CN103118790B - 用于在废气***中产生电场的装置 - Google Patents

用于在废气***中产生电场的装置 Download PDF

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CN103118790B
CN103118790B CN201180044238.9A CN201180044238A CN103118790B CN 103118790 B CN103118790 B CN 103118790B CN 201180044238 A CN201180044238 A CN 201180044238A CN 103118790 B CN103118790 B CN 103118790B
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electrode
waste gas
metallic plate
electric field
projection
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CN103118790A (zh
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罗尔夫·布吕克
简·霍奇森
克里斯蒂安·福斯曼
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Vitesco Technologies Lohmar Verwaltungs GmbH
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Emitec Gesellschaft fuer Emissionstechnologie mbH
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    • B03CMAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N13/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F01N13/0097Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/0231Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using special exhaust apparatus upstream of the filter for producing nitrogen dioxide, e.g. for continuous filter regeneration systems [CRT]
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    • B03C2201/30Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation for use in or with vehicles
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    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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Abstract

用于在废气***(3)中产生电场(2)的装置(1),包括废气管线(4),其中布置有至少一个与供电单元(6)相接触的电极(5),该至少一个电极(5)设计为具有至少一个片状金属部件(7)。

Description

用于在废气***中产生电场的装置
技术领域
本发明涉及用于在废气***中、尤其是在机动车辆的废气***中产生电场的装置。尤其是,本发明涉及用于处理包含煤烟颗粒的废气的装置,该装置可以尤其与所谓的静电过滤器或电过滤器一起使用。就此程度而言,本发明优选应用在机动车辆领域中的移动式内燃机的废气处理中。
背景技术
已经讨论过用于在移动式内燃机中从废气中消除煤烟颗粒的多种不同的理念。除了交替在侧部上闭合的壁流式过滤器、开放的次级流动过滤器、重力沉淀器等,已经提出了这样的***,即其中使废气中的颗粒带电,并且之后使用静电引力使颗粒沉淀。这些***尤其已知称作为“静电过滤器”或“电过滤器”。
对于这样的电过滤器而言,大致上提出了布置在废气管线中的(多个)放电电极和集电极。在该情况中,例如利用大约居中地延伸通过废气管线的中间放电电极和作为集电极的废气管线的周围侧部表面来形成电容器。通过该放电电极和集电极的布置,相对于废气的流动方向横向地形成电场,其中可以例如通过处于大约15kV的区域中的高压来操作放电电极。其结果是尤其可以形成电晕放电,通过电晕放电,与废气一同流动通过电场的颗粒以单极的形式带电。由于这种带电,颗粒由于静电库仑力而移动到集电极。
除了其中废气管线实施为集电极的***,还已知有这样的***,其中集电极实施为例如丝网。在该情况中,丝网上的颗粒的积累具有如下目的,即在特定的条件下将颗粒与另外的颗粒结合,以借此实现凝聚。流动通过丝网的废气之后将相对较大的颗粒凝聚物携带起来,并且将它们输送至传统的过滤***。
即使迄今为止的上述***已经证明至少在试验中对于煤烟颗粒的处理而言是适用的,在机动车辆中为批量生产而实施该理念仍然构成很大的技术挑战。这对于废气中的剧烈波动的、有时非常高的煤烟负载而言尤其如此。同样地,对现有的用于废气***的这种***进行所期望的改装仍然构成很大困难。尤其是,在机动车辆的废气***中会产生大致上突然增多的废气量,但是这例如在用来产生动力的固定式内燃机中不会产生。另外,例如由于地面的不平,废气***会承受到机械负载。另外,必须考虑到如下事实,即考虑到这种废气***的增加的功率和/或效率,必须(周期性地和/或连续地)将过滤***再生以消除煤烟颗粒,所述再生包括煤烟到气态组分的转化。
当再生过滤***时,还知晓的是不仅通过简单加热、也就是说燃烧煤烟(催化剂驱动的氧化转化)来进行间歇的再生,而且还可通过二氧化氮(NO2)来转化煤烟。通过二氧化氮连续再生的优势是煤烟可以在低很多的温度下(尤其低于250℃)就已经被转换了。由此原因,在许多应用情况中优选连续再生。然而这导致了如下问题,即必须要保证废气中的二氧化氮与累积的煤烟颗粒接触到足够的程度。
在本情况中,技术困难产生于对机动车辆中的这种废气***实施连续操作,其中内燃机的不同负载导致不同的废气流、废气组成和/或温度。
另外,需要考虑到当使得这样的煤烟沉淀***能够得到这样的部件时,就要使用尽可能简单的部件、尤其是还有可以作为批量生产的一部分而划算地制造的部件。另外,尤其针对电极的设计,需要考虑到在特定的条件下电极必须在废气管线中对齐布置,尤其是布置成使得在电极的区域中不会产生不期望的高冲压或不期望的废气涡流。
发明内容
以此为基础,本发明的目的是至少部分地解决针对现有技术所描述的问题。尤其是要提出一种用于在废气***中产生电场的装置,其可以通过简单的方式和已知的技术而甚至作为批量生产的一部分来获得。另外,本装置可容易地整合到废气管线中,尤其是以这样的方式整合,使得电极可以朝向所期望的电场或所指定的颗粒捕集器选择性定向。
这些目的通过具有如下特征的装置来达到:一种用于在废气***中产生电场的装置,具有废气管线,其中布置有至少一个设置成与电源相接触的电极,其中所述至少一个电极通过至少一个金属板形成,所述至少一个电极沿废气的流动方向延伸,并且所有的所述电极都具有多个沿着废气的流动方向的凸起,所述至少一个电极整合到蜂窝体中,并且多个所述凸起通过将金属板的靠近端侧边缘的材料移除的方式来形成。本发明还提出了进一步的有利改进。所理解的是,在不同实施方案中所单独详细说明的特征可以任何技术上合适的方式彼此结合,并且公开了本发明的进一步的改进。
根据本发明的用于在废气***中产生电场的装置具有废气管线,其中布置有至少一个设置成与电源相接触的电极。在本情况中,该至少一个电极通过至少一个金属板形成,该至少一个电极沿废气的流动方向延伸,并且所有的电极都具有多个沿着废气的流动方向的凸起。
该装置尤其为静电过滤器的极点。此处优选为,电场为(如果可能的话为脉冲的)直流电压场。在该情况中,可以产生尤其是处于从10kV(千伏特)到30kV的范围中的电压。废气***尤其为移动式内燃机的废气***,尤其是机动车辆的柴油发动机的废气***。如果合适的话,废气管线的实施为相应的电场的区域可以是电绝缘的,其中这可以沿废气管线的轴向方向、以及径向朝外地来实施。此处,该至少一个电极置于废气管线的内部中——也就是说处于废气流动通过的空间。这里,该至少一个电极例如通过相应的电导体、插头、锡焊连接件等布置成与电源电接触。尤其是,此处也优选使用电源的通过废气管线的电封装的引线。
为了电极在废气管线的内部中的改善的对齐,以及与电极的接触的简化的制造和形成,还提出了电极通过至少一个金属板形成。“金属板”理解为尤其是由平坦的金属材料制成的(平面的)条带。这里,金属板可以实施为使得其大体上是光滑的或平坦的,但金属板也可以被结构化,也就是说例如其具有皱折。对于制造作为废气***中的催化剂载体的金属蜂窝体而言,批量生产已经是非常先进的,其结果是这里已经实施了类似构造的金属板的精确实施方案。现在可以利用这种生产知识来实施也作为电极的这种金属板,并且使用它们来产生相应的电场。为此目的,金属板必须通过相应的接触导体、电导体、焊接点等来构造,其结果是可以通过金属板自身来形成预定的电流路径,如果适合的话,也可为金属板使用绝缘覆盖层或镶嵌物。当然,在该情况中可考虑相应的电导材料。
金属板的平面侧优选布置成平行于废气的流动方向。其结果是,金属板带来针对流动废气的最小的可能流阻。
金属板尤其由具有低欧姆电阻的材料来制造,作为附加或替代,其可具有有限的氧化能力。金属板优选地由均质材料制造,其结果是在凸起处形成了具有良好的电离能力的均匀场。金属板优选具有小于0.1mm、尤其优选地小于0.065mm、非常尤其优选地小于0.035mm的厚度。在该情况中,尤其优选的是,该至少一个电极沿着废气的流动方向延伸。也就是说,换言之,金属板相对废气的流动方向布置成使得其带来最小的可能流阻。在此方面,金属板的平面侧尤其布置成平行于废气的流动方向。作为电极的布置和实施方案的结果,避免了当与电极发生接触时废气的强紊流,和/或当废气通过时所增加的压强损失。
另外,该至少一个电极具有多个沿着废气的流动方向的凸起。相应的凸起可以例如通过如下事实来生成,即将金属板的靠近端侧边缘的材料移除或冲压掉。尤其是沿电场方向定向的剩余部分的凸起适合于形成电场的局部中心。在特定的条件下,同样合适的是,仅仅这些凸起布置为与相应的电导体接触,而金属板的剩余部分电绝缘。因此,流动可以针对这些凸起选择性地引导。尤其是在该情况中,有利的是,金属板或凸起相对废气管线布置或定向为使得它们生成朝向集电极、尤其是布置在下游的颗粒捕集器的均匀电场。此处尤其优选的是,仅仅设置一个金属板,然而其具有多个凸起,每个形成电极尖端。尤其优选的是,该至少一个凸起在流动方向上具有15mm(毫米)到20mm(毫米)的长度,其结果是在操作中避免了凸起的振动。
另外,所提出的是,至少三个凸起形成为在每种情况中均与至少两个相邻的凸起相隔一定的距离,其中该距离大致相等。这尤其意味着距离最多相差10%。该距离优选为至少10mm,尤其优选为至少30mm,非常尤其优选为至少50mm。以此方式,形成了非常均匀的电场,其具有在凸起的区域中沿着横截面均匀分布的局部场强极大值。为此目的,凸起必须彼此相隔一定距离地布置在金属板上,与弯曲一致。相对大的距离也尤其阻止了在凸起之间形成(不期望的)电场。
该至少一个凸起优选形成构成尖端的电极,其中凸起的尖端具有至多30°、优选至多20°、尤其优选为至多10°的角度。还提出了该凸起的至少一个端点相对于流动方向横向地定向,其中多个凸起的尖端可以沿不同方向定向。
根据本装置的一个改进,提出了该至少一个电极整合到蜂窝体中。因此可以知道例如可得到这样的金属蜂窝体,其中由金属箔片制成的至少局部结构化的层一个在另一个之上堆叠、缠绕和/或卷绕,以形成大致平行的通道。即使这些蜂窝体的金属箔片能够实施为相对薄的材料厚度(如果合适的话),蜂窝结构应该整体上考虑为相对刚性的,使得电极可以通过这些金属箔片或蜂窝体牢固地固定到金属板上。其结果是,蜂窝体因此可以构成电极或金属板的支撑结构。如果合适的话,此处显然是电极必须相对于蜂窝体电绝缘。如果在该情况中例如设置了电绝缘的覆盖层,则它们也可以作为通到电极的电导体的基底,这些导体可容易地安装到电绝缘覆盖层。
根据本发明的一个尤其优选的应用领域,最后提出了颗粒捕集器在废气的流动方向上布置在该至少一个电极的下游。此处极其优选的是,颗粒捕集器(直接)布置在下游并在此处作为一种类型的集电极。其结果是,流动通过位于该至少一个电极和颗粒捕集器之间的区域的煤烟颗粒在位于那里的电场中带电,并且最终朝向颗粒捕集器的过滤材料偏转。在该情况中,当然还可以同时进行聚集。颗粒捕集器尤其是所谓的开放的次级流动过滤器,其中不设有完全关闭的流动通道。相反地,颗粒捕集器通过金属非纺织体和金属波纹形成,其中设置有开口、引导结构等。此处,引导结构在流动通道中形成流动限制,其结果是颗粒捕集器内部的煤烟颗粒的停留时间或撞击可能性增加。关于这一方面可参照本申请人的已知专利公开,其更详细地表征了颗粒捕集器和/或其再生;尤其是,此处可完全参照下列文献的说明书:WOA01/80978;WOA02/00326;WOA2005/099867;WOA2005/066469;WOA2006/136431;WOA2007/140932。
此处,这样的颗粒捕集器优选地基于CRT方法连续地再生。为此目的,例如氧化催化转化器可以连接到装置的上游,其中一氧化氮(也)被氧化以形成二氧化氮,二氧化氮之后在颗粒捕集器中与煤烟反应。另外,还可能的是,这样的氧化作用覆盖层在颗粒捕集器自身中实施,或是在其一个区域中实施,或是在颗粒捕集器的所有区域中实施。
附图说明
下面将参照附图更详细地解释本发明。所理解的是,附图显示了尤其优选的实施方案的变体,然而本发明并不限制于此。在附图中,在每种情况中处于示意性的形式:
图1显示了根据本发明的装置的第一实施方案变体的剖视图;并且
图2显示了装置的另一个实施方案变体的细节,其涉及到通过蜂窝结构形成的电极,并且
图3显示了装置的一个实施方案变体的流动方向上的平面图。
具体实施方式
图1显示了根据本发明的用于在废气***3中产生电场2的装置1的第一实施方案变体。在此处,装置1还包括废气管线4的区域,其中布置有至少一个电极5。在此处所显示的实施方案的变体中,多个电极5整合到一(单独的)蜂窝体10中。为了相应地形成电接触而设置了电源6,其被引导通过电接触部分12,使得其相对于废气管线4电绝缘。此处,电极5通过(如果合适的话为分离的)金属板7形成,金属板7大致上平行于废气的流动方向8延伸,并且在端部处具有多个凸起9。在该情况中,在电极5和在流动方向8上随后布置的颗粒捕集器11之间形成了煤烟颗粒可以在其中凝聚或带电的所期望的电场2。带电的颗粒之后冲击到颗粒捕集器11上,在那里它们优选地嵌入到过滤材料之中或之上,并且在再生范围内被转换成气态组分。此处,凸起9同样由其直至尖端18的长度16来示出,其中尖端18形成了角度17。
图2显示了装置1的一个实施方案的变体,其中电极5同样整合到蜂窝体10中。此处显示了其中布置有多个至少局部结构化的(非电活性的)金属箔片(显示为白色)和(至少局部电活性的)金属板(显示为黑色)的柱形壳体13的立体图。在该情况中,在金属箔片或金属板的结构之间形成了通道,流体可以流过这些通道,并且通道大致上彼此平行地延伸。与所期望的金属板7的电接触可以通过相应的电源6并经壳体13来实施,其结果是保证了到电极5的能量供应。此处,电极5以凸起的形式延伸过端侧,其中它们优选在蜂窝体10的横截面上平均分布。
图3是根据本发明的装置1的一个实施方案的沿着或逆着废气的流动方向的平面示意图。蜂窝体10布置在壳体13中。蜂窝体10包含至少一个金属板7,其形成作为电极5的凸起9。可以通过电接触部分12对电极施加电压。每个凸起9至少与相邻的电极5相隔第一距离14和第二距离15。第一距离14和第二距离15大致相等,其中凸起9在蜂窝体10的端面上平均分布。
因此,已经至少部分地解决了开篇处关于现有技术所述的问题。尤其是,详细说明了用于在废气***中产生电场的装置,即使在批量生产的范围内,其也可以通过简单的方式和已知的技术来获得。另外,装置可以容易地整合到废气管线中,尤其是以这样的方式,即使得电极可以相对所期望的电场或指定的颗粒捕集器选择性对齐。
附图标记列表
1装置
2电场
3废气***
4废气管线
5电极
6电源
7金属板
8流动方向
9凸起
10蜂窝体
11颗粒捕集器
12电接触部分
13壳体
14第一距离
15第二距离
16长度
17角度
18尖端

Claims (4)

1.一种用于在废气***(3)中产生电场(2)的装置(1),具有废气管线(4),其中布置有至少一个设置成与电源(6)相接触的电极(5),其中所述至少一个电极(5)通过至少一个金属板(7)形成,所述至少一个电极(5)沿废气的流动方向(8)延伸,并且所有的所述电极(5)都具有多个沿着废气的流动方向(8)的凸起(9),所述至少一个电极(5)整合到蜂窝体(10)中,并且多个所述凸起通过将金属板的靠近端侧边缘的材料移除的方式来形成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置(1),其特征在于,最多设置三个所述电极(5)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的装置(1),其特征在于,形成了至少三个所述凸起(9),其中在每种情况中,各凸起与至少两个相邻的凸起(9)所相隔的距离(14,15)相等。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的装置(1),其特征在于,颗粒捕集器(11)在废气的流动方向(8)上布置在所述至少一个电极(5)的下游。
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