CN102814625A - Method for machining parts with high-hardness and high-abrasion-resistance surfaces - Google Patents
Method for machining parts with high-hardness and high-abrasion-resistance surfaces Download PDFInfo
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- CN102814625A CN102814625A CN2012102997010A CN201210299701A CN102814625A CN 102814625 A CN102814625 A CN 102814625A CN 2012102997010 A CN2012102997010 A CN 2012102997010A CN 201210299701 A CN201210299701 A CN 201210299701A CN 102814625 A CN102814625 A CN 102814625A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for machining parts with high-hardness and high-abrasion-resistance surfaces. Medium carbon steel is used as raw materials of workpieces, and the raw materials of the workpieces are sequentially treated accordingly to technological steps of discharging, plane grinding, slot machining, linear cutting and nitriding. The nitriding process includes steps of (1) placing workpieces in a heating furnace and separating each two adjacent workpieces by a gap larger than 1mm; (2) filling ammonia into the heating furnace, uniformly heating the workpieces in the atmosphere with the ammonia flowing circularly until the temperature ranges from 450 DEG C to 500 DEG C, and keeping the temperature unchanged for 120-180 minutes ; and (3) discharging the workpieces out from the heating furnace when the temperature of the heating furnace is reduced to be lower than 200 DEG C, and cooling the workpieces until the temperature of the workpieces is equal to the normal temperature. The method for machining the parts with the high-hardness and high-abrasion-resistance surfaces has the advantages that cost is low, material utilization rate is high, time and labor are saved, abrasion of grinding wheels of a grinding machine to the parts is reduced, work efficiency is high, and the like. Besides, the service lives of the parts machined by the method are long.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of machining parts, relate in particular to a kind of surperficial high-hardness, wearable machining parts.
Background technology
In general, little and complicated parts, such as be used for the part of chain assembly machine all than higher, and also need have performances such as hard high-wearing feature to the requirement of dimensional accuracy.Up to the present, generally all be to adopt high-quality high-carbon steel material could obtain satisfactory finding, though the high-carbon steel material can satisfy the requirement of finding to high-hardness, wearable after quenching through operations such as blanking, corase grind plane, processing hole slot equidimension, quenching, finished plane, line cutting nose shapes; But the high-carbon steel material is as easy as rolling off a log distortion under as-quenched; Will shorten the service life of part like this, even more serious is, because institute's made allowance has certain limitation before quenching; Be out of shape excessive part and just can only scrap processing; Caused the waste of material like this, taken time and effort, the also corresponding increase of production cost; And because will roughly grind the plane before the parts quenching, also will carry out finished plane after the quenching, and correct grinding is consuming time more than corase grind to part; Abrasion of grinding wheel is bigger; So also caused the increase consuming time of processing high-hardness, wearable part, and bigger to the wearing and tearing of grinder wheel and part, inefficiency.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem that the present invention will solve is; To the as easy as rolling off a log distortion under as-quenched of available technology adopting high-carbon steel materials processing surface high-hardness, wearable part, can shorten the service life of part, more possibly directly cause the part that distortion is excessive to do to scrap processing; Cause material to waste; Production cost increases, takes time and effort, and the wearing and tearing of grinder wheel are increased above-mentioned defective such as inefficiency; Provide a kind of high, time saving and energy saving to stock utilization, can reduce to the wearing and tearing of grinder wheel and part and the surperficial high-hardness, wearable machining parts of high efficiency and the part long service life of this method processing.
The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems is: a kind of surperficial high-hardness, wearable machining parts, adopt medium carbon steel as the workpiece raw material; The workpiece raw material is handled by following processing step successively: blanking, flat surface grinding, processing hole slot, line cutting and nitrogen treatment; Said nitrogenation treatment technology comprises the steps:
(1) workpiece is placed in the heating furnace, and keep the above gap of 1mm between the workpiece;
(2) in heating furnace, fill ammonia, in the ammonia atmosphere that circulates, evenly be heated to 450-500 ° of C, constant temperature 120-180 minute;
(3) stove to be heated is cooled to 200 ° of C when following, workpiece is accessed heating furnace be cooled to normal temperature outward.
In surperficial high-hardness, wearable machining parts of the present invention, after step (2) was filled ammonia, ammonia accounted for the 50%-80% of total capacity in the heating furnace, and oxygen accounts for 0.1%-0.9%, and all the other are nitrogen.
In technical scheme according to the invention, surperficial high-hardness, wearable part adopts the medium carbon steel series material to process as the workpiece raw material.Because can obtain high rigidity and wearability preferably after the high-carbon steel heat treatment, hardness is moderate under the annealed condition, also has machinability preferably; And the high-carbon steel material is easy to get, thus at present all basically all adopt high-carbon steel as raw material in the production process of surperficial high-hardness, wearable part, but the cold plastic deformation ability of high-carbon steel; Because phosphorus content is high; Quenching degree is low, and the diameter of complete through hardening generally is merely 15-18mm during shrend, and the maximum gauge of complete through hardening or thickness during oil quenching (95% martensite) are merely about 6mm; And yielding cracking; Again because sheet material institute made allowance has certain limitation before quenching, so maybe part can not use when excessive because be out of shape, can only scrap processing; And medium carbon steel has certain moulding, toughness and intensity, and machinability is good, and the good comprehensive mechanical property is arranged after the modifier treatment; Adopt the medium carbon steel series material among the present invention; Like 40Cr medium carbon steel, carry out nitrogen treatment, through detection to finished product; The piece surface hardness that adopts the medium carbon steel series material to handle the back acquisition according to technical scheme according to the invention is 700-840HV0.2; Nitrided case depth is 0.3-0.38mm, not only significantly improved piece surface hardness, wearability, anticorrosive and fatigue behaviour so provable thus employing technical scheme according to the invention is processed, and the piece surface nitrided case depth has also reached necessary requirement; And temperature is controlled at 450-500 ° of C during nitrogen treatment, and temperature is lower, and mold core does not undergo phase transition during nitriding; Therefore be out of shape less; Can avoid high-carbon steel to cause the consequence of scrapping because the back distortion of quenching is excessive on the one hand, guarantee the service life that part is long, also improve utilization rate to a certain extent material; Also because less the making of distortion can be smaller at blanking time institute made allowance, also improved stock utilization on the other hand; In addition, when adopting technical scheme according to the invention that workpiece is handled, only need carry out the flat surface grinding one time to workpiece; Little because of deflection behind nitrogen treatment; Part can disposablely be worked into finished size, need not stay the correct grinding surplus to carry out secondary operations, thereby reduce the wearing and tearing to surface grinding machine emery wheel and part; Improved operating efficiency, time saving and energy saving.
In surperficial high-hardness, wearable machining parts according to the invention; Mild steel material is carried out will handling by following processing step successively before the nitrogen treatment: blanking, flat surface grinding, processing hole slot and line cutting; In the present invention; Above processing step is known technology, and the common process step can realize technical scheme according to the invention in employing this area.
Wherein, Blanking is put surplus cut-out with plate shearing machine by the figure paper size with plate material parts exactly, before blanking, if material surface smoother, smooth; Then only need stay the plain grinding surplus at width, thickness and length direction; If material surface has burr or the smooth situation of other out-of-flatnesses, then before next procedure, also to utilize milling machine that sheet material is carried out milling flat, so just suitably big at width, thickness and length direction institute made allowance; In actual production, width, thickness and length direction institute made allowance also will be decided according to actual conditions in a word.In addition, the plate shearing machine that in this processing step, is adopted also is known technology, adopts conventional plate shearing machine can realize this processing step.
In technical scheme according to the invention; After technology for blanking is accomplished; Will carry out the flat surface grinding to workpiece, the medium carbon steel sheet material after promptly adopting surface grinding machine to blanking carries out the flat surface grinding, in the present invention; Only need that centering carbon sheet thickness direction is two-sided simultaneously to carry out flat surface grinding with the two-sided and length of width, guarantee in the grinding process to keep being parallel to each other between medium carbon steel sheet material workpiece face and the face or vertical.In addition, the surface grinding machine that in this processing step, is adopted also is a known technology, and surface grinding machine conventional in this area all can be accomplished this processing step, for example M7132H surface grinding machine well.
In technical scheme according to the invention, after flat surface grinding technology is accomplished, will require workpiece processing hole slot is comprised boring, tapping and working groove etc. according to accessory size.
In technical scheme according to the invention; After processing hole slot technology is accomplished; Because parts size precision is had relatively high expectations, so also will adopt wire cutting machine tool that workpiece is carried out the line cutting, the wire cutting machine tool that in this processing step, adopts also is a known technology; Adopt wire cutting machine tool conventional in this area just can accomplish this processing step, such as the DK7716 wire cutting machine tool.
In surperficial high-hardness, wearable machining parts according to the invention; After workpiece is accomplished above-mentioned processing step; The technology of most critical is that surface of the work is carried out nitrogen treatment: at first workpiece suspension is placed in the heating furnace, and make and keep suitable distance between workpiece, in technical scheme according to the invention; Distance between the workpiece is preferably more than the 1mm; Temperature is even in the circulate that can guarantee in the heating furnace other so on the one hand and the stove, can avoid because workpiece is heated back distortion expansion to make on the other hand and stick together between the workpiece, influences product quality; Next is a logical ammonia in heating furnace, drives away the air in the heating furnace with this; After charging ammonia, in the ammonia atmosphere that circulates, evenly be heated to 450-500 ° of C, temperature is if be lower than 450 ° of C; Then can not carry out nitrogen treatment; And if surpass 500 ° of C, through the heating of nitrogen treatment, its timeliness is further carried out and is become overaging; Martensite is separated out, and the case hardness of workpiece decreases.
In technical scheme according to the invention, when flowmeter shows that the heating furnace gas is the mist of ammonia, oxygen and nitrogen, with workpiece in 450-500 ° of C temperature range constant temperature 120-180 minute; If the time of workpiece constant temperature is lower than 120 minutes; Then the surface of the work nitrogen concentration is low, and the chemical combination layer is thin partially, and nitrided case depth does not reach the requirement of actual production to the part nitrided case depth; Organize not fine and closely, cause the abrasion resistance of workpiece poor; If the time of workpiece constant temperature surpasses 180 minutes, through the heating of nitrogen treatment, nitriding layer fragility can increase, and makes whole workpiece toughness reduce.
When workpiece after keeping 120-180 minute under the temperature of 450-500 ° of C scope, workpiece cools off with heating furnace, do not allow air and get into this moment in the heating furnace, when being cooled to uniform temperature, anchor clamps and workpiece are accessed heating furnace reposefully, air cooling to normal temperature state; Preferably; When workpiece is low to moderate 200 ° of C when following with heating furnace cooling, could workpiece be accessed heating furnace, just it is not accessed air cooling outside the heating furnace if also reduce to 200 ° below the C in workpiece temperature; Surface of the work will produce oxidation tint, surface of the work even micro-crack may occur.
As a kind of improvement to technical scheme according to the invention, the heating furnace gas is the mist of ammonia, oxygen and nitrogen, and these three kinds of shared Capacity Ratio of gas are preferably the ammonia capacity and account for 50%-80%, and oxygen capacity accounts for 0.1%-0.9%, when all the other are nitrogen; Through doing like this, the nitrogen of producing owing to the decomposition of ammonia then spreads at surface of the work, forms nitriding layer at surface of the work.At this moment, though nitrogen and hydrogen are produced in the decomposition through ammonia simultaneously, in a single day the dividing potential drop of hydrogen uprises, and then the decomposition of ammonia will be suppressed, perhaps because the combination again of hydrogen and nitrogen, and the obstruction nitrogenize.Therefore, in technical scheme according to the invention, through making the oxygen that takies the suitable capacity ratio in the mist, and make hydrogen and this combination with oxygen, with the state of water with it except that going to system, can promote the decomposition of ammonia.
In surperficial high-hardness, wearable machining parts according to the invention, if the capacity of ammonia less than 50%, then can't fully form nitriding layer, thereby can not to surface of the work give the hardness that will reach; On the other hand, if the capacity of ammonia surpasses 80%, the nitrogen that is then generated measure existing surplus, in the metal structure of workpiece, form compounds such as nitrided iron, cause nitrogenize even inadequately, this is undesirable.
In addition, if the capacity of the oxygen that is contained in the mist does not reach 0.1%, then can't fully obtain this oxygen and combine with hydrogen to go out the effect of this hydrogen; On the other hand,, in the metal structure of workpiece, form oxide, perhaps, too promote the decomposition of ammonia if the capacity of oxygen surpasses 0.9%, thus the nitrogen of being produced measure existing surplus, this also is undesirable.
Preferably, the temperature in the heating furnace is uniformly, and part is remained under the uniform temperature condition; No matter it always, so, be heating or cooling conduction if being in the middle of the atmosphere that circulates; Can both control the deformation of part in the nitrogen treatment process; Guarantee part simultaneously under same temperature conditions, the nitrogen-atoms that infiltrates the mild steel material surface has identical diffusion rate, and the structure organization of nitriding layer is evenly distributed.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows provides a kind of surperficial high-hardness, wearable machining parts; That this method of processing parts has is high, time saving and energy saving to stock utilization, reduce advantages such as the wearing and tearing of grinder wheel and part and operating efficiency height, and the long service life of the part of this processing method processing.
The specific embodiment
In order to make the object of the invention, technical scheme and advantage clearer,, the present invention is further elaborated below in conjunction with embodiment.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explanation the present invention, and be not used in qualification the present invention.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention is following:
Embodiment 1:
Adopt 40Cr medium carbon steel as the workpiece raw material, the workpiece raw material handled by following processing step successively:
The first step, blanking: 40Cr medium carbon steel sheet material is put surplus by the figure paper size cut off with plate shearing machine, the two-sided surplus 2-3mm of putting of width, length is put 4-5mm; Utilize the processing of XA5032 vertical knee and column milling machine, width stays plain grinding surplus 0.4-0.5mm, length direction made allowance 3-4mm;
Second step; The flat surface grinding; The 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece that utilizes the M7132H surface grinding machine will pass through after the first step carries out flat surface grinding to 2 faces of its thickness direction, 2 faces of width and 1 face of length direction; Make size reach the drawing dimensional requirement, and keep perpendicular or parallel between assurance face and the face;
In the 3rd step, the processing hole slot is processed hole slot as requested on through the 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece after second step;
In the 4th step, the line cutting adopts the DK7716 wire cutting machine tool to carrying out the line cutting through the 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece after the 3rd step according to dimensional requirement;
In the 5th step, nitrogen treatment comprises following operation:
(1) will accomplish the 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece suspension of above-mentioned four steps after the operations and place in the heating furnace, and keep the above gap of 1mm between 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece, guarantee that gas circulation circulation and the interior temperature of stove in the heating furnace is even;
(2) in heating furnace, fill ammonia to drive away air; Slowly be warming up to 450 ° of C then; Gas content accounts for 50% for the ammonia capacity in flowmeter shows heating furnace, and oxygen capacity accounts for 0.5%, and all the other are nitrogen; Under this atmosphere, 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece constant temperature under the treatment temperature of 450 ° of C was kept 180 minutes;
(3) when 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece is cooled to 200 ° of C with heating furnace, anchor clamps and medium carbon steel workpiece are accessed outside the heating furnace reposefully, be cooled to normal temperature.
After processing obtained finished product, the present invention detected the hardness and the nitrided case depth of part, and wherein, what detection was adopted to finished product hardness is the HXD-1000TMC Vickers, and that detection is adopted to the finished product nitrided case depth is metallographic microscope 4XC.
Hardness detection method is the load with 200N, is that 136 ° square taper diamond injector is pressed material surface with the opposite face angle, keep the stipulated time after; With measuring the impression catercorner length, by formula calculate the size of hardness again, test power is exactly Vickers hardness number divided by the merchant of impression surface area; Its computing formula is: HV=constant * tests power/impression surface area, and in the formula, HV is the Vickers hardness symbol; The generic constant value is chosen for 0.1891, and the impression SU is mm
2, can obtain Vickers hardness number through tabling look-up according to the impression catercorner length, national Specification Vickers hardness impression catercorner length scope is 0.020-1.400mm; Nitrided case depth adopts the metallographic method check, is promptly amplifying the microscopically of 100 times or 200 times, vertically surveys to matrix the distance of tangible boundary being arranged from patterned surface, and this distance is nitrided case depth.
According to above-mentioned detection method and equipment, promptly adopt HXD-1000TMC Vickers and metallographic microscope 4XC that the case hardness and the nitrided case depth of finished product are detected, testing result is: case hardness is 700HV0.2, nitrided case depth is 0.38mm.
Embodiment 2:
With embodiment 1; Adopt 40Cr medium carbon steel as the workpiece raw material; This workpiece raw material is handled by following processing step successively: blanking, flat surface grinding, processing hole slot, line cutting and nitrogen treatment; The preceding four step operations of wherein blanking, flat surface grinding, processing hole slot and line cutting comprise following operation with embodiment 1, the five step nitrogen treatment:
(1) will accomplish the 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece suspension of above-mentioned four steps after the operations and place in the heating furnace, and keep the above gap of 1mm between 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece, guarantee that the gas circulation circulation in the heating furnace is even with the interior temperature of stove;
(2) in heating furnace, fill ammonia to drive away air; Slowly be warming up to 480 ° of C then; Gas content accounts for 65% for the ammonia capacity in flowmeter shows heating furnace, and oxygen capacity accounts for 0.5%, and all the other are nitrogen; Under this atmosphere, 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece constant temperature under the treatment temperature of 480 ° of C was kept 150 minutes;
(3) when 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece is cooled to 200 ° of C with heating furnace, anchor clamps and 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece are accessed outside the heating furnace reposefully, be cooled to normal temperature.
After processing obtains finished product, adopt with embodiment 1 in identical detection method and equipment the case hardness and the nitrided case depth of finished product detected, testing result is: case hardness is 720HV0.2, nitrided case depth is 0.35mm.
Embodiment 3:
As embodiment 1; Adopt 40Cr medium carbon steel as the workpiece raw material; 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece raw material is handled by following processing step successively: blanking, flat surface grinding, processing hole slot, line cutting and nitrogen treatment; The preceding four step operations of wherein blanking, flat surface grinding, processing hole slot and line cutting comprise following operation with embodiment 1, the five step nitrogen treatment:
(1) will accomplish the 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece suspension of above-mentioned four steps after the operations and place in the heating furnace, and keep the above gap of 1mm between 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece, guarantee that the gas circulation circulation in the heating furnace is even with the interior temperature of stove;
(2) in heating furnace, fill ammonia to drive away air; Slowly be warming up to 500 ° of C then; Gas content accounts for 80% for the ammonia capacity in flowmeter shows heating furnace, and oxygen capacity accounts for 0.9%, and all the other are nitrogen; Under this atmosphere, 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece constant temperature under the treatment temperature of 500 ° of C was kept 120 minutes;
(3) when 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece is cooled to 200 ° of C with heating furnace, anchor clamps and 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece are accessed outside the heating furnace reposefully, be cooled to normal temperature.
After processing obtains finished product, adopt detection method identical and checkout equipment that the case hardness and the nitrided case depth of finished product are detected with embodiment 1, testing result is: case hardness is 820HV0.2, nitrided case depth is 0.3mm.
Embodiment 4:
Continue to adopt 40Cr medium carbon steel as the workpiece raw material; This workpiece raw material is handled by following processing step successively: blanking, flat surface grinding, processing hole slot, line cutting and nitrogen treatment; The preceding four step operations of wherein blanking, flat surface grinding, processing hole slot and line cutting comprise following operation with embodiment 1, the five step nitrogen treatment:
(1) will accomplish the 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece suspension of above-mentioned four steps after the operations and place in the heating furnace, and keep the above gap of 1mm between 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece, guarantee that the gas circulation circulation in the heating furnace is even with the interior temperature of stove;
(2) in heating furnace, fill ammonia to drive away air; Slowly be warming up to 490 ° of C then; Gas content accounts for 80% for the ammonia capacity in flowmeter shows heating furnace, and oxygen capacity accounts for 0.9%, and all the other are nitrogen; Under this atmosphere, 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece constant temperature under the treatment temperature of 490 ° of C was kept 130 minutes;
(3) when 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece is cooled to 190 ° of C with heating furnace, anchor clamps and 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece are accessed outside the heating furnace reposefully, be cooled to normal temperature.
After obtaining finished product through above-mentioned operation, continue to adopt detection method identical with embodiment 1 and equipment that the case hardness and the nitrided case depth of obtaining finished product are detected, testing result is: case hardness is 840HV0.2, and nitrided case depth is 0.3mm.
Embodiment 5:
Adopt 40Cr medium carbon steel as the workpiece raw material; The workpiece raw material is handled by following processing step successively: blanking, flat surface grinding, processing hole slot, line cutting and nitrogen treatment; The preceding four step operations of wherein blanking, flat surface grinding, processing hole slot and line cutting comprise following operation with embodiment 1, the five step nitrogen treatment:
(1) will accomplish the 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece suspension of above-mentioned four steps after the operations and place in the heating furnace, and keep the above gap of 1mm between 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece, guarantee that the gas circulation circulation in the heating furnace is even with the interior temperature of stove;
(2) in heating furnace, fill ammonia to drive away air; Slowly be warming up to 460 ° of C then; Gas content accounts for 75% for the ammonia capacity in flowmeter shows heating furnace, and oxygen capacity accounts for 0.8%, and all the other are nitrogen; Under this atmosphere, 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece constant temperature under the treatment temperature of 460 ° of C was kept 170 minutes;
(3) when 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece is cooled to 180 ° of C with heating furnace, anchor clamps and 40Cr medium carbon steel workpiece are accessed outside the heating furnace reposefully, be cooled to normal temperature.
After processing obtains finished product, adopt detection method and equipment same as the previously described embodiments, testing result is: case hardness is 740HV0.2, nitrided case depth is 0.35mm.
Can find out from the testing result of embodiment 1 to embodiment 5; Surperficial high-hardness, wearable piece surface hardness according to the invention has reached 700-840HV0.2; Nitrided case depth is in the 0.3-0.38mm scope; Have case hardness height, advantage that wearability is good so proved part according to the invention, also reached the requirement of needs of production part according to the invention.
In addition, can find out that the medium carbon steel workpiece is little because of deflection behind the process nitrogen treatment from the foregoing description; Can disposablely be processed as finished size, need not reduce operation finish grinding through the medium carbon steel workpiece behind above-mentioned five step process; Time saving and energy saving, improved operating efficiency.
Claims (2)
1. a surperficial high-hardness, wearable machining parts is characterized in that, adopts medium carbon steel as the workpiece raw material; The workpiece raw material is handled by following processing step successively: blanking, flat surface grinding, processing hole slot, line cutting and nitrogen treatment; Said nitrogenation treatment technology comprises the steps:
(1) workpiece is placed in the heating furnace, and keep the above gap of 1mm between the workpiece;
(2) in heating furnace, fill ammonia, in the ammonia atmosphere that circulates, evenly be heated to 450-500 ° of C, constant temperature 120-180 minute;
(3) stove to be heated is cooled to 200 ° of C when following, workpiece is accessed heating furnace be cooled to normal temperature outward.
2. surperficial high-hardness, wearable machining parts according to claim 1 is characterized in that, after said step (2) was filled ammonia, ammonia accounted for the 50%-80% of total capacity in the heating furnace, and oxygen accounts for 0.1%-0.9%, and all the other are nitrogen.
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Cited By (1)
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CN104439928A (en) * | 2014-10-29 | 2015-03-25 | 苏州市金德誉精密机械有限公司 | Machining process for belt clamp end plate |
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CN102312838A (en) * | 2010-10-22 | 2012-01-11 | 台州市百达制冷有限公司 | Piston for rotary compressor and manufacturing method of piston |
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JPS62270761A (en) * | 1986-05-19 | 1987-11-25 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | Nitriding method for steel |
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