CN102829474B - 一种防止锅炉受热面沾污的双床*** - Google Patents
一种防止锅炉受热面沾污的双床*** Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种防止锅炉受热面沾污的双床***,包括流化床、旋风分离器、煤灰分配器、灰煤混合器、下行热解床、返料器、净化装置,旋风分离器与流化床上端侧面连通,旋风分离器的出口连通至煤灰分配器的入口;煤灰分配器的两个出口分别连通至返料器的入口和灰煤混合器的入口;灰煤混合器的出口连通至下行热解床的入口;下行热解床的两个出口分别连通至返料器的入口和净化装置的入口;返料器靠近流化床下端的侧面,返料器与流化床下端的侧壁进口连通;净化装置出口连通至流化床下端侧壁的进口;本发明通过热解移除煤中的可挥发性钠,可降低煤中的钠元素含量,可减少锅炉对流受热面的沾污,可提高换热面的换热效率,稳定锅炉出力。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及减轻锅炉受热面沾污的相关技术,更具体地说,涉及一种防止锅炉受热面沾污的双床***。
背景技术
我国发电行业以火力发电为主,火电装机容量超过70%以上。火电动力用煤多采用劣质低品位煤,锅炉炉膛水冷壁结渣、对流受热面的结渣与沾污问题是长期影响电站锅炉正常运行的重要问题之一。结渣和沾污会降低锅炉的传热效率,影响锅炉出力,使得设备的运行安全性严重降低,结渣严重时可能导致炉膛熄火、爆管、非计划停炉等重大事故。
为了防止由于结渣与沾污所带来的各种问题,国内外学者对结渣与沾污的机理进行了大量的研究,提出了多个结渣判定指数。但这些结渣判定指数在实际应用过程中有着很大的局限性,只能作为初步判断并不能从根本上解决沾污对锅炉的危害问题。也有学者提出通过调节锅炉燃烧以控制炉膛内的温度来减缓锅炉的结渣问题,但是在实际中并不便于操作也未得到推广。对于高碱性煤,由于煤中碱金属元素的挥发,容易在锅炉受热面冷凝形成一层打底附着物,打底物主要以NaCl或Na2SO4形式存在。上述成分在高温环境下挥发后,易凝结在对流受热面上形成烧结或粘结的灰沉积,随着附着物对飞灰的吸附作用,会使得对流受热面出现不同程度的沾污现象,且沾污物无法使用吹灰器清除,从而导致受热面传热能力下降,造成锅炉排烟温度升高等问题,最终使得炉膛出力大大降低造成停炉。
国内对于燃烧利用高碱性煤还缺乏工程运行经验,仅新疆地区个别电厂在研究高碱性煤的燃烧沾污问题,目前并没有高效的利用办法,只是通过外煤掺烧的方式来减轻沾污问题,外煤掺烧方法实际上是通过添加其他低碱性金属煤,降低了原煤中碱金属的相对含量。锅炉掺烧高碱性煤的比例不应超过30%,掺烧比例增大时,对流受热面沾污积灰严重,形成烟气走廊,烟气冲刷造成高温再热器、高温过热器泄漏。由于新疆地区高碱性煤利用方式多为坑口电站,掺烧方式对外煤的需求量较大,这种方式往往受到运输条件的限制,极大增加了运行成本。现代大型电站的煤粉炉锅炉通过布置屏式过热器来降低炉膛出口温度并减少熔融结渣,但由于烟气中某些碱金属盐熔点较低,经过对流受热面时仍然会产生结渣,尤其在燃烧高碱金属的准东煤时结渣现象尤为严重。循环流化床锅炉具有燃料适应性广、燃烧效率高、污染排放少等优点,在近十几年得到迅速发展,在电站锅炉领域得到广泛的商业应用。而在循环流化床锅炉中使用高碱性煤作为动力煤时,对流受热面的沾污问题同样严重。由于结渣和沾污的存在,导致我国高碱性煤的大规模高效利用受到限制,从而制约了我国能源利用的效率。
发明内容
本发明为解决现有电站锅炉对流受热面沾污问题,提供了一种防止锅炉受热面沾污的双床***,***结构简单,可以保证锅炉受热面充分换热,稳定锅炉出力,可避免由于沾污所造成的对流受热面超温现象,大大降低爆管事故的发生,还可实现高碱性煤的大规模纯烧利用。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明的技术方案如下:
一种防止锅炉受热面沾污的双床***,其特征在于:包括流化床、旋风分离器、煤灰分配器、灰煤混合器、下行热解床、返料器、净化装置,旋风分离器与流化床上端侧面连通,旋风分离器通入来自流化床的高温煤灰,旋风分离器的出口端连通至煤灰分配器的入口端;所述煤灰分配器设置有两个出口,一个出口连通至返料器的入口,另一出口连通至灰煤混合器的入口;所述灰煤混合器的出口连通至下行热解床的入口;所述下行热解床设置有两个出口,一个出口连通至返料器的入口,另一个出口连通至净化装置的入口;所述返料器靠近流化床下端的侧面,返料器与流化床下端的侧壁进口连通;所述净化装置的出口连通至流化床下端侧壁的进口。
所述旋风分离器的后面还设置有换热器,换热器连接有引风机,引风机连通至烟囱。
所述灰煤混合器通过连接的给料器通入煤,给料器设置有煤斗。
本***的工作过程如下:
流化床上端通入到旋风分离器,旋风分离器的高温煤灰通入到煤灰分配器中,一部分高温煤灰进入到返料器,另一部分高温煤灰进入到灰煤混合器中;同时,原煤通过煤斗、给料器进入到灰煤混合器,在灰煤混合器中原煤与高温煤灰进行混合;混合后的煤与煤灰进入下行热解床进行热解,热解后的煤与煤灰进入到返料器中;未经下行热解床的高温煤灰与经过热解混合后的煤与煤灰均经返料器进入流化床的锅炉炉膛进行燃烧;其中,下行热解床得到的热解气体先经过净化装置除钠,再进入流化床进行燃烧。
本***的工作原理如下:
在燃烧利用高碱性煤的循环流化床锅炉中,在原煤进入锅炉炉膛之前利用循环热灰对原煤进行热解,充分利用能源,不仅可以去除其中的可挥发性钠,还可以降低煤中的钠含量,从而减少了烟气中的活性钠含量,大大降低钠盐在锅炉对流受热面上的沾结和沉积,从而减小了对流受热面的沾污。
本发明的有益效果如下:
(1)本发明通过热解移除煤中的可挥发性钠,可降低煤中的钠元素含量,可减少锅炉对流受热面的沾污,可提高换热面的换热效率,稳定锅炉出力;
(2)本发明通过利用锅炉循环热灰对高碱金属煤加热进行热解,减少了气体加热所带来的气固分离问题,同时避免了高碱性煤目前只能通过掺烧途径利用所带来的高额成本;
(3)在对原锅炉设计改动不大的情况下,本发明可实现高碱性煤大规模纯烧利用,提高了电厂的效益;
(4)本发明将热解得到的热解气再送入流化床进行燃烧,避免了热解焦油含灰高难处理的问题,提高了锅炉的出力;
(5)对于准东煤等高碱性煤种燃烧沾污问题的解决,大多采用掺烧低碱性煤种来实现,本发明解决了由于掺烧而带来的煤粉运输成本等问题,可以实现高碱性煤种的纯烧利用。
附图说明
图1为本发明的结构示意图;
其中,附图标记为:1煤斗,2给料器,3鼓风机,4流化床,5旋风分离器,6煤灰分配器,7换热器,8引风机,9烟囱,10煤斗,11给料器,12灰煤混合器,13净化装置,14下行热解床,15返料器。
具体实施方式
如图1所示,一种防止锅炉受热面沾污的双床***,包括流化床4、旋风分离器5、煤灰分配器6、灰煤混合器12、下行热解床14、返料器15、净化装置13,旋风分离器5与流化床4上端侧面连通,旋风分离器5通入来自流化床4的高温煤灰,旋风分离器5的出口端连通至煤灰分配器6的入口端;煤灰分配器6设置有两个出口,一个出口连通至返料器15的入口,另一出口连通至灰煤混合器12的入口;所述灰煤混合器12的出口连通至下行热解床14的入口;下行热解床14设置有两个出口,一个出口连通至所述返料器15的入口,另一个出口连通至净化装置13的入口;所述返料器15靠近流化床4下端的侧面,返料器15与流化床4下端的侧壁进口连通;所述净化装置13的出口端连通至流化床4下端侧壁的进口。
所述旋风分离器5后还设置有换热器7,换热器7连接有引风机8,引风机8连通至烟囱9。
所述灰煤混合器12通过连接的给料器通入煤,给料器11设置有煤斗10。
所述净化装置13可以采用过滤器。
整个***的工作过程为:
如图1所示,在锅炉开车阶段,可先通过煤斗1、给料器2以外煤掺烧或外在灰渣添加的方式运行,直到锅炉开始正常运行产生一定量的煤灰后,再利用锅炉自身的煤灰对来自煤斗10、给料器11的原煤进行热解。下行热解床14运行正常后,可停止通过煤斗1、给料器2加煤。锅炉正常运行阶段,经过热解的半焦在流化床4的炉膛内与来自鼓风机3的空气进行燃烧,生成的煤灰与烟气进入分离器5进行分离。分离得到的烟气由换热器7降温后经引风机8由烟囱9排往大气。分离得到的煤灰进入分配器6,根据下行热解床14的需要将煤灰分为两路,一路直接经返料器15返回流化床4的炉膛,另一路进入混合器12与来自煤斗10、给料器11的高碱性煤进行混合。在混合器12中混合均匀的热灰及高碱性煤进入下行热解床14进行热解,热解得到的气体经净化装置13除钠后进入流化床4进行燃烧,热解后的热灰及高碱性煤半焦进入返料器15。进入返料器15的热灰与高碱性煤半焦使用烟气送入流化床4在炉膛进行燃烧。锅炉排渣在流化床4的底部进行。高碱性煤在下行热解床14中进行热解后,可挥发性钠被大量去除,煤中的钠含量下降,在流化床4的炉膛中进行燃烧时生成的烟气中活性钠含量已经大大降低,在经过后续受热面时由于烟气中活性钠含量极少,基本不发生沾污。
Claims (4)
1.一种防止锅炉受热面沾污的双床***,其特征在于:包括流化床(4)、旋风分离器(5)、煤灰分配器(6)、灰煤混合器(12)、下行热解床(14)、返料器(15)、净化装置(13),所述旋风分离器(5)与流化床(4)上端侧面连通,旋风分离器(5)通入来自流化床(4)的高温煤灰,旋风分离器(5)的出口端连通至煤灰分配器(6)的入口端;所述煤灰分配器(6)设置有两个出口,一个出口连通至返料器(15)的入口,另一出口连通至灰煤混合器(12)的入口;所述灰煤混合器(12)的出口连通至下行热解床(14)的入口;所述下行热解床(14)设置有两个出口,一个出口连通至返料器(15)的入口,另一个出口连通至净化装置(13)的入口;所述返料器(15)靠近流化床(4)下端的侧面,返料器(15)与流化床(4)下端的侧壁进口连通;所述净化装置(13)的出口连通至流化床(4)下端侧壁的进口。
2.根据权利要求1所述的***,其特征在于:所述旋风分离器(5)的后面还设置有换热器(7),换热器(7)连接有引风机(8),引风机(8)连通至烟囱(9)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的***,其特征在于:所述灰煤混合器(12)通过连接的给料器(11)通入煤,给料器设置有煤斗(10)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的***,其特征在于其工作过程如下:流化床(4)上端通入到旋风分离器(5),旋风分离器(5)的高温煤灰通入到煤灰分配器(6)中,一部分高温煤灰进入到返料器(15),另一部分高温煤灰进入到灰煤混合器(12)中;同时,原煤通过煤斗(1)、给料器进入到灰煤混合器(12),在灰煤混合器(12)中原煤与高温煤灰进行混合;混合后的煤与煤灰进入下行热解床(14)进行热解,热解后的煤与煤灰进入到返料器(15)中;未经下行热解床(14)的高温煤灰与经过热解混合后的煤与煤灰均经返料器(15)进入流化床(4)的锅炉炉膛进行燃烧;其中,下行热解床(14)得到的热解气体先经过净化装置(13)除钠,再进入流化床(4)进行燃烧。
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CN106940010A (zh) * | 2017-03-30 | 2017-07-11 | 德清县中能热电有限公司 | 一种环保型流化床锅炉 |
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