CN102940155A - 一种樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102940155A CN102940155A CN2012105158544A CN201210515854A CN102940155A CN 102940155 A CN102940155 A CN 102940155A CN 2012105158544 A CN2012105158544 A CN 2012105158544A CN 201210515854 A CN201210515854 A CN 201210515854A CN 102940155 A CN102940155 A CN 102940155A
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Abstract
本发明提供一种樱桃谷肉鸭的雏鸭饲料,饲料中各原料的重量百分比为:玉米粉、豆粕、油菜籽、麸皮、鱼粉、肉粉、贝壳粉、碘化盐、动物油脂、维生素预混料、矿物质预混物和中药添加剂。本发明中药添加剂兼有药性和营养性的双重作用,既可防病,又可提高生产性能;能调节机体的免疫机能;具有非特异抗菌作用,从根本上保护和协调畜禽的整体健康,在育雏阶段使用可以预防疾病,增强机体的免疫功能,驱除体内有害寄生虫,调节体内有益微生物群落,充分发挥和提高机体本身具有的潜在能力,能够提高营养物质的消化率、利用率,增强畜禽的新陈代谢,促进血液循环,提高生长速度。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用动物、植物作为原料生产的饲料,特别涉及一种樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,以及其中使用的中药添加剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
樱桃谷鸭是曾经源于中国鸭种、经过英国人优化繁育后又从英国“杀回”中国市场的,是世界著名的瘦肉型鸭。具有生长快、瘦肉率高、净肉率高和饲料转化率高,以及抗病力强等优点。樱桃谷鸭体型较大,成年体重公鸭4.0-4.5千克,母鸭3.5-4.0千克。父母代群母鸭性成熟期26周龄,年平均产蛋210-220枚。白羽L系商品鸭47日龄体重3.0千克,料重比3:1,瘦肉率达70%以上,胸肉率23.6%-24.7%。
中草药作为饲料添加剂, 不仅能提高生产性能,降低饲养成本, 而且具有增强免疫、抗应激和保健等多种功能, 因而受到国内外科研工作者的广泛重视。研究表明, 中草药添加剂能够显著地提高育肥兔的饲料报酬, 降低饲养成本, 改善免疫状况。研究中草药饲料添加剂对黄羽肉鸡生产性能和胴体品质的影响, 发现在日粮中添加0.3% 中草药饲料添加剂能显著地提高肉鸡成活率和日增重, 升高饲料转化率, 提高鸡肉的保水能力,效果优于抗生素, 并且鸡肉的嫩度、滋味、多汁性和汤味综合评分均最高。
但是, 有关中草药在在肉鸭上的应用研究很少, 仅见治疗鸭病时有过报道。中草药饲料添加剂对鱼类肠道菌群的数量及组成均有较大影响。发现中草药饲料添加剂能够有效促进鲤鱼肠道内有益菌的繁殖, 大部分条件致病菌如:假单孢菌属、弧菌属及肠杆菌科细菌的生长受到抑制。随着生活水平的提高,人们对肉类的需求越来越大,尤其是鲜嫩味美,低胆固醇,并且在中医上具有凉血作用的鸭肉更受欢迎。肉鸭的养殖带有明显的地域性,这主要与经济条件,人口和民族等社会背景有关。在西方发达国家,家禽生产中对肉鸭养殖业重视不够,欧洲年产鸭肉仅万吨,其中主要是法国的番鸭。英国虽然是樱桃谷鸭的故乡,但年产鸭肉仅万吨,人均年消费量偏低;澳洲和美国人均鸭肉消费量也很低;因此,欧盟等发达地区是目前我国出口冻鸭出口的主体市场。
目前我国生产的肉鸭及肉鸭制品多数达不到出口国的要求,主要因为我国传统肉鸭养殖业在肉鸭饲养加工过程中的防疫饲料及饲料添加剂的使用不当鸭肉及其制品有毒有害残留物质超标,鸭肉加工技术比较落后,适合市场需要的产品较少,因此出口困难,经济效益低。再加上近年来国际动物疫情和食品安全性问题日趋复杂,如继年席卷欧盟的英国疯牛病,香港禽流感事件,比利时等欧盟四国引发的二恶英事件,台湾和日本的***事件,极大地影响了家禽产品,尤其是源于东南亚地区,并迅速蔓延到全球范围的禽流感事件,严重的挫伤了家禽养殖业的正常发展,对肉鸭养殖业同样产生不良影响。
目前,我国的华北地区养鸭生产仍然延续一直以来的单户小规模的传统养殖方式,具有一定规模,但采用现代集约化肉鸭饲养方式的养殖基还不普遍。这主要与我国一直不重视肉鸭生产,在肉鸭研究科研领域投入较少有关。虽然,短期内我国为了应对与国际肉贸易中的技术壁垒,最近制定并颁布了无公害肉鸭的部分标准,如无公害食品肉鸭饲养管理技术规范和无公害食品肉鸭饲养兽医防疫准则,但在一些关键领域,例如肉鸭营养需要量标准,提高肉鸭生产性能、改善鸭肉使用品质和风味等关键性技术的方面研究仍然是空白。如果不将这些肉鸭养殖业中基础理论问题一一解决,必将影响到我国肉鸭养殖的长期发展。
肉鸭养殖生产中,要取得最佳的生产性能必须对肉鸭的营养需要量进行深入研究,在肉鸭育雏阶段更是显得尤为重要,这一阶段依据营养需要量配制饲料,然后添加安全无公害的生长促进剂,如中草药饲料添加剂、酶制剂、微生态制剂等,才能发挥肉鸭最佳生长潜能,达到优良生长效果,取得良好经济效益。向饲料中加入促生长性能,特别是提高生长速度,改善饲料转化率的饲料添加剂是养殖业研究的关键技术,但有关雏鸭的促生长剂及其作用效果和机理的报道十分有限。
虽然饲用抗生素类药物极大地推动了养殖业的发展,并被誉为本世纪动物营养学的里程碑,但是近年来越衍越劣的抗生素滥用问题,不仅影响了饲用抗生素药效和畜产品品质,而且对大众的消费心理产生了负面影响。目前,欧盟近几年禁止在动物饲料中使用六种促生长剂哇乙醇,喀吧氧,杆菌肤锌,泰乐菌素,维吉霉素和螺旋霉素。现在全面禁止使用抗生素。目前我国肉肉鸭饲料和养殖技术中,抗生素类饲料添加剂滥用问题仍然十分突出,有待于规范。解决这个问题的关键是,开发新型无公害饲料添加剂,以替代抗生素饲用添加剂在畜禽中的使用。如何向育雏阶段的饲料中加入促生长性能的添加剂,特别是在提高生长速度,改善饲料转化率的饲料添加剂,更是养殖业研究的关键技术,也是我们迫切需要研究的课题。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题在于,提供一种兼有药性和营养性的双重作用,既可防病,又可提高生长机能的育雏饲料;从根本上保护和协调畜禽的整体健康,可以预防疾病,增强机体的免疫功能,驱除体内有害寄生虫,调节体内有益微生物群落,充分发挥和提高机体本身具有的潜在能力。本发明中草药添加剂能够提高营养物质的消化率、利用率,增强畜禽的新陈代谢,促进血液循环,提高生长速度;其不但能直接杀菌抑菌,而且能调节机体的免疫机能,具有非特异抗菌作用,并且不产生依赖性;摒弃化学抗生素对鸭体的伤害,间接影响食品安全的副作用,采用全新的中药添加剂,达到绿色食品纯天然的要求。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提供一种樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,所述饲料中各原料的的重量百分比为:玉米粉40%、豆粕10%、油菜籽10%、麸皮10%、鱼粉10%、肉粉5%、贝壳粉5%、碘化盐1%、动物油脂3%、维生素预混料2%、矿物质预混物2%和中药添加剂2%。
每千克日粮提供维生素预混料: 维生素A 11 000 IU, 维生素D3 1 500 IU, 维生素E 45 IU, 维生素K3 4.0 mg, 维生素B1 1.1 mg, 核黄素5.0 mg, 泛酸20.0 mg, 烟酸25.0 mg, 叶酸1 mg, 生物素0.2 mg, 维生素B12 0.01 mg,
每千克日粮提供矿物质预混料:铜8 mg, 铁80 mg, 锌80 mg, 锰100 mg, 碘0.5 mg, 硒0.5 mg, 钴0.4 mg。
所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,其中所述中药添加剂包括但不仅限于熟地、白花蛇舌草、仙茅、白芷、刺五加、鱼腥草、黄芩,大青叶、白术、丹参、黄芪、黄精、麦饭石、五味子、菟丝子、知母、地骨皮、制首乌和连翘。
所述樱桃谷鸭的鸭饲料,其中所述中药添加剂各原料药的重量份数比可以优选为:熟地10~20重量份、白花蛇舌草10~20重量份、仙茅10~20重量份、白芷10~20重量份、刺五加10~20重量份、鱼腥草10~20重量份、黄芩10~20重量份,大青叶10~20重量份、白术10~20重量份、丹参10~20重量份、黄芪10~20重量份、黄精10~20重量份、麦饭石10~20重量份、五味子10~20重量份、菟丝子10~20重量份、知母10~20重量份、地骨皮10~20重量份、制首乌10~20重量份、连翘10~20重量份。
所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,其中所述中药添加剂各原料药的重量份数比还可以为:熟地10~15重量份、白花蛇舌草10~15重量份、仙茅10~15重量份、白芷10~15重量份、刺五加10~15重量份、鱼腥草10~15重量份、黄芩10~15重量份,大青叶10~15重量份、白术10~15重量份、丹参10~15重量份、黄芪10~20重量份、黄精10~20重量份、麦饭石10~20重量份、五味子10~20重量份、菟丝子10~20重量份、知母10~20重量份、地骨皮10~20重量份、制首乌10~20重量份、连翘10~20重量份。
所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,其中所述中药添加剂各原料药的重量份数比也可以为:熟地10~20重量份、白花蛇舌草10~20重量份、仙茅10~20重量份、白芷10~20重量份、刺五加10~20重量份、鱼腥草10~20重量份、黄芩10~20重量份,大青叶10~20重量份、白术10~20重量份、丹参10~20重量份、黄芪10~15重量份、黄精10~15重量份、麦饭石10~15重量份、五味子10~15重量份、菟丝子10~15重量份、知母10~15重量份、地骨皮10~15重量份、制首乌10~15重量份、连翘10~15重量份。
所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,其中0-7日龄饲料可加工为半熟使用;所述中药添加剂的剂型可以为:颗粒剂和粉剂,其使用方法为直接投放入其它饲料原料中掺匀使用。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明还提供一种樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料中药添加剂的制备方法,所述中药添加剂剂型为粉剂时,其制备方法为:
将所述药物组份按配比混合,切碎,放入耐酸碱浸渍锅,在室温下,与70度以上乙醇一起渍15~20天,将浸渍好的液体及药渣进行压榨过滤,分离后取滤液;将所述滤液加热浓缩至糊状,放入烘箱内烘干,冷却后与研磨成细粉状,成为粉剂。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明再提供一种樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料中药添加剂的制备方法,所述中药添加剂剂型为颗粒剂时制备方法为:
a.将所述组份药物放入水提取2次;
b.再将步骤a中提取过的药渣加乙醇浸泡10天后压榨过滤药液;
c.将上述两种提取液合并,并浓缩抽滤,得到组份药粉;
d.将组份药粉加动物油脂制成颗粒剂。
所述步骤a中,可以将所述组份药物放入10倍量水中,加热回流提取2次,每次30分钟~1小时,将2次提取液合并静置,所述步骤b中,可以将乙醇提取过的药渣放入10倍量乙醇中,浸泡10天,压榨过滤,得药液;c步骤中可以将上述两种提取药液合并,减压并浓缩至药液浓度为0.6g生药/mL,放入烘干机,得到组份药粉。
所述步骤d中,将得到的组份药粉加入凝固的动物油脂,放入制粒机中制粒,成型制成0.20mm~0.30mm颗粒。
本发明饲料在樱桃谷鸭育雏阶段,即0-21天龄使用最为上佳。前7日为确保育雏的成功,可将本发明饲料蒸制半熟使用。本分明使用的中药添加剂兼有药性和营养性的双重作用,既可防病,又可提高生产性能;不但能直接杀菌抑菌,而且能调节机体的免疫机能,具有非特异抗菌作用,大大提高肉鸭的出栏数与鸭肉产量;并且可以使鸭肉味鲜嫩可口,风味独特;不产生药物依赖性,不会影响食品安全的副作用;达到绿色食品纯天然的要求,能获得良好的经济效益。中草药添加剂具有非特异抗菌作用,从根本上保护和协调畜禽的整体健康,中草药添加剂能够提高营养物质的消化率、利用率,增强畜禽的新陈代谢,促进血液循环,提高生长速度,特别在育雏阶段,可以预防疾病,增强机体的免疫功能,驱除体内有害寄生虫,调节体内有益微生物群落,充分发挥和提高机体本身具有的潜在能力。
具体实施方式
我国地域辽阔中草药资源分丰富,在发展中草药添加剂方面有巨大的潜力,大量生产实践和科学研究也证实了中草药具有许多营养成分和生物活性物质,如生物碱、多糖、挥发油、靴质、有机酸等,兼有药性和营养性的双重作用,既可防病,又可提高生产性能;不但能直接杀菌抑菌,而且能调节机体的免疫机能,具有非特异抗菌作用。因此摒弃化学类添加剂,使用安全放心的饲料添加剂,使食品达到安全美味的效果是我们一贯的追求;更重要的是,中草药添加剂独特的优点是具有纯天然性,来自自然界动物、植物和矿物质,并保持了其自然结构和活性,长期使用而无药物残留、无抗药性和无毒副作用,是良好的绿色药物添加剂,也迎合了广大消费者和家禽养殖者对绿色无公害无药残的家禽产品的追求,所以用中草药做饲料添加剂在家禽生产中显得更有意义;但是,针对其在家禽业上的应用,大多停留在饲养试验上,实验室分析报道较少,对其保健机理从理论上推断较多,目前国内外的研究主要集中在其提高家禽的生产性能和饲料转化率、提高机体免疫力方面的研究。
以中草药有效成分为主体的饲料添加剂是我国人民融合中医和兽医和中药理论指导下,研究与实践的产物,具有特殊优点,主要表现在中草药副作用小,家畜无耐药性中草药成份复杂,每味中草药本身就是一个小复方,加之处方众多,配伍多样,作用各异,构成了中草药添加剂的作用和功能的多样性。
中草药添加剂具有非特异抗菌作用,从根本上保护和协调畜禽的整体健康,可以预防疾病,增强机体的免疫功能,驱除体内有害寄生虫,调节体内有益微生物群落,充分发挥和提高机体本身具有的潜在能力,中草药添加剂能够提高营养物质的消化率、利用率,增强畜禽的新陈代谢,促进血液循环,提高生长速度。
中草药种类繁多,资源丰富,可就地取材,且使用简易、方便,易于大规模推广使用。纯天然性中草药大都是经过几千年的医疗实践证实对人畜健康有益无害的天然植物或产品,能起到防治疾病,促进生长发育的作用,其独特的优点是长期使用无药物残留,无抗药性和无毒副作用,是良好的绿色药物添加剂。功能齐全中草药是复杂的有机体,本身多成分,并加以合理组合,形成了整体协调统一的独特的多能性能全面调整机体的生理功能,兼有营养物质与药物的双重作用,既可防治疾病,又能够提高生产性能,具有非特异性免疫抗菌作用,某一种单一的化学成分很难与中草药相提并论,是化学合成药物所无法比拟的。中草药饲料添加剂是由不同性味功能的中草药依据中兽医理论和动物不同需要配制而成,由于种类繁多、结构复杂、成分多样,决定了不同组成的中草药具有不同的功效。
从中兽医理论分析中草药饲料添加剂大致有以下几方面的作用组合而发挥作用即理气消食、助脾健胃,即具有调理疏筋活血、消食健胃健脾养胃的作用, 白术能显著地增强小肠平滑肌的收缩幅度、收缩频率, 延长小肠平滑肌在缺氧情况下的收缩时间, 调整胃肠运动功能, 具有抗溃疡、保肝和增强机体免疫功能的作用; 当归的主要成分为本内醋类及其异构物, 在抗肿瘤、抗氧化、消炎等方面均具有一定作用; 菟丝子性味辛温, 有解表散寒, 温中止呕, 行水解毒, 化痰止咳之功效; 黄芩具有抗菌消炎、抗病毒和保护肝脏等功能, 连翘则具有解表散寒的作用和抗菌消炎等功能, 这些药物配合后, 具有良好的正向调节作用, 能明显增强胃肠道的消化机能, 改善胃肠道的微生态环境, 减少疾病的发生。
中草药含有抗抑菌成份的生物碱、多糖、贰类挥发油、有机酸类黄酮和生物类黄酮等生物活性物质,对调节机体免疫机能,提高健康水平有良好的作用。据报道,多搪具有促进胸腺反应、刺激网状内皮细胞提高特异性抗原反应能力;生物碱能增强体液与细胞免疫功能及刺激巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,贰类可增强网状内皮***的吞噬功能,并可促进抗体生成,促进抗原抗体反应和淋巴细胞转化有机酸能调节肠内的值防止有害细菌的繁殖和提高酶的活性,使动物体内新陈代谢能正常进行。从现代营养学的理论分折中草药饲料添加剂不仅含有一定数量的营养物质,而且还含有一定数量的未知生长调节因子和色素,具有直接或间接地激活机体的生化反应!增强生物合成作用,从而促进动物的生产性能。
中药添加剂中各种中药性能介绍:
女贞子味甘、苦,性凉。能补养肝肾,明目。含齐墩果酸、甘露醇、葡萄糖、棕榈酸、甘油酸。有增强免疫功能,升高外周白细胞,增强网状内皮***吞噬能力,增强细胞免疫和体液免疫的作用;有强心、利尿及保肝、止咳、缓泻、抗菌、抗癌等作用。用途:用于肝肾阴虚,腰酸耳鸣,须发早白;眼目昏暗,视物昏暗;阴虚发热。女贞子,味甘苦、性凉,归肝肾经,具有滋补肝肾、益阴养血之功。现代医学研究证明,女贞子内含熊果酸、甘露醇、葡萄糖、脂肪油等,有强心、利尿和保肝作用,能使因化疗引起的白细胞下降数量升高,并对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌有抑制作用。
当归:其味甘而重,故专能补血,其气轻而辛,故又能行血,补中有动,行中有补,诚血中之气药,亦血中之圣药。大约佐之以补则补,故能养营养血,补气生精,安五脏,强形体,益神志,凡有形虚损之病,无所不宜。佐之以攻则通,故能祛痛通便,利筋骨,治拘挛、瘫痪、燥、涩等证。营虚而表不解者,佐以柴、葛、麻、桂等剂,大能散表卫热,而表不敛者,佐以大黄之类,又能固表。惟其气辛而动,故欲其静者当避之,性滑善行,大便不固者当避之。凡阴中火盛者,当归能动血,亦非所宜,阴中阳虚者,当归能养血,乃不可少。
鱼腥草辛,微寒。归肺经,入药,中医认为其味辛、性寒凉,能清热解毒、排痛消肿疗疮、利尿除湿、健胃消食,用治实热、热毒、湿邪、疾热为患的肺痈、疮疡肿毒、痔疮便血、脾胃积热等,单用或配伍复方,内服外用或民间多种食疗方法的使用均疗效确切。药理研究,鱼腥草主含挥发油,癸酰乙醛鱼腥草素等多种成份,对各种致病杆菌、球菌、流感病毒、钩端螺旋体等有抑制抗菌作用,并能提高人体免疫调节功能。
黄芩有清热燥湿,凉血安胎,解毒功效。主治温热病、上呼吸道感染、肺热咳嗽、湿热黄胆、肺炎、痢疾、咳血、目赤、胎动不安、高血压、痈肿疖疮等症。黄芩的临床应用抗菌比黄连还好,而且不产生抗药性。我们借助广谱抗菌作用强的特点,用在真菌培养杂菌感染特厉害,用黄芩提取液效果很好。《本草经疏》:黄芩,其性清肃,所以除邪:味苦所以燥湿;阴寒所以胜热,故主诸热。诸热者,邪热与遍热也,黄疸、肠僻、泄痢,皆湿热胜之病也,析其本,则诸病自瘳矣。苦寒能除湿热,所以小肠利而水自逐,源清则流洁也。血闭者,实热在血分,即热人血室,令人经闭不通,湿热解,则荣气清而自行也。恶疮疽蚀者,血热则留结,而为痈肿渍烂也:火疡者,火气伤血也,凉血除热,则自愈也。
连翘苦,微寒。归肺、心、小肠经。功能是清热解毒,消肿散结。用于痈疽,瘰疬,乳痈,丹毒,风热感冒,温病初起,温热入营,高热烦渴,神昏发斑,热淋尿闭。连翘药用部分主要是果实。它的果壳,即“芩翘解毒丸”中的“翘”。含有连翘酚、香豆精、齐墩果酸、皂甙、维生素P等。具有清热、解毒、散结排脓等功效。主治温热、疮疡、瘰疬、丹毒、班疹、流感,用果实水煎服,或加入方剂中。常用于风热感冒。性味功能:中药味苦,性微寒。清热解毒,散结消肿。蒙药味苦,性凉。清“协日”,止泻。 主治:中药治热病初起,风热感冒,发热,心烦,咽喉肿痛,斑疹,丹毒,瘰疬,痈疮肿毒,急性肾炎,热淋。蒙药治黄疸,肠刺痛,“协日”病,肠热。神农本草经》:主寒热,鼠痿,瘰疬,痈肿,恶疮,瘿瘤,结热,蛊毒。
大青叶主要用于热毒发斑、丹毒、咽喉肿痛、口舌生疮、疮痈肿毒等症。近年来此药在临床上广泛应用,除可用治上述诸症外,又可用于痰热郁肺、咯痰黄稠;尤常用于流行性乙性脑炎,既可单味应用于预防,又可配合柴胡、银花、连翘、板蓝根、玄参、生地等,能清解气分、营分的热毒,可用治各种乙脑,而以偏热型较为合适。《纲目》:"主热毒痢,黄疸,喉痹,丹毒。""蓝叶汁,解斑蝥、芫青、樗鸡,朱砂、砒石毒。"《本草正》:"治瘟疫热毒发狂,风热斑疹,痈疡肿痛,除烦渴,止鼻衄、吐血,杀疳蚀、金疮箭毒。凡以热兼毒者,皆宜蓝叶捣汁用之。
菟丝子甘辛平,入肝、肾经。补肾益精,养肝明目,安胎。用于肝肾亏虚,腰膝酸痛,阳痿遗精,尿频遗尿,两目昏暗,胎动不安等症。功能滋补肝肾,固精缩尿,安胎,明目,止泻。用于阳痿遗精、尿有余沥、遗尿尿频、腰膝酸软、目昏耳鸣、肾虚胎漏、胎动不安、脾肾虚泻。
五味子温;酸、甘;归肺、心、肾经。收敛固涩,益气生津,补肾宁心。用于久嗽虚喘,梦遗滑精,遗尿尿频,久泻不止,自汗,盗汗,津伤口渴,短气脉虚,内热消渴,心悸失眠。果实作中药功能益气生津、敛肺滋肾、止泻、涩精、安神,可治久咳虚喘、津少口干、遗精久泻、健忘失眠等症。药理试验证明能调节中枢神经***的兴奋和抑制过程,促进肌体代谢,调节胃液和胆液分泌,对肝炎恢复期转氨酶升高者有降低作用。
白花蛇舌草白花蛇舌草又叫蛇舌草、二叶、竹叶菜、蛇利草。味微苦,甘,寒。入胃、大肠、小肠经,苦寒清热解毒,甘寒清利湿热,对痈肿、咽痛、蛇伤等有较强的解毒消痈作用。一般用于治疗疮毒、咽喉肿痛、肠痈腹痛、毒蛇咬伤,也用于热淋涩痛、小便不利。是拔毒祛湿的良药。
麦饭石是我国传统的药石,具有健胃疏肝、解毒消痈、抗老保健之功效。其主要组成成分有SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3 以及CO2 等。麦饭石有良好的溶出性及离子交换性能,在酸性环境中溶出性更好。鸡胃中pH 值为2.0~3.5,因此,麦饭石能够提供肉鸭所需的常量元素和微量元素,有很好的营养作用。麦饭石还具有一定的生物活性,能促进生物体的新陈代谢和生长发育。麦饭石具有多孔结构,因此有吸附作用,能吸附肠道中的有毒物质、气体及水分,通过吸附结合细菌蛋白质中的氮而抑制细菌的繁殖,使肠道有害菌减少,肠壁细菌膜变薄,从而促进消化吸收。其还能延长饲料在消化道的停留时间,促进消化吸收,提高饲料利用率,减少饲料消耗。
白术能显著地增强小肠平滑肌的收缩幅度、收缩频率, 延长小肠平滑肌在缺氧情况下的收缩时间, 调整胃肠运动功能, 具有抗溃疡、保肝和增强机体免疫功能的作用。白术味苦、甘,温。归脾、胃经。主治健脾益气,燥湿利水,止汗,安胎。用于脾虚食少,腹胀泄泻,痰饮眩悸,水肿,自汗,胎动不安。白术对瘤细胞有细胞毒作用,能降低瘤细胞的增殖率,减低瘤组织的侵袭性,提高机体抗肿瘤反应的能力。《药性论》载其:君,味甘,辛,无毒。能主大风痹,多年气痢,心腹胀痛,破消宿食,开胃,去痰涎,除寒热,止下泄。主面光悦,驻颜,去黑。治水肿胀满,吐呕逆,腹内冷痛,吐泻不住,及胃气虚冷痢。
刺五加味辛;苦;微甘;性温。归肝经;肾经。功能:祛风湿;补肝肾;强筋骨;活血脉。主治:风寒湿痹;腰膝疼痛;筋骨痿软;行动迟缓;体虚羸弱;跌打损伤;骨折;水肿;脚气;阴下湿痒。刺五加亦含有丰富的维他命以及矿物质。经过研究分析,刺五加中含有维生素A、B1、B2及C等维生素,以及锰、铜、镁、钴、镍、锌、铁、钠、钾、钙等矿物质成分。含有丰富的葡萄糖、半乳糖、胡萝卜素。并且在配类糖体的还元基中(酒精、乙醇、氢氧基等有机化合物结合成的化合物),还具有刺激性荷尔蒙的作用,以及镇静和调整心肌能力的作用。近代医学研究证明刺五加的作用特点与人参基本相同,具有调节机体紊乱使之趋于正常的功能。有良好的抗疲劳作用,较人参显著,并能明显的提高耐缺氧能力。补中、益精、强意志、祛风湿、壮筋骨、活血去瘀、健胃利尿等功能。久服"轻身耐劳"。刺五加含有值得注意的成分---刺五加甙,其能刺激精神和身体活力。众多关于刺五加的科学出版物已证明了其抗疲劳作用,增强持久力和能力,增加机敏和学习能力。众多用法都已在人体实验中得到了证实。刺五加是病后康复,承受过多压力或紧张,工作过量,慢性病导致身体虚弱的人群以及那些需要达到生理和心理性能高峰的人中非常受欢迎的自我药疗药物。目前同样有相当可观数量的报道指出其具有支援免疫***,恢复非正常低血压,改善循环***,使紊乱的糖脂代谢正常化,肝部,睾丸,骨密度和其它重要器官的合成代谢的功效。
地骨皮性寒,味甘。清热,凉血。治虚劳潮热盗汗,肺热咳喘,吐血,衄血,血淋,消渴,高血压,痈肿,恶疮。《本草述》:"主治虚劳发热,往来寒热,诸见血证、鼻衄、咳嗽血,咳嗽、喘,消瘅,中风,眩晕,痉痼,腰痛,行痹,脚气,水肿,虚烦,悸,健忘,小便不通,赤白浊。"降血糖和降血脂作用:给家兔灌服地骨皮煎剂, 先使血糖短时间升高,然后持久降低, 4~8小时后尚未恢复.对于注射肾上腺素引起的高血糖并无明显对抗作用,但可缩短高血糖维持时间.家兔皮下注射地骨皮浸膏, 亦可使血糖降低.地骨皮水煎剂对四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠胰岛B 细胞的形态结构损害有一定的减轻作用.地骨皮浸膏灌胃,能使实验性家兔血清总胆固醇含量下降, 但对甘油三酯含量影响不大,对肝脏脂肪含量亦无明显影响.甜菜碱则有抗脂肪肝作用。
白芷:性味归经:辛,温。归肺、胃经。 祛风散寒,通窍止痛,消肿排脓,燥湿止带。用于祛风湿,活血排脓,生肌止痛。用于头痛、牙痛、鼻渊、肠风痔漏、赤白带下、痈疽疮疡、皮肤瘙痒。《日华子本草》:治目赤胬肉,及补胎漏滑落,破宿血,补新血,乳痈、发背、瘰疬、肠风、痔瘘,排脓,疮痍、疥癣,止痛生肌,去面皯疵瘢。
熟地又名熟地黄或伏地,属玄参科植物,是一种上好中药材,具有补血滋阴功效,可用于血虚萎黄,眩晕,心悸失眠,***,崩漏等症,亦可用于肾阴不足的潮热骨蒸、盗汗、遗精、消渴等症,是虚证类非处方药药品六味地黄丸主要成分之一。
制首乌则是将生首乌与黑豆同煮后晒干的首乌,是一味补肝肾、益精血、养心宁神的良药。主要用于治疗因肝肾不足、精血亏损而引起的腰膝酸软、头晕眼花、心悸失眠、头发早白等症。制首乌的乌发功能是通过补肾、益精、养血宁神的作用发挥出来的。制首乌具有补益精血,养肝安神,强筋骨,固肾乌须,用于血虚而见头昏目眩,心悸失眠健忘,萎黄乏力,肝肾精血亏虚的眩晕耳鸣,腰膝酸软,遗精崩带,须发早白等症。
仙茅:现代药理活性研究显示仙茅具有调节免疫、抗氧化、保肝、抗高血糖、补肾壮阳及抗骨质疏松、抗炎和适应原样等作用。仙茅味辛,性温;归肝、肾、脾经;辛香温散,降而有升;具有温肾壮阳,散寒除湿;主治阳痿精冷,遗精滑泄,小便失禁,脘腹冷痛,腰膝酸痛,筋骨软弱,挛痹不行。
处方中写黄精指熟黄精,又称制黄精。为净黄精润软反复蒸二三次后晒干切片入药者。黄精以根茎入药。具有补气养阴,健脾,润肺,益肾功能。用于治疗脾胃虚弱,体倦乏力,口干食少,肺虚燥咳,精血不足,内热消渴等症。对于糖尿病很有疗效。
知母中药名,属清热下火药,主治:温热病、高热烦渴、咳嗽气喘、燥咳、便秘、骨蒸潮热、虚烦不眠、消渴淋浊。既能清泄肺胃之火,又能滋养肺肾之阴,故宜用于阴虚消渴,症见口渴、饮多、尿多者,同山药、五味子等配合使用可增强疗效,如玉液汤。
丹参丹参苦,微寒。归心、肝经。祛瘀止痛,活血通经,清心除烦。用于***,经闭痛经, 症瘕积聚,胸腹刺痛,热痹疼痛,疮疡肿痛,心烦不眠。用于胸肋胁痛,风湿痹痛,症瘕结块,疮疡肿痛,跌仆伤痛,***,经闭痛经,产后瘀痛等。治疗胸肋疼痛、症瘕结块,以及***、经闭经痛具有良效。.《纲目》载:丹参,按《妇人明理论》云,四物汤治妇人病,不问产前产后,经水多少,皆可通用,惟一味丹参散,主治与之相同。盖丹参能破宿血,补新血,安生胎,落死胎,止崩中滞下,调经脉。丹参主要成分丹参酮有扩张血管、改善循环、解除血管内凝血等作用,具有活血化痕之功效,并能促进肝脏血液循环,利于肝细胞再生。
具体实施例1:取玉米粉2000g、豆粕500g、油菜籽500g、麸皮500g,鱼粉500g、肉粉250g、贝壳粉250g、碘化盐50g、牛油150g放入粉碎机粉碎后加入维生素预混料100g、矿物质预混物100g和中药添加剂100g搅拌成型。
每千克日粮提供维生素预混料: 维生素A 11 000 IU, 维生素D3 1 500 IU, 维生素E 45 IU, 维生素K3 4.0 mg, 维生素B1 1.1 mg, 核黄素5.0 mg, 泛酸20.0 mg, 烟酸25.0 mg, 叶酸1 mg, 生物素0.2 mg, 维生素B12 0.01 mg;
每千克日粮提供矿物质预混料:铜8 mg, 铁80 mg, 锌80 mg, 锰100 mg, 碘0.5 mg, 硒0.5 mg, 钴0.4 mg。
具体实施例2:取熟地100g、白花蛇舌草100g、仙茅100g、白芷100g、刺五加100g、鱼腥草100g、黄芩100g,大青叶100g、白术100g、丹参100g、黄芪100g、黄精100g、麦饭石100g、五味子100g、菟丝子100g、知母100g、地骨皮100g、制首乌100g、连翘100g粉碎成细粉直接加入饲料中使用。
具体实施例3:取熟地100g、白花蛇舌草100g、仙茅100g、白芷100g、刺五加100g、鱼腥草100g、黄芩100g,大青叶100g、白术100g、丹参100g、黄芪100g、黄精100g、麦饭石100g、五味子100g、菟丝子100g、知母100g、地骨皮100g、制首乌100g、连翘100g:按比例混合后切碎,放入耐酸碱浸渍锅,在室温下,与70度以上乙醇一起渍20天,将浸渍好的液体及药渣进行压榨过滤,分离后取滤液;将所述滤液加热浓缩至糊状,放入烘箱内烘干,冷却后与研磨成细粉状,成为粉剂,使用时直接掺入饲料中。
具体实施例4:取熟地200g、白花蛇舌草150g、仙茅120g、白芷150g、刺五加120g、鱼腥草120g、黄芩130g,大青叶200g、白术200g、丹参200g、黄芪100g、黄精100g、麦饭石130g、五味子120g、菟丝子140g、知母150g、地骨皮130g、制首乌120g、连翘150g:切碎后放入放入10倍量水中,加热回流提取2次,每次45分钟,将2次提取液合并静置,去上清液,将水提取过的药渣放入10倍量乙醇中,浸泡10日后加热粉碎药渣,提取,将上述两种提取液合并,减压并浓缩至药液浓度为0.6g生药/mL,抽滤后,滤液的相对密度约为20℃时1.08;浓缩干燥得到组份药粉。
具体实施例5:将得到的组份药粉加入冷冻的牛油或猪油,放入制粒机中制粒,成型制成直径为0.25mm~0.40mm小颗粒剂。适合雏鸭的喉管。以致进食时不被卡住。
实验说明
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验分组选择0日龄商品代樱桃谷鸭240只, 随机分成3个处理组, 其中处理1和处理2为试验组, 分别在对照组的基础上添加1% 的中草药饲料添加剂和2%中草药饲料添加剂; 处理Ⅲ为对照组, 每个处理5 个重复, 每个重复16 只鸭。
1.2 试验日粮饲料由本实验组自制, 为玉米粉40%、豆粕10%、油菜籽10%、麸皮10%、鱼粉10%、肉粉5%、贝壳粉5%、碘化盐1%、动物油脂3%、维生素预混料2%、矿物质预混物2%和中药添加剂2%,各饲养阶段饲料的营养成分和营养水平见表1。
其中0~7日龄时饲料蒸为半熟,7~21 日龄饲料可以直接喂食。
1.3 饲养管理试验时间自2012 年3 月9 日至2012 年3月29日止, 饲养期21 d。试验场地点为山东农业大学科研禽场。育雏期采用250 W 的红外线保温灯, 中心温度为33~35℃, 用稻草做垫料, 1 周后脱温除去保温灯。饲养期平均气温为(17.0±5.4)℃。最高气温是24℃, 最低气温是16℃, 自由采食和饮水。
1.4 生长性能测定在试验开始时进行称重, 每天的记录的各日龄鸭生长体重及饲料利用情况, 并计算日增重、采食量和饲料转化率。
1.5 肠道大肠杆菌和乳酸菌的测定
1.5.1 样品的采集无菌采集鸭的小肠段, 将肠段用无菌棉线两端结扎后剪断或者将肠段内容物迅速刮取出来, 装入封口袋中, 在冰箱中暂存, 一般检样不得少于25 g。
1.5.2 培养基及其制备大肠杆菌的培养基用伊红美蓝琼脂培养基, 主要成分为蛋白胨10 g, 乳糖10 g, K 2H PO 4 2 g。蒸馏水1 000 m L。即将以上成分加热溶解, 调节pH 为7.1~7.3, 再加入2% 的伊红水溶液20 m L, 0.5% 的美蓝水溶液13 m L , 琼脂粉10 g, 高压灭菌15~20 m in, 无菌操作倾注平板。乳酸菌活菌计数培养基( M R S) 成分为蛋白胨10 g, 柠檬酸三铵2 g, 葡萄糖20 g, M g-SO 4·7H 2O 0.2 g, 乙酸钠3.0 g, M nSO 4·4H 2O 0.05 g, 牛肉膏8 g, 磷酸氢二钾2 g, 酵母膏4 g, 吐温-80 1 m L, 琼脂粉14 g, 蒸馏水定容为1 000 m L, 调节pH 为6.2~6.4。培养基配制后按常规方法灭菌备用。
表1 各阶段鸭料的日粮组成
每千克日粮提供维生素预混料: 维生素A 11 000 IU, 维生素D3 1 500 IU, 维生素E 45 IU, 维生素K3 4.0 mg, 维生素B1 1.1 mg, 核黄素5.0 mg, 泛酸20.0 mg, 烟酸25.0 mg, 叶酸1 mg, 生物素0.2 mg, 维生素B12 0.01 mg,
每千克日粮提供矿物质预混料:铜8 mg, 铁80 mg, 锌80 mg, 锰100 mg, 碘0.5 mg, 硒0.5 mg, 钴0.4 mg。
1.5.3 样品稀释和计数方法样品稀释方法。即称取小肠刮取的内容物0.5 g,无菌放入装有无菌蒸馏水的三角瓶里进行样品均质处理后, 进行倍比稀释至10-3~10-7 后滴种琼脂平板。大肠杆菌的滴种浓度为10-3~10-7, 乳酸菌滴种浓度则为10-5~10-7。滴种好后, 待液滴吸干, 将平板倒置于培养箱内培养。大肠杆菌培养温度为37℃,培养18 ~24 h; 乳酸菌培养皿置于CO 2 培养箱, 37℃, CO 2 浓度为5% , 培养36~48 h。选取每滴菌数在1~100 个的浓度进行计数, 然后按下面的公式计算结果:每克菌数(CFU /g)= 平均每滴菌落数×稀释倍数×501.6 统计方法采用Excel和SPSS( 10.0) 软件进行数据处理和统计分析, 采用D uncan 氏法进行多重比较。
2 结果与分析
2.1 中草药饲料添加剂对樱桃谷鸭生产性能的影响由表2 可以看出, 与对照组相比, 试验组1,2樱桃谷鸭的日增重均有显著提高( P < 0.05) , 提高幅度分别为3.6% ,4.2% 。试验组1和2饲料转化率均显著改善( P < 0.01) , 升高幅度分别为3.8% 和4.4% 。说明在日粮中添加中草药添加剂能够在一定程度上提高樱桃谷肉鸭的日增重, 改善饲料转化率, 并且试验组2要优于试验组1。另外, 与对照组相比, 两种饲料添加剂对樱桃谷鸭的采食量均不产生显著影响 ( P > 0.05) 。
表2 中草药饲料添加剂对樱桃谷鸭生产性能的影响
表示差异显著( P < 0.05) 。
2.2 中草药饲料添加剂对樱桃谷鸭肠道大肠杆菌和乳酸菌数量的影响由表3 可以看出, 与对照组相比, 试验组1和2樱桃谷鸭肠道内大肠杆菌的数量均显著地降低了( P < 0.05) , 乳酸菌的数量提高了 ( P < 0.01) , 且试验组2要优于试验组1, 这与试验组2在生产性能改善方面要好于试验组1相一致。
表3 中草药饲料添加剂对樱桃谷鸭肠道大肠杆菌和乳酸菌数量的影响
Claims (10)
1.一种樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,其特征在于,饲料中各原料的重量百分比为:玉米粉40%、豆粕10%、油菜籽10%、麸皮10%、鱼粉10%、肉粉5%、贝壳粉5%、碘化盐1%、动物油脂3%、维生素预混料2%、矿物质预混物2%和中药添加剂2%。
2.根据权利要求1所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,其特征在于,所述中药添加剂包括但不仅限于:熟地、白花蛇舌草、仙茅、白芷、刺五加、鱼腥草、黄芩,大青叶、白术、丹参、黄芪、黄精、麦饭石、五味子、菟丝子、知母、地骨皮、制首乌、连翘。
3.根据权利要求1所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,其特征在于,所述中药添加剂各原料药的重量份数为:熟地10~20重量份、白花蛇舌草10~20重量份、仙茅10~20重量份、白芷10~20重量份、刺五加10~20重量份、鱼腥草10~20重量份、黄芩10~20重量份,大青叶10~20重量份、白术10~20重量份、丹参10~20重量份、黄芪10~20重量份、黄精10~20重量份、麦饭石10~20重量份、五味子10~20重量份、菟丝子10~20重量份、知母10~20重量份、地骨皮10~20重量份、制首乌10~20重量份、连翘10~20重量份。
4.根据权利要求1所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,其特征在于,所述中药添加剂各原料药的重量份数为:熟地10~15重量份、白花蛇舌草10~15重量份、仙茅10~15重量份、白芷10~15重量份、刺五加10~15重量份、鱼腥草10~15重量份、黄芩10~15重量份,大青叶10~15重量份、白术10~15重量份、丹参10~15重量份、黄芪10~20重量份、黄精10~20重量份、麦饭石10~20重量份、五味子10~20重量份、菟丝子10~20重量份、知母10~20重量份、地骨皮10~20重量份、制首乌10~20重量份、连翘10~20重量份。
5.根据权利要求1所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,其特征在于,所述中药添加剂各原料药的重量份数比为:熟地10~20重量份、白花蛇舌草10~20重量份、仙茅10~20重量份、白芷10~20重量份、刺五加10~20重量份、鱼腥草10~20重量份、黄芩10~20重量份,大青叶10~20重量份、白术10~20重量份、丹参10~20重量份、黄芪10~15重量份、黄精10~15重量份、麦饭石10~15重量份、五味子10~15重量份、菟丝子10~15重量份、知母10~15重量份、地骨皮10~15重量份、制首乌10~15重量份、连翘10~15重量份。
6.根据权利要求1~5所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,其特征在于,所述饲料使用时,0-7日龄时饲料加工为半熟;所述中药添加剂的剂型为:颗粒剂或粉剂;其使用方法为直接投放入其它饲料原料中掺匀使用。
7.一种如权利要求1~5中任一项所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料中使用的中药添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述中药添加剂剂型为粉剂,其步骤为:
将所述原料药按配比混合,切碎,放入耐酸碱浸渍锅,在室温下,与70度以上乙醇一起渍15~20天,将浸渍好的液体及药渣进行压榨过滤,分离后取滤液;将所述滤液加热浓缩至糊状,放入烘箱内烘干,冷却后与研磨成细粉状,成为粉剂。
8.根据权利要求1~5中任一项所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,其特征在于,所述中药添加剂剂型为颗粒剂,其制备方法为:
a.将所述原料药放入水提取2次;
b.再将步骤a中提取过的药渣加乙醇浸泡10天后压榨过滤药液;
c.将上述两种提取液合并,并浓缩抽滤,得到组份药粉;
d.将所述组份药粉加动物油脂制成颗粒剂。
9.根据权利要求8所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料,其特征在于,所述步骤a中,将所述原料药放入10倍量水中,加热回流提取2次,每次30分钟~1小时,将2次提取液合并静置,所述步骤b中,将乙醇提取过的药渣放入10倍量乙醇中,浸泡10天,压榨过滤,得药液;所述步骤c中,将上述两种提取药液合并,减压并浓缩至药液浓度为0.6g生药/mL,放入烘干机,得到组份药粉。
10.一种如权利要求2~5中任一项所述樱桃谷鸭的雏鸭饲料中使用的中药添加剂。
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