CN102851443B - Method for increasing continuous casting heats of aluminum-deoxidized bearing steel - Google Patents
Method for increasing continuous casting heats of aluminum-deoxidized bearing steel Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A method for increasing continuous casting heats of aluminum-deoxidized bearing steel includes the steps of desulphurizing molten iron; smelting with a converter; allowing the converter to tap and alloying; performing argon stirring in an argon station; refining; vacuum-treating; feeding silicon calcium wire; performing protective casting and continuously casting to obtain blanks. The method has the advantages that original two continuous casting heats of the bearing steel is increased to more than five heats, and production efficiency is greatly improved; the number of using a ladle is increased, consumables consumption is reduced, and labor intensity of workers is reduced; low level of oxygen content and nonmetal impurities can be stably controlled, and steel cleanness is high.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of smelting process, specifically belong to a kind of bearing steel that improves and connect the method for watering stove number.
Background technology
Bearing is mechanical transmission component, when bearing working, and the effect of bearing high-frequency alternating stress between the inside and outside lasso of bearing and bearing roller, working conditions is very harsh.Under complicated repeated stress effect, first the position that fatigue resistance is low on the surface of lasso or rolling body produces fatigue cracking, finally forms fatigue flake, makes bearing broken invalid.
People find through long-term research, the fatigue lifetime of oxygen level remarkably influenced bearing steel.The relation of Sweden Aktiebolaget SKF to Oxygen Content of Bearing Steel and fatigue lifetime, did a large amount of Test And Research Works, had drawn clear and definite conclusion, and the pass of fatigue lifetime and oxygen level is L
10(comparative lifetime)=372 (O)
-1.6, be 10 times of oxygen level 0.0040 % bearing steel the fatigue lifetime of oxygen level 0.0010 % bearing steel.Therefore the oxygen level, how reducing in bearing steel is this field worker's research topic always.
For realizing the low oxygen content of bearing steel, in steelmaking process, generally all need to carry out deoxidation with strong reductor Al, low and can obtain lower dissolved oxygen content with Al deoxidation cost, but deoxidation products Al
2o
3be mingled with and be difficult for floating removal.And remain in the Al in steel
2o
3inclusion meeting in the operation of rolling is cracked along rolling direction is line inclusion band, and its sharp-pointed corner angle easily cause the formation in hole and become stress riser, very unfavorable to the fatigue lifetime of bearing steel, and when bearing steel continuous casting is produced, Al
2o
3inclusion is easily assembled adhesion at place, the mouth of a river and is formed dross and stop up the mouth of a river.At present, bearing steel stops up because of continous casting sprue dross, connects to water stove number and do not surpass 2 stoves, causes that production efficiency is low, cost is high, becomes " bottleneck " that restriction bearing steel adopts continuous casting process to produce.
Chinese Patent Application No.: 01132236 patent documentation, disclose a kind of adopt 60 tons of above direct current furnaces just refine (EBT tapping, adds refining slag, various essential iron alloy, carburelant and aluminium deoxidizer)-ladle furnace refining (BOTTOM ARGON BLOWING)-vacuum oven degassed-die casting process produces the smelting process that oxygen content in steel and titanium content are not more than respectively the high-purity high-carbon high-chromium bearing steel of 0.0007 % and 0.012 %; Chinese Patent Application No.: 200410025102 patent documentation, disclose a kind of adopt batching optimize → 30 tons of electric furnaces just make steel liquid → BOTTOM ARGON BLOWING ladle furnace refining → vacuum oven degassed → die casting process produces oxygen, titanium, the nitrogen content method of≤0.0007 %, 0.0012 %, 0.0055% abrasive high-carbon-chromium bearing steel respectively; Chinese Patent Application No.: 03153956 patent documentation, disclose and a kind ofly adopted fusing in conventional electric furnace, converter or other non-vacuum melting stove, refining in a refining unit, in the refining later stage to feed cored-wire or to add alloy block to carry out barium alloy, to improve the cleanliness factor of steel, making oxygen content in steel is the production method of a kind of barium microalloying bearing steel of 0.0008 %.
Above-mentioned several published patent documentation, is all the problems that only solve oxygen level and titanium content, does not all relate to the solution of bearing steel continous casting sprue dross blockage problem.
Also having Japanese patent application publication No. is the patent documentation of: Te Open 2004-169147, discloses a kind of bearing steel production method, after bessemerizing, uses Al deoxidation in ladle, adds MgO pulvis simultaneously top slag is carried out to modifying process, makes deoxidation products Al
2o
3being mingled with easy floating removes.But the deficiency of its existence is top slag, float on surperficial easy the solidifying of molten steel, between molten steel and slag, be difficult to fully react, the actual Al that removes
2o
3be mingled with effect limited, also can not solve a continuous casting production difficult problem for bearing steel.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is: provide a kind of company that can make bearing steel continuous casting water stove number bring up to 5 stoves and more than, and can be by its Control for Oxygen Content at≤0.0010 %, non-metallic inclusion is controlled at that category-A≤1.0, category-B≤1.0, C class are 0, the raising aluminium deoxidation bearing steel of D class≤0.5 connects the method for watering stove number.
Realize the measure of above-mentioned purpose:
Improve aluminium deoxidation bearing steel and connect a method of watering stove number, its step:
1) desulfurizing iron, controls blast-meltedly to enter iron ladle temperature and be not less than 1320 ℃, and controls in desulfurized molten iron: S weight percent content≤0.010%, P weight percent content≤0.20%, Si weight percent content 0.10～1.00%;
2) converter smelting, the temperature that control desulphurised hot metal enters converter is not less than 1220 ℃, controls oxidation sludge basicity R and is not less than 3.0, controls converter terminal C weight percent content and is not less than 0.08%; R=CaO/SiO
2;
3) converter tapping alloying, the quantity of slag thickness of controlling converter inflow ladle is no more than 150mm; When tapping to molten steel total amount 1/4 time, according to the disposable aluminium that adds of 0.20～1.0Kg/ ton steel;
4) Argon stirring is carried out at argon station, and Argon stirs and is no less than after 3 minutes, according to≤0.8Kg/ ton steel feeding Al line;
5) carry out refining, refining slag is selected CaO-SiO
2-Al
2o
3slag system, controls basicity R:2.0～5.0 in refining slag, R=CaO/SiO
2;
6) carry out vacuum-treat, control vacuum tightness and keep 5～30 minutes being not more than under 150Pa;
7) feed silicon-calcium wire and process, according to 0.10～0.80Kg/ ton steel feeding silicon-calcium wire, be routinely added to subsequently carbonization rice husk, and carry out conventional low argon flow amount and stir and be no less than 5 minutes;
8) carry out protective casting continuous casting and become base, control Metal in Tundish superheating temperature at 15～35 ℃; Control casting speed is: 0.5～2.0m/min.
The present invention compared with prior art, has following major advantage: the company of bearing steel continuous casting waters stove number and brings up to 5 stoves and above by existing 2 stoves, and production efficiency is improved greatly; Ladle access times increase, and refractory consumption reduces, and labor strength reduces; Can stablize control oxygen level and nonmetal inclusion at lower level, steel cleanliness factor is high.
Embodiment
Below the present invention is described in detail:
Table 1 is each embodiment assay lists of various embodiments of the present invention;
Embodiment 1(continuous casting even waters the 1st stove):
1) desulfurizing iron, it is blast-melted that to enter iron ladle temperature be 1320 ℃, after desulfurizing iron, in molten iron, the weight percent content of following component is controlled and is: S:0.005%, P:0.15%, Si:0.30%;
2) converter smelting, the temperature that control desulphurised hot metal enters converter is 1250 ℃, controls oxidation sludge basicity R:3.5, controlling converter terminal C weight percent content is 0.08%;
3) converter tapping alloying, the quantity of slag thickness of controlling converter inflow ladle is 80mm; When tapping to molten steel total amount 1/4 time, according to the disposable aluminium that adds of 0.50Kg/ ton steel;
4) Argon stirring is carried out at argon station, and Argon stirred after 3 minutes, according to 0.5Kg/ ton steel feeding Al line; Als leaving from station is 0.04%;
5) carry out refining, refining slag is selected CaO-SiO
2-Al
2o
3slag system, controls basicity R:2.0 in refining slag;
6) carry out RH vacuum-treat, control vacuum tightness and under 150Pa, keep 30 minutes;
7) feed silicon-calcium wire and process, according to 0.30Kg/ ton steel feeding silicon-calcium wire, be routinely added to subsequently carbonization rice husk, and to carry out conventional low argon flow amount churning time be 10 minutes;
8) carry out protective casting continuous casting and become base, control 20 ℃ of Metal in Tundish superheating temperature; Control casting speed is: 0.5m/min.
Inspection by sampling rule by national bearing steel standard GB/T18254-2002, connects and waters the 1st stove embodiment 1(continuous casting) this stove steel has carried out total oxygen content analysis and non-metallic inclusion is evaluated, and the results are shown in Table 1.
Embodiment 2(continuous casting even waters the 2nd stove):
1) desulfurizing iron, it is blast-melted that to enter iron ladle temperature be 1325 ℃, after desulfurizing iron, in molten iron, the weight percent content of following component is controlled and is: S:0.008%, P:0.10%, Si:0.10%;
2) converter smelting, the temperature that control desulphurised hot metal enters converter is 1260 ℃, controls oxidation sludge basicity R:3.0, controlling converter terminal C weight percent content is 0.15%;
3) converter tapping alloying, the quantity of slag thickness of controlling converter inflow ladle is 50mm; When tapping to molten steel total amount 1/4 time, according to the disposable aluminium that adds of 0.70Kg/ ton steel;
4) Argon stirring is carried out at argon station, and Argon stirred after 3 minutes, according to 0.1Kg/ ton steel feeding Al line; Als leaving from station is 0.02%;
5) carry out refining, refining slag is selected CaO-SiO
2-Al
2o
3slag system, controls basicity R:4.0 in refining slag;
6) carry out RH vacuum-treat, control vacuum tightness and under 110Pa, keep 10 minutes;
7) feed silicon-calcium wire and process, according to 0.10Kg/ ton steel feeding silicon-calcium wire, be routinely added to subsequently carbonization rice husk, and to carry out conventional low argon flow amount churning time be 5 minutes;
8) carry out protective casting continuous casting and become base, control 15 ℃ of Metal in Tundish superheating temperature; Control casting speed is: 0.8m/min.
By the inspection by sampling rule of national bearing steel standard GB/T18254-2002, this stove steel of the present embodiment (continuous casting even waters the 2nd stove) has been carried out to total oxygen content analysis and non-metallic inclusion evaluation, the results are shown in subordinate list 1.
Embodiment 3(continuous casting even waters the 3rd stove):
1) desulfurizing iron, it is blast-melted that to enter iron ladle temperature be 1330 ℃, after desulfurizing iron, in molten iron, the weight percent content of following component is controlled and is: S:0.008%, P:0.12%, Si:1.0%;
2) converter smelting, the temperature that control desulphurised hot metal enters converter is 1290 ℃, controls oxidation sludge basicity R:3.8, controlling converter terminal C weight percent content is 0.3%;
3) converter tapping alloying, the quantity of slag thickness of controlling converter inflow ladle is 150mm; When tapping to molten steel total amount 1/4 time, according to the disposable aluminium that adds of 0.80Kg/ ton steel;
4) Argon stirring is carried out at argon station, and Argon stirred after 6 minutes, according to 0.1Kg/ ton steel feeding Al line; Als leaving from station is 0.015%;
5) carry out refining, refining slag is selected CaO-SiO
2-Al
2o
3slag system, controls basicity R:4.5 in refining slag;
6) carry out RH vacuum-treat, control vacuum tightness and under 67Pa, keep 20 minutes;
7) feed silicon-calcium wire and process, according to 0.80Kg/ ton steel feeding silicon-calcium wire, be routinely added to subsequently carbonization rice husk, and to carry out conventional low argon flow amount churning time be 30 minutes;
8) carry out protective casting continuous casting and become base, control 35 ℃ of Metal in Tundish superheating temperature; Control casting speed is: 1.2m/min.
By the inspection by sampling rule of national bearing steel standard GB/T18254-2002, this stove steel of the present embodiment (continuous casting even waters the 3rd stove) has been carried out to total oxygen content analysis and non-metallic inclusion evaluation, the results are shown in subordinate list 1.
Embodiment 4(continuous casting even waters the 4th stove):
1) desulfurizing iron, it is blast-melted that to enter iron ladle temperature be 1395 ℃, after desulfurizing iron, in molten iron, the weight percent content of following component is controlled and is: S:0.007%, P:0.10%, Si:0.4%;
2) converter smelting, the temperature that control desulphurised hot metal enters converter is 1350 ℃, controls oxidation sludge basicity R:5.0, controlling converter terminal C weight percent content is 0.35%;
3) converter tapping alloying, adopt AlMgC matter ladle, and the quantity of slag thickness of controlling converter inflow ladle is 150mm; When tapping to molten steel total amount 1/4 time, according to the disposable aluminium that adds of 0.40Kg/ ton steel;
4) Argon stirring is carried out at argon station, and Argon stirred after 3 minutes, according to 0.5Kg/ ton steel feeding Al line; Als leaving from station is 0.025%;
5) carry out refining, refining slag is selected CaO-SiO
2-Al
2o
3slag system, controls basicity R:4.2 in refining slag;
6) carry out VD vacuum-treat, control vacuum tightness and under 20Pa, keep 5 minutes;
7) feed silicon-calcium wire and process, according to 0.60Kg/ ton steel feeding silicon-calcium wire, be routinely added to subsequently carbonization rice husk, and to carry out conventional low argon flow amount churning time be 25 minutes;
8) carry out protective casting continuous casting and become base, control 25 ℃ of Metal in Tundish superheating temperature; Control casting speed is: 1.5m/min.
By the inspection by sampling rule of national bearing steel standard GB/T18254-2002, this stove steel of the present embodiment (continuous casting even waters the 4th stove) has been carried out to total oxygen content analysis and non-metallic inclusion evaluation, the results are shown in subordinate list 1.
Embodiment 5(continuous casting even waters the 5th stove):
1) desulfurizing iron, it is blast-melted that to enter iron ladle temperature be 1325 ℃, after desulfurizing iron, in molten iron, the weight percent content of following component is controlled and is: S:0.007%, P:0.20%, Si:0.4%;
2) converter smelting, the temperature that control desulphurised hot metal enters converter is 1220 ℃, controls oxidation sludge basicity R:5.0, controlling converter terminal C weight percent content is 0.4%;
3) tapping alloying, the quantity of slag thickness of controlling converter inflow employing AlMgC matter ladle is 60mm; When tapping to molten steel total amount 1/4 time, according to the disposable aluminium that adds of 1.0Kg/ ton steel;
4) Argon stirring is carried out at argon station, and Argon stirred after 3 minutes, according to 0.1Kg/ ton steel feeding Al line; Als leaving from station is 0.01%;
5) carry out refining, refining slag is selected CaO-SiO
2-Al
2o
3slag system, controls basicity R:3.5 in refining slag;
6) carry out VD vacuum-treat, control vacuum tightness and under 25Pa, keep 10 minutes;
7) feed silicon-calcium wire and process, according to 0.20Kg/ ton steel feeding silicon-calcium wire, be routinely added to subsequently carbonization rice husk, and to carry out conventional low argon flow amount churning time be 15 minutes;
8) carry out protective casting continuous casting and become base, control 20 ℃ of Metal in Tundish superheating temperature; Control casting speed is: 2.0m/min.
By the inspection by sampling rule of national bearing steel standard GB/T18254-2002, this stove steel of the present embodiment (continuous casting even waters the 5th stove) has been carried out to total oxygen content analysis and non-metallic inclusion evaluation, the results are shown in subordinate list 1.
Embodiment 6(continuous casting even waters the 6th stove):
1) desulfurizing iron, it is blast-melted that to enter iron ladle temperature be 1340 ℃, after desulfurizing iron, in molten iron, the weight percent content of following component is controlled and is: S:0.002%, P:0.05%, Si:0.4%;
2) converter smelting, the temperature that control desulphurised hot metal enters converter is 1275 ℃, controls oxidation sludge basicity R:3.7, controlling converter terminal C weight percent content is 0.5%;
3) tapping alloying, the quantity of slag thickness of controlling converter inflow employing AlMgC matter ladle is 110mm; When tapping to molten steel total amount 1/4 time, according to the disposable aluminium that adds of 0.2Kg/ ton steel;
4) Argon stirring is carried out at argon station, and Argon stirred after 3 minutes, according to 0.8Kg/ ton steel feeding Al line; Als leaving from station is 0.03%;
5) carry out refining, refining slag is selected CaO-SiO
2-Al
2o
3slag system, controls basicity R:4.3 in refining slag;
6) carry out VD vacuum-treat, control vacuum tightness and under 75Pa, keep 15 minutes;
7) feed silicon-calcium wire and process, according to 0.10Kg/ ton steel feeding silicon-calcium wire, be routinely added to subsequently carbonization rice husk, and to carry out conventional low argon flow amount churning time be 15 minutes;
8) carry out protective casting continuous casting and become base, control 20 ℃ of Metal in Tundish superheating temperature; Control casting speed is: 1.7m/min.
By the inspection by sampling rule of national bearing steel standard GB/T18254-2002, this stove steel of the present embodiment (continuous casting even waters the 6th stove) has been carried out to total oxygen content analysis and non-metallic inclusion evaluation, the results are shown in subordinate list 1.
Each embodiment assay list of table 1
Above-described embodiment only exemplifies for the best, and is not the restriction to embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. improve aluminium deoxidation bearing steel and connect a method of watering stove number, its step:
1) desulfurizing iron, it is blast-melted that to enter iron ladle temperature be 1325 ℃, after desulfurizing iron, in molten iron, the weight percent content of following component is controlled and is: S:0.008%, P:0.10%, Si:0.10%;
2) converter smelting, the temperature that control desulphurised hot metal enters converter is 1260 ℃, controls oxidation sludge basicity R:3.0, controlling converter terminal C weight percent content is 0.15%;
3) converter tapping alloying, the quantity of slag thickness of controlling converter inflow ladle is 50mm; When tapping to molten steel total amount 1/4 time, according to the disposable aluminium that adds of 0.70Kg/ ton steel;
4) Argon stirring is carried out at argon station, and Argon stirred after 3 minutes, according to 0.1Kg/ ton steel feeding Al line; Als leaving from station is 0.02%;
5) carry out refining, refining slag is selected CaO-SiO
2-Al
2o
3slag system, controls basicity R:4.0 in refining slag;
6) carry out RH vacuum-treat, control vacuum tightness and under 110Pa, keep 10 minutes;
7) feed silicon-calcium wire and process, according to 0.10Kg/ ton steel feeding silicon-calcium wire, be routinely added to subsequently carbonization rice husk, and to carry out conventional low argon flow amount churning time be 5 minutes;
8) carry out protective casting continuous casting and become base, control 15 ℃ of Metal in Tundish superheating temperature; Control casting speed is: 0.8m/min.
2. improve aluminium deoxidation bearing steel and connect a method of watering stove number, its step:
1) desulfurizing iron, it is blast-melted that to enter iron ladle temperature be 1330 ℃, after desulfurizing iron, in molten iron, the weight percent content of following component is controlled and is: S:0.008%, P:0.12%, Si:1.0%;
2) converter smelting, the temperature that control desulphurised hot metal enters converter is 1290 ℃, controls oxidation sludge basicity R:3.8, controlling converter terminal C weight percent content is 0.3%;
3) converter tapping alloying, the quantity of slag thickness of controlling converter inflow ladle is 150mm; When tapping to molten steel total amount 1/4 time, according to the disposable aluminium that adds of 0.80Kg/ ton steel;
4) Argon stirring is carried out at argon station, and Argon stirred after 6 minutes, according to 0.1Kg/ ton steel feeding Al line; Als leaving from station is 0.015%;
5) carry out refining, refining slag is selected CaO-SiO
2-Al
2o
3slag system, controls basicity R:4.5 in refining slag;
6) carry out RH vacuum-treat, control vacuum tightness and under 67Pa, keep 20 minutes;
7) feed silicon-calcium wire and process, according to 0.80Kg/ ton steel feeding silicon-calcium wire, be routinely added to subsequently carbonization rice husk, and to carry out conventional low argon flow amount churning time be 30 minutes;
8) carry out protective casting continuous casting and become base, control 35 ℃ of Metal in Tundish superheating temperature; Control casting speed is: 1.2m/min.
3. improve aluminium deoxidation bearing steel and connect a method of watering stove number, its step:
1) desulfurizing iron, it is blast-melted that to enter iron ladle temperature be 1325 ℃, after desulfurizing iron, in molten iron, the weight percent content of following component is controlled and is: S:0.007%, P:0.20%, Si:0.4%;
2) converter smelting, the temperature that control desulphurised hot metal enters converter is 1220 ℃, controls oxidation sludge basicity R:5.0, controlling converter terminal C weight percent content is 0.4%;
3) tapping alloying, the quantity of slag thickness of controlling converter inflow employing AlMgC matter ladle is 60mm; When tapping to molten steel total amount 1/4 time, according to the disposable aluminium that adds of 1.0Kg/ ton steel;
4) Argon stirring is carried out at argon station, and Argon stirred after 3 minutes, according to 0.1Kg/ ton steel feeding Al line; Als leaving from station is 0.01%;
5) carry out refining, refining slag is selected CaO-SiO
2-Al
2o
3slag system, controls basicity R:3.5 in refining slag;
6) carry out VD vacuum-treat, control vacuum tightness and under 25Pa, keep 10 minutes;
7) feed silicon-calcium wire and process, according to 0.20Kg/ ton steel feeding silicon-calcium wire, be routinely added to subsequently carbonization rice husk, and to carry out conventional low argon flow amount churning time be 15 minutes;
8) carry out protective casting continuous casting and become base, control 20 ℃ of Metal in Tundish superheating temperature; Control casting speed is: 2.0m/min.
4. improve aluminium deoxidation bearing steel and connect a method of watering stove number, its step:
1) desulfurizing iron, it is blast-melted that to enter iron ladle temperature be 1340 ℃, after desulfurizing iron, in molten iron, the weight percent content of following component is controlled and is: S:0.002%, P:0.05%, Si:0.4%;
2) converter smelting, the temperature that control desulphurised hot metal enters converter is 1275 ℃, controls oxidation sludge basicity R:3.7, controlling converter terminal C weight percent content is 0.5%;
3) tapping alloying, the quantity of slag thickness of controlling converter inflow employing AlMgC matter ladle is 110mm; When tapping to molten steel total amount 1/4 time, according to the disposable aluminium that adds of 0.2Kg/ ton steel;
4) Argon stirring is carried out at argon station, and Argon stirred after 3 minutes, according to 0.8Kg/ ton steel feeding Al line; Als leaving from station is 0.03%;
5) carry out refining, refining slag is selected CaO-SiO
2-Al
2o
3slag system, controls basicity R:4.3 in refining slag;
6) carry out VD vacuum-treat, control vacuum tightness and under 75Pa, keep 15 minutes;
7) feed silicon-calcium wire and process, according to 0.10Kg/ ton steel feeding silicon-calcium wire, be routinely added to subsequently carbonization rice husk, and to carry out conventional low argon flow amount churning time be 15 minutes;
8) carry out protective casting continuous casting and become base, control 20 ℃ of Metal in Tundish superheating temperature; Control casting speed is: 1.7m/min.
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| CN101186995A (en) * | 2007-10-15 | 2008-05-28 | 莱芜钢铁集团有限公司 | Medium carbon bearing steel and its preparation method |
| CN101397628A (en) * | 2007-09-25 | 2009-04-01 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | Continuous casting bearing steel round steel and method for producing the same |
| CN102418041A (en) * | 2011-12-09 | 2012-04-18 | 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司 | Production method for bearing steel |
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2012
- 2012-09-19 CN CN201210348441.1A patent/CN102851443B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101397628A (en) * | 2007-09-25 | 2009-04-01 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | Continuous casting bearing steel round steel and method for producing the same |
| CN101186995A (en) * | 2007-10-15 | 2008-05-28 | 莱芜钢铁集团有限公司 | Medium carbon bearing steel and its preparation method |
| CN102418041A (en) * | 2011-12-09 | 2012-04-18 | 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司 | Production method for bearing steel |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 范植金等.铝脱氧并真空脱气后喂钙-硅线对GCr15钢中氧含量及夹杂物的影响.《机械工程材料》.2011,第35卷(第10期),第46-49页. |
| 铝脱氧并真空脱气后喂钙-硅线对GCr15钢中氧含量及夹杂物的影响;范植金等;《机械工程材料》;20111031;第35卷(第10期);第0、1部分 * |
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