CN102776450B - Quenching heat treatment process for hot work die steel with low heat resistance - Google Patents
Quenching heat treatment process for hot work die steel with low heat resistance Download PDFInfo
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 107
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 107
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 19
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title abstract description 17
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 22
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010583 slow cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of heat treatment technology and provides a quenching heat treatment process for low-heat resistance hot work die steel which has low content of alloy and costs little in production and especially for low-heat resistance hot work die steel with a great tonnage and a great size. The process overcomes the problem that insufficient cooling capability of quenching oil causes generation of abundant upper bainite structures, which further leads to deterioration of the performance of steel. The quenching heat treatment process comprises the following steps: heatingthe low-heat resistance hot work die steel and carrying out insulation and full austenization on the low-heat resistance hot work die steel; carrying out segmented quenching heat treatment by using different cooling mediums at different temperatures; and carrying out tempering heat treatment immediately after surface temperature of the low-heat resistance hot work die steel drops to a certain range. According to the invention, a high cooling rate and low residual stress are obtained through a segmented quenching technique based on characteristics of changes of a microstructure of the low-heatresistance hot work die steel in the process of continuous cooling, and therefore, generation of abundant upper bainite structures in the low-heat resistance hot work die steel and the phenomena of deformation and cracking during quenching heat treatment are avoided and the purposes of improving comprehensive mechanical properties and prolonging a service life are achieved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the Heat Treatment Of Steel technical field, is a kind of quenching heat treatment technology of low heat resistant hot-work die steel specifically.
Background technology
The low heat resistant hot-work die steel is mainly used in the production of forge die and hammering mould.The circulation hitting power that large-scale forging die bears under arms the time reaches MN up to a hundred, owing to contact with hot metal (800 ℃～1200 ℃), the forging die temperature can reach 300 ℃～500 ℃, therefore, forging die with the low heat resistant hot-work die steel except will having high hardening capacity, hot strength, impelling strength and anti-temper resistance, also good fatigue performance and thermal conductivity to be arranged, guarantee forging die unlikely generation heat crack under the condition of rapid heat cycle.In recent years, along with the develop rapidly of China's equipment manufacture, mould industry and die steel manufacturing enterprise have all obtained significant progress, simultaneously, at the demand of the great equipment of key middle and high end, heavy froging, the hot-work industry is to the demands for higher performance of hot-work die steel.
The alloy content of low heat resistant hot-work die steel is few, production cost is low, and has very high intensity and good toughness plasticity, is one of die steel kind of current widespread use.In actual production, the quenching heat treatment technology of low heat resistant hot-work die steel adopts the quenching oil cooling process usually, can avoid hardening break, and obtains based on the structural state of martensite and higher strength property.Yet, because the alloying element content of low heat resistant hot-work die steel is low, hardening capacity is general, the heart portion zone of large mould steel will inevitably produce the upper bainite tissue when oil quenchinng, the die steel size is more big, and upper bainite organizes shared zone just more big.The impelling strength of the formation meeting severe exacerbation low heat resistant hot-work die steel of a large amount of upper bainite tissues is to the safety in utilization existence threat of mould.
Summary of the invention
At the heat-eliminating medium of the employing quenching oil that exists in the prior art as low heat resistant hot-work die steel quenching heat treatment, for large size die steel, exist the quenching oil cooling power not good, easily in the very big zone of mould steel core portion, generate the upper bainite tissue, cause weak points such as comprehensive mechanical property is undesirable, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of quenching heat treatment technology of low heat resistant hot-work die steel, solve quenching oil cooling power deficiency and cause that a large amount of upper bainite tissues produce, thus the problem of deteriorate performance.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
A kind of quenching heat treatment technology of low heat resistant hot-work die steel, the low heat resistant hot-work die steel, its chemical ingredients percentage composition by weight is, C:0.4～0.6, Si:0.1～0.5, Mn:0.6～1.0, Cr:0.9～1.3, Mo:0.4～0.6, Ni:1.4～2.0, V:0.06～0.1, P :≤0.01, S :≤0.01, Fe: surplus, length dimension is 2500mm～4000mm, and thickness d is 700mm～1500mm; Quenching heat treatment technology to the low heat resistant hot-work die steel is at first, the low heat resistant hot-work die steel to be carried out heat temperature raising, insulation and sufficient austenitizing; Secondly, carrying out step quenching cooling heat with the different types of cooling handles; At last, after the surface temperature of low heat resistant hot-work die steel is reduced to certain limit, carry out tempering heat treatment immediately; Concrete steps are as follows:
1) heat temperature raising: be heated to the austenitizing temperature of low heat resistant hot-work die steel with 50 ℃/h～100 ℃/heat temperature raising speed of h;
2) insulation: the low heat resistant hot-work die steel that will be heated to austenitizing temperature, be incubated processing, make that the die steel internal and external temperature is in full accord, full and uniformization of structural constituent, Quenching Soaking Time is calculated according to t=m * d, wherein t represents soaking time, m is 0.5min/mm～1min/mm, and d is the thickness of low heat resistant hot-work die steel;
3) low heat resistant hot-work die steel quench cooled: through step 2) is with first air cooling, water-cooled, and air cooling again, the mode of oil cooling makes the low heat resistant hot-work die steel finish quench cooled;
4) go into the stove tempering: the low heat resistant hot-work die steel that quench cooled is finished changes in 250 ℃～350 ℃ the tempering stove and carries out tempering heat treatment.
In the step 1), austenitizing temperature is between Ac3～900 ℃.
In the step 3), air cooling time 5min～10min, water-cooled time 25min～35min, the air cooling time is 5min～10min again, oil cooling time 150min～250min; The temperature that shows of low heat resistant hot-work die steel was 250 ℃～300 ℃ when quench cooled finished.
Physical metallurgy analysis of the present invention:
The low heat resistant hot-work die steel can obtain upper bainite tissue, lower bainite tissue and martensitic stucture according to the height of rate of cooling.Because critical cooling rate and the critical cooling rate between lower bainite and the upper bainite between martensite and the lower bainite are higher, therefore, large-sized low heat resistant hot-work die steel is when oil quenchinng, the rate of cooling in heart portion zone will be very low, be not enough to form lower bainite or martensitic stucture, and main above bainite structure is main, a large amount of generations of upper bainite tissue will obviously worsen the impelling strength of die steel, easily produce the danger of brittle rupture, by contrast, the comprehensive mechanical property of martensite and lower bainite obviously is better than the upper bainite tissue.By adopting the stronger quenchant of cooling power (as, water), though can obviously improve the cooling rate of large size low heat resistant hot-work die steel, reach the purpose of optimizing structure property,, the cracking risk also will improve greatly.
Heat-treatment quenching distortion or the cracking phenomena of metallic substance mainly are to be caused by the thermal stresses in the heat treatment process and structural stress etc.In quick cooling (shrend) process, the thermal stresses of material can enlarge markedly, and is accompanied by the structural stress of phase transition temperature interval (particularly martensitic transformation), and material is hardening break very likely, particularly for the massive material of quenching crack susceptibility.The carbon equivalent of low heat resistant hot-work die steel commonly used has stronger quenching crack susceptibility about 0.8%, answering careful selection is the quenching mode of medium with water.
The present invention is based on above-mentioned 2 problems, change the quenching heat treatment mode of single quenching oil medium into Cooling Quenching stage by stage.When austenitizing insulation finishes, at first, the low heat resistant hot-work die steel is carried out in short-term air cooling, can prevent corner areas bursting apart under the quick cooling condition; Secondly, die steel changed in the water cool off, be 25min～35min cooling time, and the water-cooled process can effectively promote rate of cooling, makes the cooling rate in greater part zone can be higher than the critical cooling rate of upper bainite phase transformation.Simultaneously, the water-cooled process of 25min～35min only makes the zone about 100mm that martensitic transformation takes place, and the temperature in most of zone still is higher than 500 ℃, is lower than the beginning temperature of bainitic transformation, still be in the austenite structure state, do not undergo phase transition, the structural stress of generation is less; At last, with the air cooling of die steel through 5min～10min, risen again in the surface and discharge stress, change over to again and finish cooling in the oil.Cooling will obtain lower stress level in quenching oil, and finish the structural transformation of material on the cooling rate basis that obtains early stage.Through the oil cooling process of 150min～250min, when die steel show temperature-stable at 300 ℃～250 ℃ the time, change in the tempering stove, produce bigger structural stress and thermal stresses when preventing from being chilled to room temperature.
The present invention has following advantage and beneficial effect:
1. the present invention takes the quenching technology stage by stage of the different heat-eliminating mediums of differing temps according to the microtexture evolution features under the different cooling rate in the low heat resistant hot-work die steel quenching process to the low heat resistant hot-work die steel.On the basis that guarantees existing steel grade and production cost, when successfully having solved the low heat resistant hot-work die steel oil quenchinng that alloy content is few, production cost is low, the tonnage size is big, because the problem of the structure property difference that quenching oil cooling power deficiency causes.
2. the present invention is according to the variation characteristic of microtexture in the low heat resistant hot-work die steel continuous cooling process, by air cooling in short-term (5min～10min), water-cooled (25min～35min), air cooling (5min～10min), the oil cooling (quenching technology of 150min～250min) again, obtain higher rate of cooling and lower unrelieved stress, with the generation of avoiding in the low heat resistant hot-work die steel a large amount of upper bainite tissues and the appearance of quenching heat treatment strain cracking phenomenon, the purpose that reach the raising comprehensive mechanical property, increases the service life.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the quenching heat treatment process schematic representation of low heat resistant hot-work die steel of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is that the gold picture tissue of following 150mm position, surface contrasts (a) embodiment 1 and (b) comparative example 1.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, the quenching heat treatment technology of low heat resistant hot-work die steel of the present invention, at first the low heat resistant hot-work die steel being carried out sufficient austenitizing handles, next carries out the step quenching thermal treatment of the different heat-eliminating mediums of differing temps, quenches when temperature is reduced to 300 ℃～250 ℃ at last and finishes tempering immediately.Low heat resistant hot-work die steel, the chemical ingredients of weight percentage are C:0.4～0.6, Si:0.1～0.5, Mn:0.6～1.0, Cr:0.9～1.3, Mo:0.4～0.6, Ni:1.4～2.0, V:0.06～0.1, P :≤0.01, S :≤0.01, Fe: surplus, length dimension are 2500mm～4000mm, and thickness is 700mm～1500mm.
Embodiment 1
The steel ingot weight of smelting cast is 140t, becomes to be of a size of the die steel of 3000mm * 1000mm * 800mm through twice jumping-up, pulling technology post-treatment, and through chemical analysis, its concrete composition is as shown in table 1.
The chemical ingredients of low heat resistant hot-work die steel among the table 1* embodiment 1 (weight percentage, %)
| Element | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | V |
| Become sub specification | 0.4～0.6 | 0.1～0.5 | 0.6～1.0 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | 0.9～1.3 | 0.4～0.6 | 1.4～2.0 | 0.06～0.1 |
| The actual measurement composition | 0.54 | 0.20 | 0.74 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 1.06 | 0.48 | 1.58 | 0.086 |
* the Ac of this composition
3It is 715 ℃.
Quenching heat treatment technology to the low heat resistant hot-work die steel is that concrete steps are as follows:
1) heating: be heated to the austenitizing temperature of low heat resistant hot-work die steel with 80 ℃/h of slower temperature rise rate, austenitizing temperature is 850 ℃, avoid higher austenitizing temperature to make grain coarsening;
2) insulation: soaking time is calculated according to t=m * d, and wherein t represents soaking time, and m is 0.5min/mm～1min/mm, and d is the thickness of low heat resistant hot-work die steel, and the unit of d is: mm; 0.5min/mm～1min/mm in the present embodiment * d(die steel thickness is 900mm) soaking time is 20h, makes in full accord and full and uniformization of structural constituent of internal and external temperature;
3) quench cooled: behind first air cooling 5min, water-cooled 27min, behind the air cooling 7min, the mode of oil cooling 160min makes the temperature that shows of low heat resistant hot-work die steel be reduced to 260 ℃ again, and quench cooled finishes;
4) go into the stove tempering: the low heat resistant hot-work die steel that quench cooled is finished changes in 280 ℃ the tempering stove and carries out tempering heat treatment.During tempering, tempering stove is preheated to 280 ℃, can reduces the stress that the die steel quenching heat treatment produces.Wherein, tempering temperature is 600 ℃, and soaking time is 40h, is chilled to room temperature in slow cooling mode in the stove after the tempering, the sampling and measuring mechanical property.
Embodiment 2
The steel ingot weight of smelting cast is 215t, becomes to be of a size of the die steel of 3800mm * 1500mm * 1300mm through twice jumping-up, pulling technology post-treatment, and through chemical analysis, its concrete composition is as shown in table 2.
The chemical ingredients of low heat resistant hot-work die steel among table 2 embodiment 2 (weight percentage, %)
| Element | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | V |
| Become sub specification | 0.4～0.6 | 0.1～0.5 | 0.6～1.0 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | 0.9～1.3 | 0.4～0.6 | 1.4～2.0 | 0.06～0.1 |
| The actual measurement composition | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.85 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 1.20 | 0.55 | 1.70 | 0.07 |
* the Ac of this composition
3It is 760 ℃.
Quenching heat treatment technology to the low heat resistant hot-work die steel is that concrete steps are as follows:
1) heating: be heated to the austenitizing temperature of low heat resistant hot-work die steel with 50 ℃/h of slower temperature rise rate, austenitizing temperature is 875 ℃, avoid higher austenitizing temperature to make grain coarsening;
2) insulation: soaking time is calculated according to t=m * d, and wherein t represents soaking time, and m is 0.5min/mm～1min/mm, and d is the thickness of low heat resistant hot-work die steel, and the unit of d is: (mm); 0.5min/mm～1min/mm in the present embodiment * d(die steel thickness is 1300mm) soaking time is 28h, makes in full accord and full and uniformization of structural constituent of internal and external temperature;
3) quench cooled: behind first air cooling 7min, water-cooled 33min, behind the air cooling 10min, the mode of oil cooling 240min makes the temperature that shows of low heat resistant hot-work die steel be reduced to 300 ℃ again, and quench cooled finishes;
4) go into the stove tempering: the low heat resistant hot-work die steel that quench cooled is finished changes in 320 ℃ the tempering stove and carries out tempering heat treatment.During tempering, tempering stove is preheated to 320 ℃, can reduces the stress that the die steel quenching heat treatment produces.Wherein, tempering temperature is 580 ℃, and soaking time is 55h, is chilled to room temperature in slow cooling mode in the stove after the tempering, the sampling and measuring mechanical property.
Comparative example 1
The steel ingot weight of the low heat resistant hot-work die steel in the comparative example 1 and following process size, and material chemical composition all with embodiment 1 in consistent.The concrete steps of quenching heat treatment are as follows in the comparative example 1:
1) heating: with the heating rate of 50 ℃/h the low heat resistant hot-work die steel is heated to 830 ℃ and carries out austenitizing and handle;
2) insulation: the austenitizing soaking time is 15h;
3) quench cooled: behind the air cooling 3min that comes out of the stove, change over to and cool off 300min in the quenching oil, quench behind the air cooling 20min and finish, carry out tempering;
4) go into the stove tempering: the low heat resistant hot-work die steel that quench cooled is finished changes in 200 ℃ the tempering stove and carries out tempering heat treatment.
Comparative example 2
The steel ingot weight of the low heat resistant hot-work die steel in the comparative example 2 and following process size, and material chemical composition all with embodiment 2 in consistent.The concrete steps of quenching heat treatment are as follows in the comparative example 2:
1) heating: with the heating rate of 50 ℃/h the low heat resistant hot-work die steel is heated to 920 ℃ and carries out austenitizing and handle;
2) insulation: the austenitizing soaking time is 20h;
3) quench cooled: behind the air cooling 3min that comes out of the stove, change over to and cool off 360min in the quenching oil, quench behind the air cooling 20min and finish, carry out tempering;
4) go into the stove tempering: the low heat resistant hot-work die steel that quench cooled is finished changes in 200 ℃ the tempering stove and carries out tempering heat treatment.
Experimental example 1
The low heat resistant hot-work die steel that thermal treatment among the embodiment 1,2 and in the comparative example 1,2 is finished is respectively to the position sample about its surface location and the following 150mm in surface, the mensuration mechanical property, and occurrence is shown in Table 3.
The mechanical property of table 3 embodiment of the invention and comparative example detects
The result as seen, the strength property of sample all obviously is better than strength property and the impelling strength of sample in the corresponding comparative example 1,2 with impelling strength among the embodiment 1,2, and does not see the low heat resistant hot-work die steel in embodiment 1,2 gross distortion and hardening break phenomenon are arranged.Illustrate that the present invention has reached the purpose that improves material mechanical performance.
Experimental example 2
To among the embodiment 1 and the low heat resistant hot-work die steel that thermal treatment finishes in the comparative example 1, adopt metaloscope that the sample structural state of position, the following 150mm left and right sides, surface is analyzed, specifically metallographic structure is seen shown in Figure 2.Fig. 2 (a) is the metallographic structure of embodiment 1, and Fig. 2 (b) is the metallographic structure of comparative example 1.Can be found that by figure the tissue among the embodiment is based on lower bainite, and a small amount of martensite is arranged, and comparative example is mainly the upper bainite tissue.Illustrate that the present invention has reached the purpose of optimizing interior tissue.
In experimental example 1 and experimental example 2, the results of property of embodiment and comparative example and metallographic structure contrast show, the inventive method is according to the variation characteristic of microtexture in the low heat resistant hot-work die steel continuous cooling process, after the large mould steel being implemented the step quenching thermal treatment process of the different types of cooling, do not see the hardening break phenomenon and improved quenching cooling rate.Reach the upper bainite tissue of avoiding too much and formed, optimized the purpose of interior tissue performance, particularly impelling strength and intensity.
Claims (3)
1. the quenching heat treatment technology of a low heat resistant hot-work die steel, it is characterized in that: low heat resistant hot-work die steel, its chemical ingredients percentage composition by weight are, C:0.4～0.6, Si:0.1～0.5, Mn:0.6～1.0, Cr:0.9～1.3, Mo:0.4～0.6, Ni:1.4～2.0, V:0.06～0.1, P :≤0.01, S :≤0.01, Fe: surplus, length dimension is 2500mm～4000mm, and thickness d is 700mm～1500mm; Quenching heat treatment technology to the low heat resistant hot-work die steel is at first, the low heat resistant hot-work die steel to be carried out heat temperature raising, insulation and sufficient austenitizing; Secondly, carrying out step quenching cooling heat with the different types of cooling handles; At last, after the surface temperature of low heat resistant hot-work die steel is reduced to certain limit, carry out tempering heat treatment immediately; Concrete steps are as follows:
1) heat temperature raising: be heated to the austenitizing temperature of low heat resistant hot-work die steel with 50 ℃/h～100 ℃/heat temperature raising speed of h;
2) insulation: the low heat resistant hot-work die steel that will be heated to austenitizing temperature, be incubated processing, make that the die steel internal and external temperature is in full accord, full and uniformization of structural constituent, Quenching Soaking Time is calculated according to t=m * d, wherein t represents soaking time, m is 0.5min/mm～1min/mm, and d is the thickness of low heat resistant hot-work die steel;
3) low heat resistant hot-work die steel quench cooled: through step 2) is with first air cooling, water-cooled, and air cooling again, the mode of oil cooling makes the low heat resistant hot-work die steel finish quench cooled;
4) go into the stove tempering: the low heat resistant hot-work die steel that quench cooled is finished changes in 250 ℃～350 ℃ the tempering stove and carries out tempering heat treatment.
2. the quenching heat treatment technology of low heat resistant hot-work die steel according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the step 1), austenitizing temperature is between Ac3～900 ℃.
3. the quenching heat treatment technology of low heat resistant hot-work die steel according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in the described step 3), air cooling time 5min～10min, water-cooled time 25min～35min, the air cooling time is 5min～10min again, oil cooling time 150min～250min; The temperature that shows of low heat resistant hot-work die steel was 250 ℃～300 ℃ when quench cooled finished.
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| CN114990292B (en) * | 2021-11-22 | 2024-03-29 | 上海亿舜模具科技有限公司 | Heat treatment method for hot work die steel |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN85100821A (en) * | 1985-04-01 | 1985-10-10 | 华中工学院 | Precipitation hardening type die steel for hot working with superior machinability |
| CN1904122A (en) * | 2006-08-07 | 2007-01-31 | 易正伦 | High performance hot work mould steel |
| CN101392353A (en) * | 2008-10-30 | 2009-03-25 | 上海大学 | High manganese and low chromium type high strength and toughness hot-work die steel and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5983719A (en) * | 1982-11-02 | 1984-05-15 | Nippon Steel Corp | Preparation of unnormalized high strength steel |
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN85100821A (en) * | 1985-04-01 | 1985-10-10 | 华中工学院 | Precipitation hardening type die steel for hot working with superior machinability |
| CN1904122A (en) * | 2006-08-07 | 2007-01-31 | 易正伦 | High performance hot work mould steel |
| CN101392353A (en) * | 2008-10-30 | 2009-03-25 | 上海大学 | High manganese and low chromium type high strength and toughness hot-work die steel and preparation method thereof |
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