CN103003739B - 电光可控玻璃 - Google Patents
电光可控玻璃 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种可控玻璃,至少包括第一和第二反射偏振器和液晶染料层,其中所述液晶染料层被布置在所述第一和第二反射偏振器之间,且其中所述液晶染料层(3)的二向色性染料(6)的对准和液晶(7)的对准是可变的,其中所述第一和第二反射偏振器被表示为针对波长范围λ1到λ2中的电磁辐射,且由此选择所述液晶染料层以便通过所述可控玻璃的电磁辐射透射在λ3到λ4的波长范围中通过染料吸收控制且在λ1到λ2的波长范围中通过所述液晶染料层(3)中的所述液晶和所述染料的对准控制,其中,λ1到λ2的波长范围位于750nm到2000nm的波长范围内,且λ3到λ4的波长范围位于380nm到750nm的波长范围内。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及可控玻璃(glazing)。
背景技术
玻璃的透射谱对于建筑物、汽车、温室和其他室内空间的能量使用非常重要。可见光理想地以这样的方式透射,即,达到正确的亮度级。同时,以这样的方式控制透射的红外线,即室温被控制在想要的温度。当透射了太少或太多的太阳辐射时,室内空间的额外加热或制冷需要很多能量。因此,想要调节穿过窗口的辐射透射。
解决该问题最常用的方案是在窗口上或窗口内提供不可切换的(静态的)涂层。该涂层吸收或反射一部分入射辐射,由此限制允许的透射。这种涂层典型地是静态涂层,且其透射级不可被改变。因此,涂层的透射级用“最优平均”方案被优化。例如在夏天,要求额外的太阳能控制措施,诸如内部或外部遮阳,来处理高强度情况。
或者,可获得可切换涂层。所述涂层结合玻璃元件中的遮光物(sunshade)的可调节透射。一些技术可被获得来构造可切换涂层,包括电致变色、气致变色、悬浮颗粒器件、聚合物分散的液晶和宾主型染料***。
文档DE19937768描述LCD用作窗口的使用。文档描述了如何移除传统液晶显示器的若干组件,直到留下一个具有两个偏振滤光器和均匀液晶层的组件。通常理解,用于LCD的偏振滤光器是线性吸收偏振滤光器,因为这是在商业LCD中所能找到的滤光器类型。可见光的透射是用两个偏振滤光器之间的液晶层控制的。在DE3330305中描述了一种窗口***,其将两个线偏振器与宾主型染料***结合。这种情况下的透射率可用染料浓度或可切换层的厚度调整。在前述两种情况下,这种情况中最大理论透射率是50%,因为偏光片最多允许50%的光穿过。实践上,由于偏振滤光器的不完善,这个数字可能更低(在美国专利5015086中报告了35%的最大实际值)。在许多情况下,<50%的透射率对于实际应用来说是太低的可见光透射率。因此,使用吸收性线偏振器来解决该问题没有吸引力。
WO99/67681使用这样的方法,其中可获得高的光透射,同时仍然允许(电)切换到更低的光透射。这通过使用液晶宾体中的二向色性染料而实现。通过改变染料浓度,可虚拟地在100%到0%之间调整透射范围。该方法的缺点是可获得的二向色性染料在可见光谱的光范围中是最活跃的。仅可获得有限数量的这样的染料,其允许屏蔽IR(红外)光谱(750nm-3000nm)的一小部分的光。因此,这种安排不足以屏蔽IR电磁辐射。
US2005/007506和US2002/0118328描述了使用胆甾醇液晶提供辐射控制的备选方法。根据该说明,对于特定波长区域,使用胆甾醇液晶层,透射水平可被控制为0%、50%或100%。在这种情况下,>50%的透射仅可通过切换胆甾醇层本身而达到。这在实际中很难做到,特别是如果想要用于反射的宽区域的状况时。
文档US2008/0158448公开了一种***,其中在顶部和底部布置有偏振器。在偏振器之间夹有液晶层。液晶层用作偏振延迟或旋转层。***被明显地设计为可见光(380-780nm)范围的光透射率是可控制的[003]。此外,US2008/0158448中的***被设计为:施加到活性层实现可见光谱透射率变化的外部刺激对由光控制层实现的UV和红外线的滤光具有很小的效果或没有效果。与此相反,本发明的一个益处是在可见范围和IR范围中有可切换透射,其中可见光透射在可在高透光状态被调整为大于50%。这无法用文档US2008/0158448中描述的基于偏振器的***实现。
文档US6,072,549公开了一种控制入射在智能窗上的光的***。在该文档描述的一个实施例中使用了液晶。该液晶负责将光各向同性地散射在所有方向(不施加电压时)并使光通过层射入而没有散射偏离(施加电压时)。在文档US6,072,549中没有公开液晶宾主***。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种玻璃,其允许不同波长范围的电磁辐射的可控透射。
该目的由具有权利要求1的特征的可控玻璃实现。可控玻璃包括具有二向色性染料的宾主液晶***(液晶染料层),其优选地夹在基于布拉格反射的两个反射偏振器之间。反射偏振器反射电磁辐射的一个偏振态,但透射其他偏振方向。
没有一份现有技术文档公开了影响两个不同的波长范围的***组合,即,由于延迟(retardation)作用并由于二向色性染料而切换。结合二向色性染料的反射偏振器的使用也没有在现有技术中公开。
因此,本发明提供了一种可控玻璃,其控制两个不同的波长范围。
优选地,液晶染料层的对准同时控制波长范围λ3-λ4以及波长范围λ1-λ2中的透射。
在接下来的描述中,使用术语“电磁辐射”,该术语优选地描述了光辐射。如使用术语“光”,应当明确这指电磁辐射。
具有权利要求1所述的特征的可控玻璃允许对透射的辐射进行精确控制。可控玻璃允许λ3-λ4波长范围的可见光透射率的切换,从亮度状态>50%的透射率到更暗状态,而切换λ3-λ4波长范围的IR透射率到黑暗状态中的小于20%。此外,有可能独立地切换可见光透射率以及IR透射率波长范围。
第一和/或第二偏振器可以是反射线性偏振器或反射圆偏振器。第一和/或第二偏振器可位于可控玻璃的外部或作为中间层,只要可切换液晶染料层位于第一和第二反射偏振器之间。第一和/或第二反射偏振器优选地是/基于布拉格反射。当光行进穿过具有周期性变化的折射率的介质时,发生布拉格反射,其中折射率变化的周期性(长度)是电磁辐射的波长的量级。当仅在平面的一个方向发生折射率变化时,可创建偏振选择性布拉格反射器。实现这种的一种方式是使用胆甾醇液晶聚合物。穿过胆甾醇层的折射率变化引起光的一个圆偏振状态的布拉格反射(右或左手型性),且由此用作反射偏振器(对于右手型性是右手型性圆偏振光(RHCPL),对于左手型性是LHCPL)。其中偏振器被激活的波长范围(或波长区域)取决于胆甾醇栅距(pitch)和折射率,以及胆甾醇液晶聚合物的双折射,并且用λ1-λ2表示。胆甾醇圆偏振器的螺旋栅距到厚度都可变化,以增加反射带的宽度。可通过改变偏振器的厚度来调整胆甾醇偏振器的最大透射率。在同样的栅距处具有少于约10个充分螺旋旋转的胆甾醇层将反射少于50%的电磁辐射。或者,具有相反手型性的层可被混合以降低反射率。胆甾醇偏振器可用液晶混合物的均匀层制成。或者,胆甾醇偏振器可用嵌入在聚合物涂层中的胆甾醇片制成。除了圆反射偏振器,也可使用线反射偏振器。线反射偏振器的一个实施例是3M DBEF(双重量度增强膜)。这种膜在仅一个面内方向具有通过膜厚度的折射率调制。或者,可使用结合1/4拉姆达(λ)波片的胆甾醇反射偏振器来构造线反射偏振器。胆甾醇液晶聚合物反射器的好处在于通过调整胆甾醇栅距,其可以针对其反射波长简单地被调整。反射带受液晶的双折射限制,由此典型地是100nm(取决于中央波长和双折射),但是反射带可通过添加多个层或通过产生栅距梯度而被加宽。
在优选实施例中,液晶染料层中的液晶和染料的对准控制穿过液晶染料层的λ1-λ2波长范围中的电磁辐射的偏振状态。
还优选地,第一和第二反射偏振器偏振化波长范围λ1-λ2中的电磁辐射。
在优选实施例中,反射偏振器是胆甾醇液晶聚合物。
液晶染料层中的染料是二向色性染料,更优选地是荧光染料。更优选地,通过施加电压到可控玻璃上,液晶染料层中的液晶的对准和染料的对准是可变的。在优选实施例中,归因于位于顶部和/或底部基板上的两个透明导体,这样的电场被施加到液晶染料层上。
液晶染料层(LC+染料层)优选地具有染料,其吸收λ3-λ4波长范围中的电磁辐射。此外,由于材料的双折射和对准(取向),液晶染料层用作用于区域λ1-λ2的可切换波片。当布置LC+染料层中的染料和液晶以便LC+染料层用作半波延迟(retardation)时,波长范围λ1-λ2中的电磁辐射的最大值(理论上是100%)以以下方式被反射:
-(假设RHCPL反射):从入射光,右手型性圆偏振分量在用于波长λ1-λ2的第一偏振器处被反射。在该范围这最大是光的50%,该范围以外的波长被透射。
-透射的光具有左手型性圆偏振。该光在液晶染料层中被半波长延迟,这将光的偏振状态改为右手型性圆光。
-区域λ1-λ2中的该右手型性圆偏振光被第二胆甾醇层反射。一经折回通过波片,该光再次被转换为左手型性圆偏振光,并离开***。
当波片(即,LC+染料层中的液晶和染料的设置)被设为零延迟时,范围λ1-λ2中的电磁辐射的左手型性分量将透射通过***。这意味着穿过可控玻璃的透射率高。此外,不可切换(静态)延迟层可被用来改善切换对比度(contrast)或最小化角相关。如果使用液晶聚合物延迟层,面内和垂直对准的组合是优选的。
在备选实施例中,用于λ1-λ2的顶部和底部圆偏振器具有相反的手型性,当(由液晶染料层中的液晶和染料的设置产生的)波片没有延迟时实现用于波长范围λ1-λ2的最小透射,且当(由液晶染料层中的液晶和染料的设置产生的)波片被切换到半波长延迟时,可实现最大透射。(反射)偏振器取向、可切换和静态波片的备选组合是可能的。
同时,波长间隔λ3-λ4中的电磁辐射与二向色性染料相互作用。二向色性染料沿着分子的一个轴具有高吸收率,而其沿着另一个轴具有低吸收率,由此高吸收率值和第吸收率值之间的比例大于1.5。通过切换其吸收轴从垂直于光的传播方向(高吸收率)到平行于染料的传播方向(低吸收),区域λ3-λ4中的吸收率可被控制。
液晶染料层中的对准优选地被位于液晶染料层任一侧的对准控制层控制。对准控制层优选地与液晶染料层的顶部和/底部直接接触。优选地,对准控制层是在电极或单个光敏命令面上含有聚酰亚胺层的双层。聚酰亚胺层可以是磨面的(buffed)、磨光的(rubbed)或非磨面或非磨光的聚酰亚胺层。如果对准控制层是电极上的聚酰亚胺双层,聚酰亚胺是具有厚度在20nm到400nm之间的薄层,更优选地是在30nm到300nm之间,且最优选地在50nm到200nm之间。更优选地,电极上的聚酰亚胺双层作为对准控制层被使用,由此每个双层被层叠为使得双层结构的聚酰亚胺层位于最接近可切换层。在优选实施例中,电极展示透明特性。优选地,两个电极可位于可切换层的顶部或底部,或作为可切换层的一侧上的面内构图电极,由此可通过电极向光学器件施加电压。
如果对准控制层为光敏命令表面,发光材料的对准由在光学器件的命令表面上辐射的特定波长的光的强度控制。优选地,命令表面由在200nm到1000nm之间的,更优选地是300nm到450nm之间的光辐射控制。光敏命令表面是薄层,且可以是厚度高至50nm的自组装单层,更优选地是厚度高至150nm,且最优选地是厚度高至200nm。对准层优选地使用光致变色化合物,其可以是偶氮苯、芪、肉桂酸、α-亚肼基-β-酮酯、螺吡喃、亚苄基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(benzylidene phtalimidene)或亚苄基苯乙酮。
液晶染料层的对准指层的分子的平均分子取向。常见的分子取向是单轴平面组织、扭转向列(TN)、超扭曲向列(STN)张开的或胆甾醇的。在TN或STN模式中,染料分子被定向为平行于基板,其中分子导向器在基元厚度上使对于TN做出接近90度或对于STN做出270度的旋转。在垂直对准中,染料分子被定向为垂直于基板。在平面单轴模式中,染料分子被定向为平行于基板,而染料分子导向器指向一个方向。可获得大量的方法来控制并改变状态间的染料分子对准。在实际中最重要和使用的是表面对准技术和电场。通过同时施加电压来改变液晶对准改变了二向色性染料的延迟和对准。这对波长范围为λ1-λ2中的反射(由于延迟)以及波长范围λ3-λ4的吸收有效果。这种方式中的设置允许对这两个波长间隔的控制。在波长范围λ3-λ4活跃的抗反射层可被添加到夹层外部上的***中。
λ1到λ2的波长范围位于750nm到2000nm的波长范围内。
λ3到λ4的波长范围位于380nm到750nm的波长范围内。
优选地,λ1到λ2和λ3到λ4的波长范围不完全重叠(λ1<λ3且λ2<λ4,或者λ1>λ3且λ2>λ4)
优选地,波长范围λ1-λ2的电磁辐射的透射在0%到50%的范围内。
更优选地,波长范围λ3-λ4的电磁辐射的透射在5%到80%的范围内。
优选地,用于波长间隔λ3-λ4的最低水平的透射对于最高透射状态是50%。波长间隔λ1-λ2的最低水平的反射对于最高透射状态是40%。
可控玻璃优选地被用作车辆或建筑,诸如房屋或温室中的玻璃。
附图说明
以下参考附图和实例更详细地描述了本发明。
图1示意性地示出了切换范围的实例。
图2示意性地示出了可控玻璃的实施例。
图3示意性地示出TN、垂直和平面单轴对准中的液晶染料层的分子对准。
图4示意性地示出可控玻璃的最大和最小透射。
图5示意性地示出用于可控玻璃的三个透射状态。
具体实施方式
在图1中示出了可控玻璃的用%表示的根据波长的透射率T。可控玻璃示出了吸收部分A和反射部分R,由此透射最主要被波长范围λ3到λ4中的电磁辐射的染料吸收所降低,且由此透射最主要被波长范围λ1到λ2中的电磁辐射的反射所降低。
图2示出了可控玻璃8的实施例。可控玻璃8展示了第一偏振器1、第二偏振器2、液晶染料层3、两个对准控制层4以及两个基板层5。对准控制层4被建立为双层4。优选地,对准控制层4的两个层都是透明的导体和/或聚合物对准层,诸如聚酰亚胺或聚乙烯醇。
图3的设计示出了可能的液晶染料层3组织。液晶染料层3中的液晶7具有宾主***的功能,并控制二向色性染料6的分子取向。
在图4中示出了用于可控玻璃8的用%表示的根据波长的透射率T,其中线Tmax描述了可控玻璃8的最大透射状态,且线Tmin描述了用于以下实例1中的配置的最小透射状态。
图5示出了用于以下实例2中的配置的可控玻璃8的用%表示的根据波长的透射率T,由此线Tmax描述了可控玻璃8的最大透射状态,且线Tmin描述了最小透射状态,且线T描述了其中可见光透射率被最小化且IR光透射率被最大化以用于视觉舒适度和温暖的透射率,当跨过交指型电极而施加电压时实现以上情况。
实例
实例1:
该实例中的设置遵循用于图2的可控玻璃的器件配置:
-胆甾醇LC聚合物层(顶部和底部)具有同样的手型性,在780-2000nm的范围中反射RHCPL
-包含基于偶氮苯和蒽醌系染料的二向色性染料的混合物、具有沿着分子长度的吸收轴、在波长范围350-780nm之间吸收的液晶染料层,在诸如来自Merck公司的E7的液晶主体(host)中溶解。液晶染料层的层厚度是10μm。顶部和底部对准层被处理为使得处于关闭状态(未施加电压)的分子配置是扭曲向列对准。此外,对准层含有透明导体,其允许在液晶染料层之上施加电场。
当未施加电场时,分子配置是扭曲向列配置。通过施加AC电压(100Hz、10V),对准从TN(扭转向列)切换到垂直(homeotropic)对准。两个状态的透射率在以下列出,并在以下表1中示出:
表1
以该方式,达到亮度状态中的高可见光透射比的目的,同时在暗状态中,仅存在低IR透射比。
实例2:
该实例中的设置描述了如图2的可控玻璃的可控玻璃:
-具有同样手型性的胆甾醇LC聚合物层(顶部和底部);
-具有沿着分子长度的吸收轴的二向色性染料;
-基板中的一个具有交指型(‘手指’)图案的两个电极以允许面内切换,第二基板具有均匀导电层(用于***的三个电极)。
使用第一基板上的面内电极,利用电场可将器件从TN切换到平面对准。当电压被施加到两个基板时,获得垂直对准。三个状态的透射比在表2中列出。
表2
这样可实现透射比的三个状态,且可相对于可见光透射比独立地控制IR透射比。
参考标号
1第一反射偏振器
2第二反射偏振器
3液晶染料层
4对准控制层
5基板
6二向色性染料
7液晶
8可控玻璃
A吸收部分
R反射部分
I液晶染料层的扭曲向列对准的示意性表示,产生用于垂直穿过层的电磁辐射的1/2拉姆达波片
II液晶染料层的垂直对准的示意性表示,不影响垂直穿过层行进的电磁辐射的偏振状态
III平面单轴对准的示意性表示,由此延迟强烈依赖垂直穿过层行进的电磁辐射的波长。
T max最大透射状态
T min最小透射状态
T透射状态,其中为了可见光舒适度和温暖,可见光透射比被最小化且IR透射比被最大化
Claims (10)
1.一种可控玻璃(8),包括至少第一和第二反射偏振器(1,2)以及液晶染料层(3),其中所述液晶染料层(3)被布置在所述第一和第二反射偏振器(1,2)之间,且其中所述液晶染料层(3)的二向色性染料(6)和液晶(7)的对准是可改变的,其中所述第一和第二反射偏振器(1,2)被表示为针对λ1到λ2的波长范围中的电磁辐射,其中所述第一和第二反射偏振器仅在电磁辐射的λ1到λ2的波长范围内是激活的,且由此选择所述液晶染料层(3)以便通过所述可控玻璃(8)的电磁辐射透射在λ3到λ4的波长范围中通过染料吸收控制且在λ1到λ2的波长范围中通过所述液晶染料层(3)中的所述液晶(7)和所述染料(6)的对准控制,其特征在于,λ1到λ2的波长范围位于750nm到2000nm的波长范围内,且λ3到λ4的波长范围位于380nm到750nm的波长范围内。
2.如权利要求1所述的可控玻璃(8),其中所述液晶染料层(3)的对准同时控制λ3到λ4的波长范围以及λ1到λ2的波长范围中的透射。
3.如前述任一项权利要求所述的可控玻璃(8),其中所述第一和第二反射偏振器(1,2)偏振化λ1到λ2的波长范围中的电磁辐射。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的可控玻璃(8),其中所述液晶(7)和所述染料(6)的对准控制行进穿过所述液晶染料层(3)的、λ1到λ2的波长范围中的电磁辐射的偏振状态。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的可控玻璃(8),其中所述第一和第二反射偏振器(1,2)是线或圆偏振选择性布拉格反射器。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的可控玻璃(8),其中所述反射偏振器是胆甾醇液晶聚合物。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的可控玻璃(8),其中所述液晶染料层(3)中的所述染料(6)是荧光染料。
8.如权利要求1或2所述的可控玻璃(8),其中通过施加电压到所述可控玻璃(8),所述液晶染料层(3)中的所述液晶(7)和所述染料(6)的对准是可变的。
9.如权利要求1或2所述的可控玻璃(8),其中λ1到λ2的波长范围中的所述可控玻璃(8)的透射在0%到50%的范围内。
10.如权利要求1或2所述的可控玻璃(8),其中λ3到λ4的波长范围中的所述可控玻璃(8)的透射在5%到80%的范围内。
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CN103064216B (zh) * | 2012-11-29 | 2015-07-29 | 明基材料有限公司 | 调光结构 |
JP6688075B2 (ja) * | 2012-12-13 | 2020-04-28 | メルク パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツングMerck Patent Gesellschaft mit beschraenkter Haftung | 液晶媒体 |
CN105683822B (zh) * | 2013-10-17 | 2019-10-01 | 默克专利股份有限公司 | 用于调节光进入的装置 |
KR102254014B1 (ko) * | 2013-12-19 | 2021-05-20 | 메르크 파텐트 게엠베하 | 염료 화합물 |
US10725322B2 (en) | 2015-08-21 | 2020-07-28 | Essilor International | Active optical filter for spectacle lenses |
WO2017146545A1 (ko) * | 2016-02-26 | 2017-08-31 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 반사율 가변 미러 |
WO2017172277A1 (en) * | 2016-03-28 | 2017-10-05 | Lc-Tec Displays Ab | Electro-optic guest-host liquid crystal variable transmission filter with wide viewing angle |
US11747696B2 (en) | 2017-04-26 | 2023-09-05 | View, Inc. | Tandem vision window and media display |
US11747698B2 (en) | 2017-04-26 | 2023-09-05 | View, Inc. | Tandem vision window and media display |
US11892738B2 (en) | 2017-04-26 | 2024-02-06 | View, Inc. | Tandem vision window and media display |
US11454854B2 (en) | 2017-04-26 | 2022-09-27 | View, Inc. | Displays for tintable windows |
US11886089B2 (en) * | 2017-04-26 | 2024-01-30 | View, Inc. | Displays for tintable windows |
CN110573942B (zh) | 2017-04-28 | 2022-05-13 | 株式会社Lg化学 | 光调制装置 |
CN110603481B (zh) * | 2017-05-09 | 2022-10-04 | 默克专利股份有限公司 | 包括可切换层和至少一个光学层的光学器件 |
US11022818B2 (en) * | 2017-10-10 | 2021-06-01 | Verily Life Sciences Llc | Ophthalmic device including dynamic visual field modulation |
EP3501464B1 (de) * | 2017-12-20 | 2022-04-06 | Optrel Holding AG | Schutzkassette für eine blendschutzvorrichtung |
JP2019133151A (ja) * | 2018-02-01 | 2019-08-08 | 住友化学株式会社 | 偏光膜形成用組成物 |
US10877301B2 (en) * | 2018-04-16 | 2020-12-29 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Photochromic film |
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- 2011-07-18 US US13/809,472 patent/US9164314B2/en active Active
- 2011-07-18 EP EP11735857.2A patent/EP2596403B1/en active Active
- 2011-07-18 CN CN201180035040.4A patent/CN103003739B/zh active Active
- 2011-07-18 WO PCT/EP2011/062200 patent/WO2012010536A1/en active Application Filing
- 2011-07-18 KR KR1020137000928A patent/KR101873725B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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CN101630033A (zh) * | 2009-08-07 | 2010-01-20 | 苏州达信科技电子有限公司 | 增亮型光学膜及其制造方法 |
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EP2596403A1 (en) | 2013-05-29 |
US20130107176A1 (en) | 2013-05-02 |
US9164314B2 (en) | 2015-10-20 |
JP5875583B2 (ja) | 2016-03-02 |
EP2596403B1 (en) | 2015-11-04 |
CN103003739A (zh) | 2013-03-27 |
KR101873725B1 (ko) | 2018-07-04 |
KR20130131279A (ko) | 2013-12-03 |
JP2013531279A (ja) | 2013-08-01 |
WO2012010536A1 (en) | 2012-01-26 |
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