CN102901740B - Channel type four visual angles X ray liquid state article safety inspection system - Google Patents
Channel type four visual angles X ray liquid state article safety inspection system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a channel type four visual angles X ray liquid state article safety inspection system, which is composed of a system control and signal processing circuit unit, a first bench acquisition computer, a second bench acquisition computer, a third bench density computer, a switch, a conveyer, a transfer channel, four groups of X radiation source and four groups of detectors, and the first bench acquisition computer, the second bench acquisition computer and third bench density computer are connected through a local network. The safety inspection system has the following advantages that 1) the inspection capability is strong, the liquid dangerous products with different sizes and different materials can be effectively detected; 2) the inspection speed is fast, and six liquid can be simultaneously detected; and 3) the detection sensitivity is high and the detection is accurate. In addition, the safety inspection system has strong anti-interference capability, and is suitable for a safety check system in important places such as civil aviation, railway and customs.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of channel-type four visual angle X ray liquid article safety check systems.
Background technology
Since September 11 attacks, liquid article inspection becomes the hot issue in safety inspection field gradually, particularly in security fields such as aviation, railway, highway, rallies, because liquid article relates to of a great variety, diversified in packagingly, the difficulty that makes quickly and accurately all kinds of liquid articles to carry out dangerous identification is increasing.
In existing liquid article safety inspection technology, based on the lossless detection method of X ray transmission imaging technology, possesses check result accuracy with it high simultaneously, low to container material quality susceptibility, the features such as simple operation, be subject to the attention of more and more safety check manufacturer, this wherein, representational is that patent publication No. is two sections of patents of invention of CN101140247A and CN101629916A, their common ground is all based on CT layer scanning technology, its method can be sketched and be: send X ray transmission by radiographic source and be examined liquid article, utilize detector to accept the beam transmitted through liquid article, and form hundreds of multi-angle projection data, by these hundreds of multi-angle projection data are carried out to inversion calculation, calculate the gamma ray absorption coefficient that is examined liquid article, wherein, patent CN101629916A is owing to having utilized dual-energy x-ray, more can obtain the density and the material information that are examined liquid article simultaneously, finally, by liquid article absorption coefficient or liquid article density, material information and default database are compared, complete the inspection to tested liquid article.The liquid article safety detection method of this class based on CT layer scanning technology, its sharpest edges are to check that precision is high, because it has obtained hundreds of multi-angle projection data in checking process, the various backprojection reconstruction technology that recycling is relatively ripe, can obtain desirable tomography cross-section data.But this class CT layer scanning technology also exists obvious deficiency: 1) checking efficiency is on the low side, once conventionally can only check a conventional volume size liquid article, and a checking process is consuming time longer; 2) check that object coverage rate is wideless, for be examined the diameter of liquid article, highly, volume has to a certain degree restriction, and can only check specially that liquid article can not compatiblely check parcel.These 2 deficiencies all will limit CT type liquid article safety detection method and equipment in the larger occasion of flow of the people, as: the application in the places such as airport, railway station, big assembly.
Therefore, for common liquid article safety inspection, be necessary to study and develop one and can ensure higher inspection precision, can realize again in batches, check fast, can also compatiblely carry to passenger channel-type X-ray liquid article examination method and the system that parcel checks.
Multi-view X ray safety detection method and system that US Patent No. 6088423, US7020241 and Chinese patent CN101592622 relate to.At the bottom of adopting 2, the system that US6088423 invents shines source according to 1, source side, three visual angle x-ray sources and detector layout type that 3 sources 3 of formation are visited; The five visual angle mode of operations that the system that US7020241 invents has adopted 3 sources 5 to visit, and adopt 2 in various visual angles layout at the bottom of, irradiate line source and 1 top irradiation line source, line source corresponding 2 groups of detectors are respectively irradiated at each end, and top is irradiated the corresponding 1 group of detector of line source and formed 5 visual angles; At the bottom of multi-view X ray safety check system that CN101592622 relates to adopts 2 according to source and 1 top according to source, the three visual angle mode of operations that 3 sources 3 of formation are visited, have adopted the real dual-energy visual angle layout of dijection line source double detector at the bottom of its 1 according to visual angle.But above 3 kinds of multi-view X ray safe examination systems, all taking parcel as detected object, can not be surveyed by liquid towards article, and the accuracy checking is lower, poor anti jamming capability, and the place of its application and field are comparatively narrow.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the problems of the technologies described above, the invention provides a kind of channel-type four visual angle X ray liquid article safety check systems, a kind of channel-type four visual angle X ray liquid article safety check systems of the present invention are by system control and signal processing circuit unit, First collecting computer, second collecting computer, the 3rd density calculation machine, capture card, switch, conveyor, transfer passage, four groups of x-ray sources and four groups of detector compositions, described First collecting computer, between described second collecting computer and the 3rd density calculation machine, connect by LAN, every group of x-ray source and detector are called a visual angle module, comprise altogether four visual angle modules, and described four visual angle modules comprise: Ding Zhao visual angle, right side module, right side horizontal side according to visual angle module, right side Di Zhao visual angle module and middle part at the bottom of according to visual angle module, Ding Zhao visual angle, right side module comprises that top, right side, according to x-ray source and the first detector, forms V1 visual angle module, right side horizontal side comprises that according to visual angle module right side horizontal side, according to x-ray source and the second detector, forms V2 visual angle module, Di Zhao visual angle, right side module comprises right side Di Zhao visual angle x-ray source and the 3rd detector, forms V3 visual angle module, the end, middle part, comprises that according to visual angle module the end, middle part, according to visual angle x-ray source and the 4th detector, forms V4 visual angle module.The 3rd detector of the first detector of described V1 visual angle module, the second detector of V2 visual angle module, V3 visual angle module is L-type detector, the 4th detector of V4 visual angle module is U-shaped detector, described V1 visual angle module, V2 visual angle module, V3 visual angle module, V4 visual angle module is all connected with a capture card by signal processing circuit unit.In liquid is surveyed, described V1 visual angle module, V3 visual angle module, V4 visual angle module are responsible for the Static Fault reconstruction that liquid is surveyed, and described V2 visual angle module is responsible for liquid level and is calculated, and can assist other visual angle cross sectional reconstructions.Therefore, interior two liquid cross-sectional of four visual angle topological design structures Static Fault reconstruction simultaneously passage and calculating liquid level that the present invention is brand-new, therefore the present invention can survey multiple liquid simultaneously.
Image acquisition units, low atomic number vessel liquid materials detection unit, information communication unit have all been installed in described First collecting computer and second collecting computer, and described the 3rd density calculation machine installed images match unit, density detection unit, high atomic number vessel liquid materials detection unit, decision-making alarm unit, information communication unit;
1) described image acquisition units is installed in described First collecting computer and second collecting computer, wherein First collecting computer connects the image pick-up card of described V1 visual angle module and described V2 visual angle module, receive the view data from described V1 visual angle module and described V2 visual angle module, second collecting computer connects the image pick-up card of described V3 visual angle module and described V4 visual angle module, receives the view data from described V3 visual angle module and described V4 visual angle module.
2) described low atomic number vessel liquid materials detection cellular installation is in described First collecting computer and second collecting computer, for the image from described four visual angle modules obtaining is carried out to the region that liquid article is cut apart and oriented to image.Described First collecting computer is used for the material data of the low atomic number liquid in container that calculates described V1 visual angle module and described V2 visual angle module, and same described second collecting computer is used for the material data of the low atomic number liquid in container to be detected that calculates described V3 visual angle module and described V4 visual angle module.
3) described information communication unit for transmitting original image, result of calculation, control command and information between described First collecting computer and second collecting computer and the 3rd density calculation machine.
4) described images match cellular installation is in described the 3rd density calculation machine, view data from described four visual angle modules and materials detection result, after images match, are confirmed to the data of described four visual angle modules of this reception are from the same group of liquid article image checking in box.
5) described density detection cellular installation is in described the 3rd density calculation machine, to the liquid article of crossing through described images match cell processing, according to the container material quality of liquid article, calculate in two kinds of situation its density feature, a) when the container of liquid article is that low atomic number material is during as plastics, utilize four visual angle algebraic reconstructions to calculate ray approximation penetration thickness, with ratio relation bulk density feature between penetration thickness and absorption gray scale; B) when the container of liquid article is that high z number material is during as glass, first the space geometry relation forming in passage according to ray and liquid article region, calculate liquid article cross section model and external diameter, then taking the container wall thickness of this cross section model and external diameter and estimation as initial configuration, utilize optimization numerical analysis method iterative computation to go out density feature.
6) described high atomic number vessel liquid materials detection cellular installation is in described the 3rd density calculation machine, reject and analyze for glass container wall, revise traditional elimination method, remove the impact of chamber wall, obtain the true projection gray level information of liquid article, obtain the material behavior of liquid article in high atomic number container.
7) described decision-making alarm unit is installed on described the 3rd density calculation machine, judges by material and the combination of density two dimensional character of liquid article whether liquid article to be detected is liquid blasting material.
In the time that channel-type four visual angle X ray liquid article safety check systems of the present invention start, conveyor is sent into liquid article in transfer passage, liquid towards article carry out transmission scan, when described the first detector, the second detector, First collecting computer and second collecting computer of the signal that the 3rd detector and the 4th detector receive after system control and signal processing circuit unit processing and described in sending to, give the 3rd described density calculation machine through switch again, and then liquid towards article carry out safety inspection in the 3rd density calculation machine, and check result is shown on the display of First collecting computer and second collecting computer.
The present invention has the following advantages:
1) checking ability is strong, and 4 brand-new visual angle X ray liquid are surveyed detection mode, can be to different sizes, and the difform dangerous liquid material of unlike material is effectively surveyed;
2) inspection speed is fast, can check double liquid simultaneously, can survey at most 6 bottles of liquid simultaneously, is suitable for the luggage safety checking field of high percent of pass;
3) detection sensitivity is high, can survey two characteristic quantities of density and effective atomic number simultaneously, surveys accurately.
In addition, the present invention also has the feature that antijamming capability is strong, is highly suitable for the safety check system of the important places such as civil aviaton, railway, customs.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of channel-type four visual angle X ray liquid article safety check system schematic diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 2 be in a kind of channel-type four visual angle X ray liquid article safety check systems of the present invention transfer passage and radiographic source position face structural representation;
Fig. 3 is the plan structure schematic diagram of transfer passage and detector position in a kind of channel-type four visual angle X ray liquid article safety check systems of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the side-looking structural representation of transfer passage and radiographic source in a kind of channel-type four visual angle X ray liquid article safety check systems of the present invention, detector position;
Fig. 5 is the workflow diagram of a kind of channel-type four visual angle X ray liquid article safety check systems of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail.
As shown in Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4, the present invention includes: system control and signal processing circuit unit 17, First collecting computer 18, second collecting computer 20, the 3rd density calculation machine 19, conveyor 11, transfer passage 5, plastic pallet 6, four groups of x-ray sources and four groups of detectors, capture card 12, capture card 13, capture card 15, capture card 16, switch 14.
As Fig. 1, Fig. 2, shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, at the bottom of right side of the present invention, shine x-ray source 10, right side side is according to x-ray source 4, top, right side is according to x-ray source 2, the end, middle part is the different azimuth that lays respectively at transfer passage 5 according to x-ray source 7, that is to say, in the positive apparent direction of described transfer passage 5, at the bottom of described right side, be the right side bottom position that is arranged at transfer passage 5 according to x-ray source 10, described right side side is the right side sidepiece that is arranged at transfer passage 5 according to x-ray source 4, at the bottom of described right side, be the right side, bottom that is arranged at transfer passage 5 according to x-ray source 2, at the bottom of described middle part, be the bottom, middle part that is arranged at transfer passage 5 according to x-ray source 7.
Equally, corresponding to shining x-ray source 4 according to x-ray source 10, right side side at the bottom of above-mentioned right side; X-ray source 7 is shone at the bottom of shining x-ray source 2, middle part in top, right side, and L-type first detector 9, second detector 3, three detector 8, U-shaped four detector 1 corresponding with it is also attached to respectively the diverse location of described transfer passage 5.
In addition, with respect to shining x-ray source 4 according to x-ray source 10, right side side at the bottom of above-mentioned right side; Right side top according to x-ray source 2, middle part at the bottom of according to x-ray source 7, and the X-ray beam sending for the ease of each x-ray source can form a thin fan beam, in each x-ray source position, a collimating apparatus is all set.
Wherein, corresponding with the first detector 9 and form Di Zhao visual angle, right side module according to x-ray source 10 at the bottom of right side, form V3 visual angle module; Right side side is and composition right side Ce Zhao visual angle module corresponding with the second detector 3 according to x-ray source 4, has formed V2 visual angle module; Top, right side is and composition right side Ding Zhao visual angle module corresponding with the 3rd detector 8 according to x-ray source 2, has formed V1 visual angle module; The end, middle part according to x-ray source 7 in the middle part of and composition corresponding with the 4th detector 1 end shine visual angle module, formed V4 visual angle module.
In addition, owing to utilizing double energy X-ray detection mode can carry out to inspected object the differentiation of material properties, therefore, in the present invention, V1 visual angle module, V2 visual angle module, V3 visual angle module, V4 visual angle module all adopt single x-ray source, and can launch the X ray of continuum; The first detector 9, the second detector 3, the 3rd detector 8 and the 4th U-shaped detector 1 of described L-type adopt respectively overlapping placement,, the first detector 9, the second detector 3, the 3rd detector 8 and the 4th U-shaped detector 1 of L-type is has the detector of low energy in the posterior two kinds of different power spectrum responses of front high energy, and therefore it can obtain respectively low energy transmission signal and high energy transmission signal simultaneously; And then carry out material properties differentiation to being examined object in plastic pallet 6.
When application, first plastic pallet 6 is placed on conveyor 11, then maximum 6 liquid are placed in pallet, after described four visual angle X-ray safety inspection systems start, conveyor 11 is at the uniform velocity advanced, plastic pallet 6 is transported in transfer passage 5, plastic pallet 6 shines x-ray source 10 at the bottom of triggering respectively right side, right side side is according to x-ray source 4, top, right side is according to x-ray source 2, the end, middle part, is according to x-ray source 7, each radiographic source successively sends X-ray beam, X-ray beam becomes thin fan beam through after being positioned at the collimating apparatus in radiographic source front, transmission is examined plastic pallet 6, the first detector 9 of L-type, the second detector 3, the 3rd detector 8 and the 4th U-shaped detector 1 receive respectively the corresponding deamplification transmitted through liquid article 7 and are sent to system control and signal processing circuit unit 17 carries out analog to digital conversion and signal correction processing, thereby form corresponding V1 visual angle module, V2 visual angle module, V3 visual angle module, the projection image signal of V4 visual angle module, then, the projection image signal of this formation is passed into First collecting computer 18 and second collecting computer 20, entering switch 14 passes to the 3rd density calculation machine 19 and carries out safety inspection again, and show check result on First collecting computer 18 and second collecting computer 20.
As shown in Figure 1, shown in Figure 5, V1 visual angle module, V2 visual angle module, V3 visual angle module, V4 visual angle module is all connected with a capture card by signal processing circuit unit 17, each image pick-up card is for acquisition of image data, the image of V1 visual angle module and the module collection of V2 visual angle is received by First collecting computer, form double-channel collection, the image of same V3 visual angle module and the module collection of V4 visual angle is received by second collecting computer.After the processing of process step S1, the S2 shown in Fig. 5, original image and result of calculation are passed to the 3rd density calculation machine by switch 14, carry out the process step S4 shown in Fig. 5 after the calculating of step S7, by switch 14, the explosive area coordinate of detection is turned back to First collecting computer and second collecting computer again, the explosive area that roll display image and detection obtain on the display of First collecting computer and second collecting computer.
Specific works flow process of the present invention is as follows:
After image acquisition, step S2 is the calculation process of described low atomic number vessel liquid materials detection unit, first needs to be partitioned into the each container checking in box, and judges the material of each container.Cutting procedure divides two parts to complete: first, each visual angle module map picture is adopted respectively to a suitable experience gray threshold V
scut apart, by gray-scale value in image lower than V
spart is marked as liquid article initial segmentation region, then, uses Canny operator edge detection method classical in technical field of image processing, obtains and is accurately examined liquid article edge.Obtain after the exact boundary of container, according to the one-row pixels in the direction finding body centre position of container, calculate the relative value of the material value in the middle of container edge and container in this line, the difference more atomic number of bulk container material is higher, obtain the material properties of container, represent the Vessel Boundary of unlike material with different gray-scale values.Low atomic number container if, does gray average filtering and the operation of material medium filtering to the effective neighborhood of body, obtains the material value of this testing liquid.
Step S3 be by information communication unit by original image and comprise Vessel Boundary, container material quality, the result of calculation of low atomic number liquid in container materials detection information is transferred to the 3rd density calculation machine via switch 14.
Step S4 is the calculation process of images match unit, the 3rd density calculation machine obtains V1 visual angle module, V2 visual angle module, the V3 visual angle module that step S3 transmits, and after the Vessel Boundary information of V4 visual angle module, the doubtful explosive area of each visual angle module existed in the RECT structure array of each visual angle module definition.These arrays of scan round one group of doubtful explosive area of poor four visual angle modules in threshold range are mated channel direction in groups end to end, check that whether the polygon that this border of organizing doubtful explosive area surrounds in passage is reasonable, unreasonable this group of abandoning, then find since a visual angle module coupling group repeating, the relation of the absolute value differing end to end by doubtful explosive area channel direction and same group of container position of each visual angle module is removed repeated matching group, finally obtains correct matching result.
Step S5 is the calculation process of density detection unit, and density detection unit is divided into following two subelements:
1) when container material quality is low atomic number material during as plastics, by four visual angle ART algebraically iterative approximations, obtain the cross sectional shape of liquid article.It is to be noted, it is to be to carry out under substantially homogeneous prerequisite according to liquid article internal liquid density that the above ART algebraically iterative approximation calculates, be that on liquid article cross section, each reconstruction pixel value is identical, but not liquid article cross section reconstruction pixel value is 0, that is to say, rebuild liquid article region pixel value on image and be represent pixel size equal on the occasion of, other parts value is 0; According to the liquid article cross sectional shape reconstructing, add up each visual angle module projected pixel ray penetration range of its correspondence, each group penetration range and corresponding high energy gray scale thereof, by inquiring about penetration range-absorption gray scale-electron density table of prior foundation, obtain a density feature, further, add up rebuilding all density features corresponding to cross section, calculate liquid article density feature;
2) when container material quality is high z number material during as glass:
(a). container is carried out to the segmentation that meets high density container feature and cut, particularly the segmentation that has the overlapping V2 visual angle module of container is cut.
(b). according to the overlapping situation of container in the module of V2 visual angle, find region suitable in current container to be used for doing subsequent analysis, the overlap scheme in this region is comparatively simple, is applicable to liquid level calculating decile and analyses.
(c). data de-noising, obtains four level and smooth visual angle module data for projection.
(d). according to the projection gray level curve of V2 visual angle module, V3 visual angle module, judge whether liquid in container is full; If not full, find liquid level position according to the feature locations of curve, finally calculate liquid level according to space geometry relation.
(e). using identity (container, liquid, air) of the height of the thickness of the attenuation coefficient of the attenuation coefficient of chamber wall, liquid, chamber wall (wall thickness that its initial value obtains with reference to S3), liquid level, the each pixel in cross section etc. as parameter to be calculated, utilize iteration optimization algorithms to obtain the information such as the thickness of the attenuation coefficient of liquid, container.
(f) if. container is bulge, and in cross section, the identity of the each pixel beyond circumference is fixed as air; For example, if other type of container (square-section) gives rule according to shape knowledge to the iterative process in E. and instructs.Finally obtain the attenuation coefficient of high density liquid in container, and more accurate chamber wall thickness.By inquiring about attenuation coefficient-electron density table of prior foundation, obtain liquid article density feature.
Next step S6 is the calculation process of high atomic number vessel liquid materials detection unit, calculates the material value of high atomic number liquid in container.Experimental results show that low atomic number container is on not impact of internal liquid detection, but high atomic number container can have a strong impact on the material behavior of internal liquid.Step S6 rejects and analyzes for glass container wall, revises traditional elimination method, removes the impact of chamber wall, obtains the true projection gray level information of liquid, then calculates the material characteristics of liquid by true high low energy data.
Arrive this, this two dimensional feature of the material of each testing container and density obtains, enters step S7, by the decision-making alarm unit decision process of reporting to the police.If checking, this in box, does not have the material of liquid in container and density combinations to report to the police, First collecting computer and second collecting computer roll display original image, wherein First collecting computer shows V1 visual angle module map picture, and second collecting computer shows V2 visual angle module map picture.If this checks that box has warning liquid, the border of warning liquid container is passed to First collecting computer and second collecting computer by the information communication unit of the 3rd density calculation machine, when roll display original image, draw the position in explosive area.
Above-mentioned steps is a whole detection flow process, and First collecting computer and second collecting computer continuous acquisition inspection box image under rational spacing are processed.
The above; be only the specific embodiment of the present invention, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to this, is anyly familiar with those skilled in the art in scope disclosed by the invention; the variation that can expect easily or replacement, all should be encompassed in the protection domain of the claims in the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. channel-type four visual angle X ray liquid article safety check systems, it is characterized in that, comprise: system control and signal processing circuit unit, First collecting computer, second collecting computer, the 3rd density calculation machine, switch, conveyor, transfer passage, four groups of x-ray sources and four groups of detectors, connect by LAN between described First collecting computer, described second collecting computer and the 3rd density calculation machine, every group of x-ray source and detector are called a visual angle module, comprise altogether four visual angle modules, and described four visual angle modules comprise: top, right side according to look Corner Block List Representation ﹑ right side horizontal side according to visual angle module, right side Di Zhao visual angle module and middle part at the bottom of according to visual angle module, Ding Zhao visual angle, right side module comprises that top, right side, according to x-ray source and the first detector, forms V1 visual angle module, right side horizontal side comprises that according to visual angle module right side horizontal side, according to x-ray source and the second detector, forms V2 visual angle module, Di Zhao visual angle, right side module comprises right side Di Zhao visual angle x-ray source and the 3rd detector, forms V3 visual angle module, the end, middle part, comprises that according to visual angle module the end, middle part is according to visual angle x-ray source and the 4th detector, form V4 visual angle module, described V1 visual angle module, V2 visual angle module, V3 visual angle module, V4 visual angle module is all connected with a capture card by signal processing circuit unit, wherein First collecting computer connects the image pick-up card of described V1 visual angle module and described V2 visual angle module, receive the view data from described V1 visual angle module and described V2 visual angle module, second collecting computer connects the image pick-up card of described V3 visual angle module and described V4 visual angle module, receive the view data from described V3 visual angle module and described V4 visual angle module, image acquisition units, low atomic number vessel liquid materials detection unit, information communication unit have all been installed in described First collecting computer and second collecting computer, described the 3rd density calculation machine installed images match unit, density detection unit, high atomic number vessel liquid materials detection unit, decision-making alarm unit, information communication unit, described in be installed on image acquisition units in First collecting computer and second collecting computer composition acquisition workstation,
Described low atomic number vessel liquid materials detection unit is for carrying out to the image from described four visual angle modules obtaining the region that liquid article is cut apart and oriented to image;
Described information communication unit for transmitting original image, result of calculation, control command and information between described First collecting computer, second collecting computer and the 3rd density calculation machine;
Described images match unit for the data of described four visual angle modules of the view data from described four visual angle modules and materials detection result being confirmed after images match to this reception whether from same group of liquid article image that checks box;
Described density detection unit is for calculating the density feature of the liquid article to crossing through described images match cell processing;
Described high atomic number vessel liquid materials detection unit is for rejecting and analyze for glass container wall, revise traditional elimination method, remove the impact of chamber wall, obtain the true projection gray level information of liquid article, obtain the material behavior of liquid article in high atomic number container;
Described decision-making alarm unit judges for the material by liquid article and the combination of density two dimensional character whether liquid article to be detected is liquid blasting material.
2. a kind of channel-type four visual angle X ray liquid article safety check systems according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the 3rd detector of the first detector of described V1 visual angle module, the second detector of V2 visual angle module, V3 visual angle module is L-type detector, and the 4th detector of described V4 visual angle module is U-shaped detector.
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| CN107202808A (en) * | 2017-06-14 | 2017-09-26 | 上海英曼尼安全装备有限公司 | A kind of double source double-visual angle safety inspection method and its system |
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