CN102893104B - Comprise the chemical heat pump of active surface - Google Patents
Comprise the chemical heat pump of active surface Download PDFInfo
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- CN102893104B CN102893104B CN201180020019.7A CN201180020019A CN102893104B CN 102893104 B CN102893104 B CN 102893104B CN 201180020019 A CN201180020019 A CN 201180020019A CN 102893104 B CN102893104 B CN 102893104B
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- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 94
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/06—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to solid or vice versa
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/06—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to solid or vice versa
- C09K5/063—Materials absorbing or liberating heat during crystallisation; Heat storage materials
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B17/00—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating intermittently, e.g. absorption or adsorption type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B17/00—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating intermittently, e.g. absorption or adsorption type
- F25B17/08—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating intermittently, e.g. absorption or adsorption type the absorbent or adsorbent being a solid, e.g. salt
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B30/00—Heat pumps
- F25B30/04—Heat pumps of the sorption type
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/27—Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/62—Absorption based systems
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)
Abstract
Chemical heat pump comprises active surface.Chemical heat pump utilizes active material and volatile liquid to work according to mixing principle, thus, active material is in reactor part 1 that volatile liquid is in condenser/evaporator part 3, and volatile liquid is mobile with by active material absorption and desorption and condensation and evaporation in condenser/evaporator part between these parts 1,3 simultaneously.Reactor part can comprise the layer 12 for active material, thus the active material at least in liquid phase is retained in this layer; And condenser/evaporator part can comprise the layer 13 for volatile liquid, thus the volatile liquid in liquid phase is retained in this layer.In chemical heat pump, the advantage of falling liquid film process and the advantage of host material combined.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to chemical heat pumps with extended functionality. More particularly, the invention relates to a chemical heat pump working according to the hybrid principle and wherein an active surface is present in the chemical heat pump.
Background
Chemical heat pumps working according to the hybrid principle are known in the prior art. In a chemical heat pump working according to the hybrid principle, the active substance is in the solid and liquid phase during the process. These two phases are used to give improved energy storage. Volatile liquids such as water are absorbed by the active and then desorbed from the active. During heat storage, the liquid phase of the active substance is spread over a heat conducting material, such as a heat exchanging surface, for heat exchange in the reactor part of the chemical heat pump. The liquid phase is heated during the heat storage and the liquid is desorbed from the active substance and moves in the gas phase to the condenser/evaporator part of the chemical heat pump. In the condenser/evaporator, the gas is condensed to a liquid and collected. During heat release by the chemical heat pump, liquid evaporates in the condenser/evaporator and moves to the reactor section, whereby the gas condenses to liquid and is absorbed by the active substance.
In previously known chemical heat pumps working according to the hybrid principle, for example the falling film process is utilized. The liquid phase and the liquid of the active substance are sprayed by a pump over the heat conducting material at the upper layers of the reactor and the condenser/evaporator, respectively, for heat exchange during heat storage and heat release of the chemical heat pump. A liquid film comprising an active substance in liquid phase in the reactor part and a liquid in the condenser/evaporator part is spread over a heat conducting material for heat exchange and falls through the reactor part or the condenser/evaporator part due to gravity. The liquid phase and the liquid finally reach the bottom layers of the reactor section and the condenser/evaporator section, respectively, whereby the pump pumps the liquid again to the upper layer of the chemical heat pump, whereby the falling film process continues. The falling film process has the advantage that the heat conductive material is completely exposed to the liquid phase and the liquid, respectively, because the liquid film on the heat conductive material is thin. Whereby condensation of the gas and evaporation of the liquid can be efficient.
A problem with falling film processes is that particles of the active substance can form in the solid state and they can clog in, for example, pumps. To avoid this problem, the formation of active substances in the solid phase is generally avoided when using a falling film process.
A solution to the above-mentioned problems of the falling film process is disclosed in swedish patent SE515688, wherein a net is used to keep the active substance in its solid state, so that solid active substance particles in the pump can be avoided. More energy can be stored when it is possible to allow the formation of a solid active substance.
A development of a chemical heat pump according to swedish patent SE515688 is disclosed in swedish patent SE530959, in which latter patent a chemical heat pump is disclosed that utilizes the same basic principle, but in which the mesh is replaced by a layer in the form of a matrix. The matrix holds the active substance in its liquid and solid phases and is distributed as a layer over the heat conducting material. The matrix is inert and permeable to the liquid phase. Such a chemical heat pump has the advantage that a large amount of active substances in solid and liquid phase can bind to the matrix so that the chemical heat pump can contain a large amount of energy. The matrix has the ability to absorb both liquid and liquid phases of the active substance. With the matrix, pumps are no longer required as in previous falling film processes.
In some cases, there is still room for improvement with respect to chemical heat pumps that utilize a matrix. The matrix is in contact with the thermally conductive material such that the thermally conductive material is covered by the matrix. Thus, evaporation of the volatile liquid and condensation of the vapor phase may take a slightly longer time than if the thermally conductive material were directly exposed to the volatile liquid and vapor phase. The transport of gases to and from the thermally conductive material, and between the reactor section and the condenser/evaporator section, can be slightly compromised. In addition, the substrate causes a pressure drop as the gas passes through the substrate.
In the prior art there is therefore a need for an improved chemical heat pump working according to the hybrid principle.
Disclosure of Invention
It is an object of the present invention to obviate at least some of the disadvantages of the prior art and to provide an improved chemical heat pump.
In a first aspect, a chemical heat pump is provided, comprising an active substance and a volatile liquid, the volatile liquid being adapted to be absorbed by the active substance at a first temperature and the volatile liquid being adapted to be desorbed by the active substance at a second, higher temperature, whereby the active substance at the first temperature has a solid phase from which the active substance immediately partially transforms into a liquid phase or into a liquid phase during the absorption of the volatile liquid and its gaseous phase, and whereby the active substance at the second, higher temperature has a liquid phase or into a liquid phase from which the active substance immediately partially transforms into a solid phase during the desorption of the volatile liquid, in particular the gaseous phase of the volatile liquid, whereby the chemical heat pump comprises:
a reactor part 1 comprising an active substance, whereby the reactor part 1 is adapted to exchange heat with an external medium 4 by exchanging heat through delimiting and heat conducting walls 9,11,
a condenser/evaporator portion 3 comprising a portion of volatile liquid, wherein the condenser/evaporator portion 3 is adapted to exchange heat with an external medium 6 by exchanging heat through a delimiting and heat conducting wall 9,11, and
a passage 2 for the gaseous phase of the volatile liquid, which connects the reactor section 1 and the condenser/evaporator section 3 to each other,
whereby at least one of the i reactor section 1 and the ii condenser/evaporator section 3 comprises a layer 12,13,16,
thus, if present in the reactor section 1, the layers 12,16 are adapted to retain the active substance or its liquid phase at least in its liquid phase, and,
thus, if present in the condenser/evaporator section 3, the layers 13,16 are adapted to retain the volatile liquid in its liquid phase,
wherein,
the layers 12,13,16 are arranged as bodies and have limited contact surfaces against the surface of one or more of the heat conducting walls 9,11, so that the free areas 14,15 of the surface of the heat conducting walls 9,11 are located between the contact surfaces,
the free areas 14,15 of the surface of the heat-conducting walls 9,11 are adapted to exert a net attractive force on the active substance in the liquid phase and on the volatile liquid in the liquid phase, respectively, and said net attractive forces are adjusted with respect to the net attractive forces exerted by the layers 12,13,16 on the active substance in the liquid phase and on the volatile liquid in the liquid phase, respectively.
In one embodiment, the layers 12,13,16 comprise a matrix, and wherein the matrix comprises a porous material that is permeable to the gas phase of the volatile liquid.
In one embodiment, said net attractive force exerted by the free areas 14,15 of the surface of the heat conducting walls 9,11 comprises a capillary force.
In one embodiment, the layers 12,13,16 comprise a material: which have been adjusted with respect to the active substance in the liquid phase and the volatile liquid in the liquid phase, respectively.
In one embodiment, the layers 12,13,16 comprise surfaces that: which have adjusted the wetting properties of the surface with respect to the active substance in the liquid phase and the volatile liquid in the liquid phase, respectively.
In one embodiment, the net attractive force exerted by the free areas 14,15 of the surface of the heat conducting walls 9,11 is adjusted such that the net attractive force exerted by the heat conducting walls 9,11 on the active substance in liquid phase and the volatile liquid in liquid phase, respectively, is higher than the net attractive force exerted by the layers 12,13,16 on the active substance in liquid phase and the volatile liquid in liquid phase, respectively.
In one embodiment the limited contact surface constitutes at most 10%, preferably at most 5% of the area of said heat conducting walls 9, 11.
In one embodiment, the body of the substrate is designed as a parallel disc with through holes, and the outer surface of the disc is in contact with the surface of the heat conducting wall.
In one embodiment, the body of the matrix is arranged as a body: which extends between opposite walls in parallel channels 22 in the plate heat exchanger, whereby the other parallel channels 23 in the plate heat exchanger comprise heat carrying medium.
The advantages of the exposed surface of the heat-conducting material in the falling film process are combined with the advantages of the matrix for storing the active substance in solid and liquid phase.
One advantage is that the transport of gas to and from the thermally conductive material is improved. The pressure drop caused by the passage of the gas through the substrate is reduced.
Drawings
The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
figure 1a is a schematic view of a known chemical heat pump operating according to the hybrid principle with a matrix according to the prior art,
fig. 1b is a schematic view similar to fig. 1a, wherein the matrix is arranged in a different way compared to the relation between the inner surfaces in the reactor part and the condenser/evaporator part in a chemical heat pump,
fig. 2 shows how the liquid phase of the active substance in the reactor in a chemical heat pump, or the volatile liquid in the condenser/evaporator, is transported from the active surface to the layer; and
fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a heat exchanger with parallel channels, wherein some channels are reactors or condensers/evaporators in a chemical heat pump, while other channels are used for circulation of an external heat carrier medium.
Detailed Description
Before the present invention is disclosed and described in detail, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular compounds, configurations, method steps, substrates, and materials disclosed herein because such compounds, configurations, method steps, substrates, and materials may vary somewhat. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
It must be noted that, as in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Unless defined otherwise, any terms and technical terms used herein are intended to have the meaning commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.
The term "about" as used throughout the description and claims in connection with numerical values denotes a certain interval of accuracy familiar and acceptable to those skilled in the art. The interval is ± 10%.
In a chemical heat pump working according to the hybrid principle, there may be a collection area in one or both of the reactor section and the condenser/evaporator section, represented as a layer, which attracts the active substance in the dissolved liquid phase and the volatile liquid, respectively, so that the layer may draw in more or less active substance in the dissolved liquid phase and more or less volatile liquid in the liquid phase. The attraction is achieved in a suitable manner, such as by means of capillary forces and/or wetting forces. The layers are arranged as a defined body and make only limited contact with the outer wall in the reactor part and the condenser/evaporator part, respectively, so that between the contact surfaces there is a free area inside the outer wall. These free areas also have a capillary and/or wetting capacity which is adapted in a suitable manner to the capillary and wetting capacity of the layer and constitutes an area which can be heat exchanged with the external medium only across the entire wall, which can be thin and on the surface of which there are free areas. Such a near direct heat exchange is efficient and relatively fast.
These layers may be formed as a body of matrix material, designed according to the above-mentioned swedish patent SE 530959. In another case, the layers comprise other suitable bodies having capillary attraction and/or wetted inner surfaces, for example, two discs of ceramic material, such as glass discs, whose opposite surfaces are capillary and/or wetted for the active substance and volatile liquid in the liquid phase, and between which the liquid may be drawn.
Using such a chemical heat pump comprising exposed surfaces of heat conducting walls in combination with a layer for storing active substances, e.g. in liquid phase, the same effect as the falling film process can be achieved per surface area without the use of mechanical pumps, such as electric pumps. When matrix materials are used in the storage body, a larger storage capacity of the matrix can be retained.
With such a chemical heat pump, higher power per unit area can be achieved. This may be used, for example, to make it possible to use a smaller amount of material for manufacturing the chemical heat pump and thus to make it possible to reduce its size thereby. This may result in lower manufacturing costs for chemical heat pumps. Chemical heat pumps in which higher power per unit area is achieved may also bring new application opportunities. Such a heat pump can be used, for example, for fast processes, during which heat storage and heat release can take place over a period of minutes, instead of hours as in heat pumps according to the prior art. To achieve this, it is important that the surface of the thermally conductive material is also as exposed as possible and at least partially uncovered by the matrix.
A chemical heat pump thus has a freely exposed active surface area of the heat conducting wall, and a layer for the liquid phase, wherein both the active surface and the layer have the ability to attract the liquid phase by capillary action and/or wetting. Defects in the substrate can thereby be eliminated and the advantages of greater storage can be maintained.
The disclosed heat pump is thus generally of the type having an active substance and a volatile liquid, whereby the liquid can be absorbed by the substance at a first temperature and desorbed by the substance at a second, higher temperature. The active substance has a solid phase at a first temperature, from which it immediately partially changes into or is in the liquid phase during the inhalation of the volatile liquid and its gaseous phase. At the second temperature, it has a liquid phase or is in a liquid phase, from which it immediately partially converts into a solid phase during desorption of the volatile liquid, in particular of the gas phase. In general, a chemical heat pump comprises the following components:
● reactor part, which comprises an active substance and which is adapted to be heat exchanged, i.e. heated and/or cooled, with an external medium by one or more heat exchange defining heat conducting walls.
● condenser/evaporator element, which essentially comprises a part of the volatile liquid, which is in condensed form and which is designed to exchange heat with, i.e. be heated and cooled by, an external medium by heat exchange through one or more defined heat conducting walls.
● for the passage of the gaseous phase of the volatile liquid, which connects the reactor part and the condenser/evaporator part to each other.
The reactor part may comprise a layer intended for the active substance, which in one embodiment may comprise a matrix in the form of a porous material, so that the active substance at least in liquid phase can remain in the matrix, and/or be bound to the matrix. Alternatively and/or in combination, the condenser/evaporator section may comprise a layer for the volatile liquid, which may comprise a matrix in the form of a porous material, which is permeable to the gaseous phase of the volatile liquid, so that the volatile liquid in the liquid phase can be retained within and/or bonded to the matrix.
The matrix may be arranged as a body in one or two parts, which body may be designed as a disc or plate and has a limited contact surface against the inner surface of one or the heat conducting walls. In one embodiment, the layers 12,13,16 are arranged as discs. In one embodiment, the layers 12,13,16 are arranged as plates. In one embodiment, the layers 12,13,16 are arranged as discs and plates. Then a free area of the surface of the heat conducting wall is present between the contact surfaces. These free surfaces of the thermally conductive walls may have capillary properties and/or wetting properties for the active substance in the liquid phase and for the volatile liquid in the liquid phase, respectively. In particular, the free areas of the surface of the thermally conductive wall are made to have, respectively, a capillary or wetting property for the active substance in the liquid phase and the volatile liquid in the liquid phase that is greater than that of the matrix for the active substance in the liquid phase and the volatile liquid in the liquid phase, i.e. such that the active substance in the liquid phase and the volatile liquid in the liquid phase are easily attracted, drawn into, and/or distributed and spread over the free areas of the surface of the thermally conductive wall as compared to the matrix.
In general, the limited contact surfaces have a minimum or relatively small area, so that they constitute a relatively small portion of the surface of the heat conducting wall. For a thermally conductive wall, they may together constitute up to 10%, or up to 5%, of the surface of the thermally conductive wall.
In the chemical heat pump schematically depicted in fig. 1a, there are two compartments. The first compartment constitutes a reactor part 1 comprising an active substance which can absorb the vapour or gas phase of the volatile liquid in an exothermic reaction and desorb the vapour or gas phase of the volatile liquid in an endothermic reaction. The reactor section 1 is connected via a pipe or channel 2 to a second compartment, which constitutes a condenser/evaporator section 3. The second compartment 3 acts as a condenser for condensing the gaseous phase of the volatile liquid into its liquid phase and as an evaporator for evaporating the volatile liquid in the liquid phase into a gas. The active substances in the reactor part 1 are in heat-exchanging contact with an external heat carrier medium 4, indicated by the arrow 5, for heating or heat removal. The liquid in the condenser/evaporator section 3 is also in heat exchanging contact with a second external heat carrier medium 6, indicated by arrow 7, for heating or heat removal.
According to the mixing principle, the active substance changes between solid and solution states. For a chemical heat pump working according to the hybrid principle, the active substance must remain in the reactor part 1. One way of achieving this is by using a net to restrict the movement of the active substance in the solid phase. Another way is to use a matrix 8, which matrix 8 may also serve as an energy storage. Such a matrix retains the active substance in liquid and solid phases and is inert with respect to the volatile liquid and the active substance used, which are in different phases. In addition, the substrate is permeable to the volatile liquid in the gas phase and may be arranged within the reactor part 1 in the form of a layer 8 on the inner surface of one or more walls 9. The inner surface of wall 9 is in contact with first external heat carrier 4. On the inner surface of the wall 11 in the condenser/evaporator section 3, a similar layer of a matrix 10 can be arranged, which serves to retain and bind the volatile liquid in the liquid phase.
In such a chemical heat pump, a relatively large amount of active substance may be retained in the matrix 8. The chemical heat pump may then contain a large energy storage. A substrate is a specific material having specific properties, the surface of which is wettable by a volatile liquid and which is thus capable of binding a volatile liquid in the liquid phase. The same is true for the liquid phase of the active substance.
In the prior art and as shown in fig. 1a, the matrices 8, 10 are in contact with a heat conducting material in the walls 9, 11. Thereby, the inner surface of the wall is not directly exposed to the gaseous phase of the volatile liquid, and thus the gaseous phase is not in direct heat conducting contact with the wall material and can thus, for example, not be cooled with maximum efficiency and not rapidly. Likewise, the active substance in liquid phase is not in direct heat exchange contact with the wall material, which does not provide a completely efficient heat transfer, or at least an at least not rapid heat transfer, for example for evaporating the liquid in the active substance in its active form. The same is true for the condenser/evaporator section. The slow heat exchange is said to correspond to the pressure drop achieved by the matrix as the vapor or gas passes through the matrix.
In order to achieve direct contact between the gas phase and the inner surfaces of the heat conducting walls 9,11, so that a larger area of those walls is free of matrix, while the matrix is arranged as a collecting area or reservoir, it is designed as one or more bodies 12,13 which only have a relatively limited contact area against the inner surfaces of the walls, see fig. 1 b. The gas phase requiring the volatile liquid can pass through these bodies and these can be made into relatively thin layers. The layers of such a substrate may be arranged as essentially parallel relatively thin discs, for example and as shown in fig. 1b, with the discs having one or more holes, such as central through holes to allow gas to pass between different parts of the compartments 1, 3.
The liquid that has condensed or has formed in the surface of the free areas 14,15 of the heat exchange walls 9,11 should be able to remain in the reservoir, i.e. in the body 12, 13. This can be achieved if the material in the body has a suction or attraction force, for example a capillary action on the liquid phase of the active substance and the volatile liquid, respectively, which capillary action is adjusted with respect to the adhesion or wetting the liquid phase of the active substance and the volatile liquid, respectively, have on the surface of the free areas 14,15 inside the wall. The adhesion or wetting of the liquid phase of the active substance and the volatile liquid, respectively, to the surface of the free area inside the wall is suitably adapted with respect to the adhesion of the material in the body to the liquid phase of the active substance and the volatile liquid, respectively.
When a large amount of liquid phase of the active substance and volatile liquid, respectively, is present in the free areas 14,15, the liquid is influenced by the attractive forces and is sucked into the reservoir (i.e. the matrix in the body 12, 13) and temporarily retained there. In contrast, when there are a large amount of liquid phase and volatile liquid of the active substance in the bodies 12,13, respectively, the liquid phase and volatile liquid of the active substance are spread as a layer on the surface of the free areas 14,15, respectively, wherein it is possible to easily and quickly transfer heat by almost direct heat transfer, which is achieved by heat transfer through the walls 9, 11.
If desired, the adhesion or wetting, i.e. attraction, which the mentioned active substance and volatile liquid have respectively against the surface or surface layer in the free areas 14,15 of the heat-conducting wall can be achieved by a surface treatment in order to achieve the desired properties, and this adhesion or wetting, respectively, causes the active substance and volatile liquid respectively to spread over these areas. This can be achieved, for example, by coating the surface of the thermally conductive material in said walls 9,11 with a suitable capillary material, or with a material having suitable wetting properties. The surface of the heat conducting wall may be mechanically, chemically or electrically treated.
When the surfaces of the free areas are coated with a capillary material, the adhesion or wetting that the active substance and the volatile liquid have with respect to the surfaces of the free areas 14,15 of the thermally conductive walls 9,11, respectively, is equivalent to the capillary action that the surfaces have with respect to the active substance and the volatile liquid, respectively. Such a layer with a capillary material may have a thickness in the range of 10 μm to 1 mm.
If the wetting or adhesion capacity or capillary properties of the active surface are adapted in a suitable manner, it can contribute to a large extent to enabling the liquid phase to spread efficiently over the free areas 14,15 of the heat conducting wall material in the outer walls 9,11 for exchanging heat during heat storage and release, respectively. The chemical heat pump can then be operated at high power.
The active surface may for example comprise the capillary material Al2O3. The capillary material can be mixed with SiO2Bonded together, but other alternatives for adhering the wicking material to the thermally conductive wall material may also exist. The active surface is preferably inert, i.e. the surface should not chemically participate in the chemical heat pump process. According to the teachings described above, the properties of the active surface are adapted such that the active surface obtains the required capillary or wetting attraction to the active surface and the volatile liquid, respectively, which are used in a chemical heat pump.
The reservoirs, i.e. the bodies 12,13, should generally have specific properties such that they can attract and retain specific amounts of active substance and volatile liquid, respectively. Then, there is no need at all for them to be permeable to the gas phase of the volatile liquid. The reservoir can thus be designed as a surface with suitable wetting properties, and/or as a capillary tube, i.e. with a capillary channel. Thus, the material in the matrix may for example (if such a matrix is used) comprise pores or capillaries having a smaller diameter such that they act on the fluid with capillary forces, respectively.
In the chemical heat pump according to the above, no pump is utilized for spreading the liquid phase and the volatile liquid of the active substance over the surface of the heat conducting wall material during heat storage and release, respectively. The liquid phase of the active substance and the volatile liquid, respectively, are instead spread over the surface of the thermally conductive wall material by capillary forces in the active surface. Thus, chemical heat pumps can be constructed with a smaller number of components and without mechanical, often electrically driven pumps, which would otherwise reduce the total energy recovery due to their power consumption. In the chemical heat pump described herein, the equivalent work is achieved by using thermal energy, which in this chemical heat pump is at the molecular level of attraction, capillary and/or wetting.
In fig. 2, the principle of how the liquid phase of the active substance in the reactor part 1 or the volatile liquid in the condenser/evaporator part 3 is pumped out of a reservoir 16, such as a matrix, and over the active surface 17, or alternatively how the liquid phase of the active substance in the reactor part 1 or the volatile liquid in the condenser/evaporator part 3 is pumped from the active surface 17 to the reservoir 16, is shown.
Unlike the matrix described in the above mentioned swedish patent 530959, the matrix 12,13 in the present chemical heat pump is arranged such that it only slightly affects the evaporation and condensation, i.e. the matrix is arranged such that it only contacts a minimal part of the surface of the heat conducting wall material, by which contact heat exchange takes place, see fig. 1b and 2. In certain exceptional cases, the energy storage 16 is not always in contact with the surface 17. Unlike the construction disclosed in swedish patent 530959, substantially the entire surface, or at least 90% or at least 95% of the heat conducting walls in the walls 9,11, can be directly accessible for evaporation/condensation, whereby this can be achieved without causing a pressure drop in the gas phase moving between the different components of the chemical heat pump, or substantially without causing a pressure drop, or with only a small pressure drop. Since substantially or almost the entire inner surface of the heat conducting wall can be kept matrix-free, efficient gas transport and thus high output can be achieved. The amount of thermally conductive wall material that can be transported into and from the walls 9, 10 is greater than in known constructions.
The reservoirs 12,13 for the liquid phase are arranged such that: the liquid is pumped out of the reservoir by suitable forces, such as capillary forces and/or wetting forces, or is pumped back into the reservoir by suitable forces, such as capillary forces and/or wetting forces, at other process stages of the chemical heat pump. The reservoir is constructed such that it can retain the active substance in liquid phase in the reactor part 1 by means of suitable forces, and the volatile liquid in the condenser/evaporator part 3. In one embodiment, the forces acting on the liquid phase or the volatile liquid in the reservoirs 12,13 are adjusted such that these net attractive forces are not as strong as the net attractive forces acting on the liquid phase of the volatile liquid in a similar manner by the active surface in the free areas 14, 15. Thereby, liquid phase or volatile liquid can be fed out from the reservoirs 12,13 and continue to the active surface in the free area inside the outer walls 9, 11. For example, during heat storage of a chemical heat pump, the liquid phase in the reactor part 1 is fed out to continue to the active surface, as described below.
An example of an empirical formula for calculating the capillary force in the active surface (if it is designed as a layer comprising particles) is:
whereinIs the capillary average pumping speed in the active surface for the penetration length L (i.e., the length of travel of the liquid phase in the capillary system).
K is a constant.
σIs the surface tension of the liquid.
Theta is the contact angle of a droplet with respect to the active surface
P is the density of the liquid and is,
g is a constant of gravity,
mu is the viscosity of the liquid,
l is the length of penetration,
is the diameter of the particles in the capillary layer of the active surface, and
dsis the particle diameter in the energy reservoir.
This formula is based on testing of the active surface and layers 12,13 comprising particles with different particle sizes. This formula is effective for penetration lengths of about 5-40 mm. As can be seen from this equation, the pumping speed in the active surface is only when the condition is metHave meaningful values. Experimental measurements have shown that in the examples dasAnd dsThe optimum relationship between is about 1: 3.
When the chemical heat pump stores heat, the reactor part 1 can be heated to a suitable temperature by means of a heat source, such as the sun, which heats the first external medium 4, or directly the outer surface of the heat conducting wall 9. During the heat storage, it is generally arranged such that the reactor part 1 becomes a higher temperature than the condenser/evaporator part due to external influences. During the initial part of the heat storage, the active substance is in the liquid phase and it is retained in the liquid phase in the reservoir 12 in the reactor part 1.
Since the materials in the reservoir 12 and the active surface 14 are adapted such that the capillary forces in the layer are not as strong as the capillary or wetting forces in the thermally conductive material of the active surface, the liquid phase can be gradually fed out and spread over the active surface, i.e. over the inner free surface of the thermally conductive wall material. Due to the nature of the active surface of the heat conducting material, the active substance in liquid phase is fed out and distributed over the surface of the heat conducting wall material. Eventually, the capillary system is saturated in the active surface by the liquid phase of the active substance, whereby the liquid in the liquid phase of the active substance can evaporate from the active surface and travel to the condenser/evaporator section 3. Thereby, the active substance is formed as more or less solids on and in the active surface. When evaporating liquid from the active substance, a new liquid phase can be pumped by capillary forces from the reservoir to the active surface and out over the heat conducting wall material. Thus, continuous liquid phase feeding is performed to the surface of the heat conductive wall material.
In the condenser/evaporator part 3, the evaporated liquid is condensed at the same time as it comes into contact with the surface of the free area 15 of the heat-conducting wall material of the wall 11 cooled by the second external medium 6. Liquid is pumped into the matrix 13 by capillary pumping and thus more vapour is continuously condensed and the process can continue. The condensed liquid can be pumped into the matrix even if the capillary forces are not as strong as the capillary or wetting forces of the active surface, because the capillary system in the active surface becomes saturated and cannot hold more liquid, whereby the liquid flows over the active surface and can be sucked into the capillary system of the matrix.
At the start of the heat release of the present chemical heat pump, the active substance is most commonly in its solid phase mainly on the active surface 14 in the reactor part 1, and the liquid remains in the matrix 3 in the condenser/evaporator part 3. The external heating and/or external cooling of the reactor section and the condenser/evaporator section is stopped and can be replaced (if desired or if appropriate in relation to the particular field of application) by external cooling and/or external heating, respectively. According to the above description, the liquid is pumped out of the matrix 13 in the condenser/evaporator section by capillary forces and spread over the free areas 15 of the surfaces of the heat conducting material, since these surfaces have active surfaces. The liquid on the active surface is evaporated and partly transferred to the reactor part 1. This process occurs continuously because as the liquid is evaporated, new liquid is pumped out over the surface of the thermally conductive material. When the gaseous phase of the liquid reaches the reactor section 1, it condenses when it comes into contact with the inner surface of the heat-conducting wall 9. The active substance on the inner surface 14 absorbs the liquid and transforms into its liquid phase, whereby, as long as there is excess liquid phase, the liquid phase is distributed over the surface of the inner side of the heat conducting wall by capillary forces and is finally pumped into the reservoir 12 by capillary forces, so that the capillary forces in the reservoir can act on the liquid. Thereby, more gas from the condenser/evaporator section 3 can be continuously condensed and absorbed by the active substance.
In one embodiment, the reactor section and/or the condenser/evaporator section are arranged in a conventional plate heat exchanger. In one embodiment, in a cross flow (crossflow) heat exchanger, see fig. 3. In such a plate heat exchanger, there are corrugated heat-conducting walls 21, the corrugated heat-conducting walls 21 being arranged next to each other with different surfaces in close contact with each other. Between the heat-conducting walls 21, first parallel channels 22 are provided, in which the external medium 4, 6 can be present and transported. Between the heat conducting walls 21 there are also provided second parallel channels 23. These second channels 23 are spaces for the reactor and the condenser/evaporator, respectively, in the chemical heat pump, and the second channels 23 may be arranged substantially perpendicular to the first channels as shown. In each such second channel 23, which constitutes a space for a reactor or a condenser/evaporator in a chemical heat pump as described above, a strip or disc 24 of matrix material may be arranged. The strip or disc is arranged such that it extends between the opposing walls in the channel, e.g. is centred in the channel.
The second channel 23 in a heat exchanger unit of the type shown in fig. 3 can be connected to a second channel in a similar heat exchanger in a suitable manner, so that the second channel in the first heat exchanger forms a space for the reactor part of the chemical heat pump and the second channel in the second heat exchanger forms a space for the condenser/evaporator part.
The first channel 22 may, for example, be designed substantially as a normal duct, while the second channel 23 may have a lens-shaped cross-section as shown. The wall 21 is substantially horizontal and the section of the second channel then has a curved bottom downwards and a curved upper part upwards. A strip or disc 24 of matrix material may extend between the curved bottom surface and the curved upper portion of the channel as shown.
Thus, the heat conducting walls of both the reactor section 1 and the condenser/evaporator section may be curved. Such a curved shape at the bottom of the second channel 23 may facilitate the transport of liquid over the surface of the wall 21, so that when there is residual liquid, it will collect in the bottom of the channel and be absorbed by the matrix material 24.
The field of application of a chemical heat pump comprising one active surface and one layer as described above includes, but is not limited to, all processes wherein heat energy can be continuously utilized. In particular, chemical heat pumps can be used in situations where long term storage of energy is not necessary, but in situations where large amounts of energy must be utilized and delivered, respectively. Examples of such include, but are not limited to: more efficient use of common oil, wood or gas heaters. In one embodiment, the heater can continuously deliver heat to the chemical heat pump and only needs to store energy for about 20-30 minutes. If the described chemical heat pump is used with an existing heater, twice as much energy may be recovered from the heater in one embodiment, whereby in one embodiment, about 3/4 is hot and about 1/4 is cold.
Another example is the air conditioning of a vehicle, where a continuous excess of heat from the combustion engine may be converted into cooling. In one embodiment, this may reduce fuel consumption for a bus by 5-25%. In another example, power is generated from an internal combustion engine because the excess heat that is cooled in one embodiment constitutes about 70% of the fuel consumption. In one embodiment, more than half of this energy can be converted to heat or cooling using a chemical heat pump comprising an active surface and a reservoir using the described techniques.
Other features and uses of the invention and its associated advantages will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the description and examples.
It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments shown herein. The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, as it is limited only by the following claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (6)
1. A chemical heat pump comprising an active substance and a volatile liquid, the volatile liquid being adapted to be absorbed by the active substance at a first temperature and the volatile liquid being adapted to be desorbed by the active substance at a second, higher temperature, whereby at the first temperature the active substance has a solid phase, the active substance immediately partially transforming from the solid phase to a liquid phase during the absorption of the volatile liquid and its gaseous phase; and whereby at a second, higher temperature the active substance has a liquid phase or is in its liquid phase, the active substance being immediately partly converted from the liquid phase to the solid phase during desorption of the volatile liquid, wherein the chemical heat pump comprises:
● reactor part (1) comprising an active substance, whereby the reactor part (1) is adapted to exchange heat with an external medium (4) by exchanging heat through a delimited heat conducting wall (9,11),
● a condenser/evaporator portion (3) comprising a portion of the volatile liquid, the condenser/evaporator portion (3) being adapted to exchange heat with an external medium (6) by exchanging heat through a defined heat-conducting wall (9,11), and
● for the gaseous phase of the volatile liquid, which connects the reactor part (1) and the condenser/evaporator part (3) to one another,
● whereby at least one of the reactor section (1) and the condenser/evaporator section (3) comprises layers (12,13,16),
● whereby, if a layer (12,16) is present in the reactor section (1), the layer (12,16) is adapted to retain the active substance at least in its liquid phase, and
● whereby, if a layer (13,16) is present in the condenser/evaporator section (3), the layer (13,16) is adapted to retain the volatile liquid in its liquid phase,
it is characterized in that
● the layers (12,13,16) being arranged as bodies of matrix material and having a limited contact surface against a surface of one or more of the heat conducting walls (9,11) such that a free area (14,15) of the surface of the heat conducting wall (9,11) is between the contact surfaces,
● the free areas (14,15) of the surface of the thermally conductive wall (9,11) are adapted to exert a net attractive force on the active substance in its liquid phase and the volatile liquid in its liquid phase, respectively, and this net attractive force is adjusted with respect to the net attractive forces exerted by the layers (12,13,16) on the active substance in its liquid phase and on the volatile liquid in its liquid phase, respectively.
2. The chemical heat pump according to claim 1, wherein the layer (12,13,16) comprises a matrix, and wherein the matrix comprises a porous material, which is permeable to the gas phase of the volatile liquid.
3. The chemical heat pump according to any of claims 1-2, wherein the net attractive force exerted by the free areas (14,15) of the surface of the heat conducting walls (9,11) comprises capillary forces.
4. A chemical heat pump according to claim 1, wherein the net attractive force exerted by the free areas (14,15) of the surface of the heat conducting walls (9,11) is adjusted such that the net attractive force exerted by the heat conducting walls (9,11) on the active substance in liquid phase and the volatile liquid in liquid phase, respectively, is higher than the net attractive force exerted by the layers (12,13,16) on the active substance in liquid phase and the volatile liquid in liquid phase, respectively.
5. A chemical heat pump according to claim 1, wherein the limited contact surface constitutes at most 10% of the area of the heat conducting wall (9, 11).
6. A chemical heat pump according to claim 2, wherein the body of the substrate is designed as a parallel disc with through holes, and the outer surface of the disc is in contact with the surface of the heat conducting wall.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE1000405A SE534764C2 (en) | 2010-04-21 | 2010-04-21 | Chemical heat pump |
| SE1000405-9 | 2010-04-21 | ||
| PCT/SE2011/050471 WO2011133093A1 (en) | 2010-04-21 | 2011-04-18 | Chemical heat pump comprising an active surface |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN102893104A CN102893104A (en) | 2013-01-23 |
| CN102893104B true CN102893104B (en) | 2015-12-16 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201180020019.7A Expired - Fee Related CN102893104B (en) | 2010-04-21 | 2011-04-18 | Comprise the chemical heat pump of active surface |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20120060537A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP2561288A1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN102893104B (en) |
| SE (1) | SE534764C2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2011133093A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2905442A1 (en) * | 2014-02-06 | 2015-08-12 | Perkins Engines Company Limited | Heating system for an exhaust gas treatment system |
| EP2944489B1 (en) | 2014-05-16 | 2020-05-06 | Perkins Engines Company Limited | Heating and cooling system for a vehicle |
| ES2789399T3 (en) * | 2015-04-16 | 2020-10-26 | Saltx Tech Ab | Material for a chemical heat pump |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4949549A (en) * | 1987-07-07 | 1990-08-21 | International Thermal Packaging, Inc. | Cooling device with improved waste-heat handling capability |
| CN1334911A (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2002-02-06 | 森库尔有限公司 | Chemical heat pump |
| CN101454624A (en) * | 2006-05-29 | 2009-06-10 | 克莱美特韦尔公司 | Chemical heat pump working with a hybrid substance |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3464223A (en) * | 1967-12-28 | 1969-09-02 | Us Army | Trap pump for vacuum system |
| FR2620048B1 (en) * | 1987-09-07 | 1989-12-22 | Elf Aquitaine | PROCESS FOR CONDUCTING A THERMOCHEMICAL REACTION AND PLANT FOR CARRYING OUT THIS PROCESS |
| CN101055158A (en) * | 2006-04-14 | 2007-10-17 | 富准精密工业(深圳)有限公司 | Heat pipe |
| US20080023181A1 (en) * | 2006-07-31 | 2008-01-31 | Honeywell International Inc. | Adsorption heat exchanger |
| SE532024C2 (en) * | 2008-02-12 | 2009-10-06 | Climatewell Ab Publ | Absorption machine with built-in energy storage according to the matrix method |
-
2010
- 2010-04-21 SE SE1000405A patent/SE534764C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2011
- 2011-04-18 EP EP11772323A patent/EP2561288A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-04-18 CN CN201180020019.7A patent/CN102893104B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-04-18 WO PCT/SE2011/050471 patent/WO2011133093A1/en active Application Filing
- 2011-04-18 US US13/319,485 patent/US20120060537A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4949549A (en) * | 1987-07-07 | 1990-08-21 | International Thermal Packaging, Inc. | Cooling device with improved waste-heat handling capability |
| CN1334911A (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2002-02-06 | 森库尔有限公司 | Chemical heat pump |
| CN101454624A (en) * | 2006-05-29 | 2009-06-10 | 克莱美特韦尔公司 | Chemical heat pump working with a hybrid substance |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE534764C2 (en) | 2011-12-13 |
| US20120060537A1 (en) | 2012-03-15 |
| CN102893104A (en) | 2013-01-23 |
| SE1000405A1 (en) | 2011-10-22 |
| WO2011133093A1 (en) | 2011-10-27 |
| EP2561288A1 (en) | 2013-02-27 |
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