1000mg/L to become seven new processing in seven processing 1., each processes 10 strains;
4. respectively add the pp333 of 1000mg/L to become five new processing in 2. four processing, each processes 10 strains.
Carried out single spraying test on July 23rd, 2011, on August 5th, 2011 was made up spraying test, and every strain is evenly sprayed, and began evenly lower to liquid and was advisable so that the blade face is fully moistening.Once observe the dropping situations of blade every day from hydrojet day, and record fallen leaves beginning, concluding time, a situation arises from the upgrowth situation judgement poisoning of terminal bud.
From separately with the observation situation of composite test as can be known: the ethrel single spraying has the effect of falling leaves accelerated, the ethrel of high concentration is less to plant injury, in high concentration, the tip buds die phenomenon appears partly after adding paclobutrazol, therefore in formula, the ethrel concentration range can be 200-1000mg/L; Thidiazuron promotes the formation in abscission zone, petiole place, the height of concentration is little to the fallen leaves rate, but the Thidiazuron of high concentration has the effect of weed killer herbicide, very large to plant injury itself, single spraying concentration surpasses 100mg/L and causes 10% above terminal bud death, 20% above terminal bud death after adding paclobutrazol combination to spray is therefore its concentration is set in 50-100mg/L; Paclobutrazol is a kind of growth retardant, and fallen leaves are had facilitation, with the concentration stuck-at-１ 000mg/L of paclobutrazol, is aided with and selects the optimization formula combination in embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment two:
The present embodiment is the further exploration to formula concentration, further studies fallen leaves speed and preferred formula of time on the basis of embodiment one.
Test is treated to: with Malabar chestnut maintenance 1 month in specifying equivalent environment, dwindle as far as possible the difference between the examination material, make experimental result have more science.Then therefrom select examination material good and that growing way is basically identical.Test material is divided into 14 groups, every group of 3 strains, and carry out corresponding number record, then press the recipe configuration solution of table 9.Carry out the combination solution spraying test on September 15th, 2011, the beginning of observed and recorded fallen leaves, Close Date, carry out data statistic analysis.
13 new (units: mg ∕ L) of filling a prescription of table 9 defoliant test
| Sequence number | Thidiazuron | Ethrel | Paclobutrazol |
| 1(is blank) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | 20 | 50 | 100 |
| 3 | 40 | 100 | 200 |
| 4 | 50 | 200 | 300 |
| 5 | 60 | 300 | 350 |
| 6 | 65 | 400 | 400 |
| 7 | 70 | 500 | 450 |
| 8 | 75 | 600 | 500 |
| 9 | 80 | 700 | 550 |
| 10 | 90 | 800 | 600 |
| 11 | 100 | 1000 | 1000 |
| 12 | 150 | 1200 | 1200 |
| 13 | 200 | 1500 | 1500 |
The data record analysis of 13 new formulas of table 10 to plant fallen leaves situation
| Sequence number | Spray the time (month, day) | Begin the fallen leaves time (month, day) | Stop the fallen leaves time (month, day) | Fallen leaves beginning number of days (n days) | Fallen leaves finish number of days (n days) | The fallen leaves number of days |
| 1(is blank) | 9.15 | Do not fall | Do not fall | - | - | - |
| 2 | 9.15 | 9.22 | 9.26 | 7 | 11 | 4 |
| 3 | 9.15 | 9.21 | 9.25 | 6 | 10 | 4 |
| 4 | 9.15 | 9.20 | 9.25 | 5 | 10 | 5 |
| 5 | 9.15 | 9.20 | 9.24 | 5 | 9 | 4 |
| 6 | 9.15 | 9.19 | 9.23 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
| 7 | 9.15 | 9.20 | 9.24 | 5 | 9 | 4 |
| 8 | 9.15 | 9.20 | 9.26 | 5 | 11 | 6 |
| 9 | 9.15 | 9.19 | 9.23 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
| 10 | 9.15 | 9.18 | 9.22 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
| 11 | 9.15 | 9.18 | 9.21 | 3 | 6 | 3 |
| 12 | 9.15 | 9.18 | 9.20 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
| 13 | 9.15 | 9.18 | 9.19 | 3 | 4 | 1 |
Learn by above test: the formula in sequence number 4 and sequence number 8 is the longest to the fallen leaves time of stem segmentation pot plant, and effect is best.Amount ranges from three kinds of compositions, the scope of sequence number 4 three kinds of main components that formula is chosen to the sequence number 10 has better fallen leaves effect, clean 50 ~ 90mg/L namely falls leaves, 2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 200 ~ 800mg/L, the defoliant in paclobutrazol 300 ~ 600mg/L scope has better fallen leaves effect.In transportation, the fallen leaves time of formula 8 is the longest, is convenient to transportation, and more according to its lateral bud growth of embodiment one analysis-by-synthesis, and is minimum to the plant injury.The present invention further optimization scheme is formula 4, and most preferably scheme is formula 8.
The above is the preferred embodiment of the present invention; should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite that does not break away from the principle of the invention; can also make some improvements and modifications, these improvements and modifications also are considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a stem segmentation pot plant defoliant, is characterized in that, this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant is the aqueous solution that comprises following concentration composition:
Clean 50 ~ the 100mg/L that falls leaves,
2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 200 ~ 1000mg/L,
Paclobutrazol 100 ~ 1000mg/L.
2. stem segmentation pot plant defoliant according to claim 1, is characterized in that, this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant is the aqueous solution that comprises following concentration composition:
Clean 50 ~ the 90mg/L that falls leaves,
2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 200 ~ 800mg/L,
Paclobutrazol 300 ~ 600mg/L.
3. stem segmentation pot plant defoliant according to claim 1, is characterized in that, this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant is the aqueous solution that comprises following concentration composition:
The clean 75mg/L that falls leaves,
2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 600 mg/L,
Paclobutrazol 500mg/L.
4. stem segmentation pot plant defoliant according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described stem segmentation pot plant is that Bombacaceae melon Castanea, Araliaceae Ivy Tree Bark belong to and the stem segmentation pot plants of Araliaceae Heteropanax seeds.
5. stem segmentation pot plant defoliant according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described stem segmentation pot plant is the stem segmentation pot plant of Malabar chestnut, Da Ye umbrella and heavy curtain umbrella maple.
6. the fallen leaves processing method of a stem segmentation pot plant, is characterized in that, the positive and negative that is included in stem segmentation pot plant blade sprays stem segmentation pot plant defoliant, and this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant is the aqueous solution that comprises following concentration composition:
Clean 50 ~ the 100mg/L that falls leaves,
2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 200 ~ 1000mg/L,
Paclobutrazol 100 ~ 1000mg/L;
This stem segmentation pot plant defoliant spraying method comprises: the positive and negative at stem segmentation pot plant blade sprays, until drop evenly falls; After completing processing, observe and estimate indices, and carry out interpretation of result.
7. fallen leaves processing method according to claim 6, is characterized in that, this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant is the aqueous solution that comprises following concentration composition:
Clean 50 ~ the 90mg/L that falls leaves,
2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 200 ~ 800mg/L,
Paclobutrazol 300 ~ 600mg/L.
8. fallen leaves processing method according to claim 6, is characterized in that, this stem segmentation pot plant defoliant is the aqueous solution that comprises following concentration composition:
The clean 75mg/L that falls leaves,
2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid 600 mg/L,
Paclobutrazol 500mg/L.
9. fallen leaves processing method as claimed in claim 1 belongs to and the fallen leaves of the stem segmentation pot plant of Araliaceae Heteropanax arbor are used at Bombacaceae melon Castanea, Araliaceae Ivy Tree Bark.
10. fallen leaves processing method as claimed in claim 1 is used at the fallen leaves of the stem segmentation pot plant of Malabar chestnut, Da Ye umbrella and heavy curtain umbrella maple.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103704040A (en) * | 2013-12-31 | 2014-04-09 | 李玉娟 | Method for improving leaf color of prunus cerasifera and deferring leaf falling |
| CN109362777A (en) * | 2018-12-10 | 2019-02-22 | 冯华杰 | A kind of defoliant, the composition for fallen leaves and its application |
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| AU4239499A (en) * | 1998-07-31 | 2000-02-24 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | Aqueous suspension concentrate comprising thidiazuron and ethephon |
| CN1484956A (en) * | 2003-08-14 | 2004-03-31 | 新疆绿洲科技开发公司 | Defoliant for cotton crop |
| WO2008019063A2 (en) * | 2006-08-04 | 2008-02-14 | Arysta Lifescience North America, Llc | Defoliant composition and method |
| CN101273721A (en) * | 2008-03-28 | 2008-10-01 | 河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所 | Thidiazuron-Ethrel combined cotton growth regulator |
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| AU4239499A (en) * | 1998-07-31 | 2000-02-24 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | Aqueous suspension concentrate comprising thidiazuron and ethephon |
| CN1484956A (en) * | 2003-08-14 | 2004-03-31 | 新疆绿洲科技开发公司 | Defoliant for cotton crop |
| WO2008019063A2 (en) * | 2006-08-04 | 2008-02-14 | Arysta Lifescience North America, Llc | Defoliant composition and method |
| CN101273721A (en) * | 2008-03-28 | 2008-10-01 | 河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所 | Thidiazuron-Ethrel combined cotton growth regulator |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103704040A (en) * | 2013-12-31 | 2014-04-09 | 李玉娟 | Method for improving leaf color of prunus cerasifera and deferring leaf falling |
| CN109362777A (en) * | 2018-12-10 | 2019-02-22 | 冯华杰 | A kind of defoliant, the composition for fallen leaves and its application |
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Application publication date: 20130605 |