CN102712261A - 用于调节电蓄能器的荷电状态的方法 - Google Patents

用于调节电蓄能器的荷电状态的方法 Download PDF

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CN102712261A
CN102712261A CN201080049468XA CN201080049468A CN102712261A CN 102712261 A CN102712261 A CN 102712261A CN 201080049468X A CN201080049468X A CN 201080049468XA CN 201080049468 A CN201080049468 A CN 201080049468A CN 102712261 A CN102712261 A CN 102712261A
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H·胡梅尔
G·穆梅尔特
R·希尔施
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于调节混合动力车的电蓄能器的荷电状态的方法，电蓄能器特别是电池，该混合动力车具有内燃机和电机，电池在一工作荷电状态范围内工作，该工作荷电状态范围完全处于电池在理论上可能的荷电状态范围之内，其中，所述电池在工作荷电状态范围的第一分范围中由电机充电，此时电机以发电机方式工作并由内燃机驱动；在工作荷电状态范围的第二分范围中既不被充电也不被放电，此时电机以发电机方式工作并由内燃机驱动并且同时只是为混合动力车的车辆电网供电；在工作荷电状态范围的第三分范围中被放电并且同时为车辆电网供电，此时电机无源地随动运转；在工作荷电状态范围的第四分范围中被放电并且同时为以电动机方式工作的电机供电。

Description

用于调节电蓄能器的荷电状态的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种依据权利要求1前序部分所述的用于调节电蓄能器的荷电状态的方法。
背景技术
所谓混合动力车的特点是，在车辆惯性行驶阶段借助于电机回收动能，也就是说，将其转化为电能并储存在蓄能器中。所储存的能量可以在车辆的驱动阶段用于运行作为电动机的电机和/或用于为各不同的车辆电气***供电。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，对电蓄能器的荷电状态(SoC或者“State of Charge”)如此地进行调节，使得蓄能器能实现较长的使用寿命。
此目的通过权利要求1的特征得以实现。本发明的有利设计和发展可由从属权利要求中得出。
本发明的出发点是这样一种用于调节混合动力车的电蓄能器的荷电状态的方法，所述电蓄能器特别是(蓄)电池，该混合动力车具有内燃机和电机。电蓄能器在一个“工作荷电状态范围”中运行，该工作荷电状态范围完全处于蓄能器在理论上可能的荷电状态范围之内。理论上，该蓄能器可以采取处于0％(蓄能器放空)与100％(蓄能器完全充满)之间范围内的任一荷电状态。试验表明，在运行中蓄能器的荷电状态应该尽可能不低于一给定的下限以及尽可能不高于一给定的上限，因为否则的话会给蓄能器的使用寿命造成严重负担。例如，所述“工作荷电状态范围”可以定义为介于最大荷电状态的30％与80％之间的荷电状态范围。
本发明的核心在于，所述工作荷电状态范围在功能上被划分为四个分范围，其可具有如下特征：
-在工作荷电状态范围的第一分范围(SoC低)中，电池由混合动力车的电机进行充电。该电机因此是以发电机方式工作并且同时由混合动力车的内燃机驱动。
-在工作荷电状态范围的第二分范围(SoC下最佳值)中，电池既不被充电也不被放电。在该分范围内电机也是以发电机方式工作并由内燃机驱动。而由电机所产生的电功率刚好如此之大，即，使其为混合动力车的车辆电网供电。
-在工作荷电状态范围的第三分范围(SoC上最佳值)中，电池被放电，此时电池为混合动力车的车辆电网供电。电机在工作荷电状态范围的第三分范围内无源地随动运转。“无源地随动运转(passiv mitlaufen)”意味着：它(电机)既不接收电功率，也不释放电功率。在该范围，回收能量(再生能量)被有效地利用，其中，将存有的回收得来的蓄积能量用于为车辆中带有的耗电设备供能。
-在工作荷电状态范围的第四分范围(SoC高)中电池被放电。在该分范围，混合动力车的电机以电动机方式工作并由电池供电。
根据本发明的一种发展设计，所述工作荷电状态范围具有一下限，该下限介于最大荷电状态的25％与35％之间的范围内，特别是在最大荷电状态的大约30％。该工作荷电状态范围的上限可以在75％与85％之间的范围内，特别是在最大荷电状态的大约80％。
该工作荷电状态范围的第一分范围是由工作荷电状态范围的下限和一第一分范围界限所定义。该第一分范围界限例如可以在蓄能器最大荷电状态的50％与55％之间的范围内。这样，第一分范围例如可以处于蓄能器最大荷电状态的30％与55％之间。
该工作荷电状态范围的第二分范围是由第一分范围界限和一第二分范围界限所定义，例如可以在60％。
该工作荷电状态范围的第三分范围是由第二分范围界限和一第三分范围界限所定义，第三分范围界限例如可以在蓄能器最大荷电状态的65％。
该工作荷电状态范围的第四分范围是由第三分范围界限和工作荷电状态的上限所定义。这样，第四分范围例如可以处于蓄能器最大荷电状态的65％与80％之间。因此在第一分范围中实现内燃机的“负载点提高”，这就意味着，电机以发电机方式工作并表现为内燃机的一个附加负载。相反第四分范围的特征则在于负载点降低，这意味着，电机以电动机方式工作并且对车辆驱动装置或者说内燃机提供支持。
根据本发明的一种发展设计，在所述工作荷电状态范围的各个分范围之间的过渡(在数学意义上)是连续的。例如它们可以通过斜坡函数定义。换言之，电机的载荷力矩(Lademoment)关于荷电状态具有一种连续的变化曲线。但该变化曲线并不是必须为连续可微的。具体而言，电机载荷力矩对荷电状态的导数可以具有一种不连续的、例如在局部区间(亦即分段地)为定值的变化曲线。
附图说明
图1所示的示意线图表示出依据本发明的用于调节荷电状态的方法。横坐标为荷电状态(SoC，“State of Charge”)。电池在理论上可能的荷电状态范围处于0到100％之间。通常定义这样一个工作荷电状态范围，该工作荷电状态范围消去了理论上可能的荷电状态范围的最低和最高区域。例如，所述工作荷电状态范围可以在30％到80％之间。
具体实施方式
依据本发明，所述工作荷电状态范围被划分为四个分范围1.TB、2.TB、3.TB和4.TB。第一分范围(1.TB)在此所示实施例中是介于工作荷电状态范围的下限(30％)和第一分范围界限之间，该第一分范围界限在这里确定为55％的值。在第一分范围内，混合动力车的电机以发电机方式工作，这一点如图所示便可看出，此时电机的载荷力矩为正值。在此，电机由混合动力车的内燃机驱动。第一分范围的上荷电状态范围(即荷电状态的高值区域)在这里是由45％与55％之间的范围所定义，在此范围内有一“斜坡函数”，也就是说，电机的载荷力矩随着电池荷电状态的提升而逐渐地例如呈线性下降。
在该工作荷电状态范围的第二分范围(2.TB)中，电机同样是以发电机方式工作，此时它继续由内燃机驱动。而电机在工作荷电状态范围的第二分范围中基本上还只是产生车辆电网负载，也就是为混合动力车的车辆电网供电所要求的功率。在第二分范围(2.TB)和第三分范围(3.TB)之间的“过渡区域”同样由一过渡函数构成。该过渡函数在这里也是选定为斜坡函数。在工作荷电状态范围的第三分范围(3.TB)中，电池为车辆电网供电。此时电机主要是无源地随动运转，也就是说它既不接收功率，也不释放功率。
与常规的调节方式或者第二分范围相比得到的优点是在于对回收能量(再生能量)的更为有效的利用。荷电状态的提高在该范围内几乎只是通过回收实现。通过第三分范围内的调节策略，避免使回收能量在短时间内立即经由电机上的负载点降低转化为机械能，而重新通过内燃机功率的一部分和电机在较长的时间段上为车辆电网供电则成为必然。这意味着，结果使得回收能量更加有效消耗地利用，成比例系数1/(2*电机相对效率)。
在该工作荷电状态范围的第四分范围(4.TB)中，电池被放电。此时电机以电动机方式工作并由电池供电。在从第三分范围到第四分范围的过渡区域内同样设定一过渡函数或斜坡函数。电机的载荷力矩相应地为负，因为电机在这里是以电动机方式工作。此时也可以说是内燃机的负载点降低，因为电机对内燃机在扭矩方面提供支持。

Claims (12)

1.用于调节混合动力车的电蓄能器的荷电状态(SoC)的方法，所述电蓄能器特别是电池，该混合动力车具有内燃机和电机，其中，使电池在一工作荷电状态范围(30％、80％)内运行，该工作荷电状态范围完全处于所述电池在理论上可能的荷电状态范围(0％，100％)之内，其特征在于，所述电池在
-工作荷电状态范围的第一分范围(1.TB)中由电机充电，此时电机以发电机方式工作并由内燃机驱动；
-工作荷电状态范围的第二分范围(2.TB)中既不被充电也不被放电，此时电机以发电机方式工作并由内燃机驱动并且同时只是为混合动力车的车辆电网供电；
-工作荷电状态范围的第三分范围(3.TB)中被放电并且同时为车辆电网供电，此时电机无源地随动运转，并且，
-工作荷电状态范围的第四分范围(4.TB)中被放电并且同时为以电动机方式工作的电机供电。
2.依据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述工作荷电状态范围具有一个下限，该下限介于最大荷电状态的25％与35％之间的范围内，特别是在最大荷电状态的大约30％。
3.依据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述工作荷电状态范围具有一个上限，该上限介于最大荷电状态的75％与85％之间的范围内，特别是在最大荷电状态的大约80％。
4.依据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述工作荷电状态范围的第一分范围(1.TB)是由下限(30％)和一第一分范围界限所定义。
5.依据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，所述第一分范围界限是在最大荷电状态的50％与55％之间的范围内。
6.依据权利要求4或5所述的方法，其特征在于，所述工作荷电状态范围的第二分范围(2.TB)是由所述第一分范围界限和一第二分范围界限所定义。
7.依据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，所述第二分范围界限是在最大荷电状态的大约60％。
8.依据权利要求6或7所述的方法，其特征在于，所述工作荷电状态范围的第三分范围(3.TB)是由所述第二分范围界限和一第三分范围界限所定义。
9.依据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，所述第三分范围界限是在最大荷电状态的大约65％。
10.依据权利要求8或9所述的方法，其特征在于，所述工作荷电状态范围的第四分范围(4.TB)是由所述第三分范围界限和该工作荷电状态范围的上限所定义。
11.依据上述权利要求之任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，电机的载荷力矩关于荷电状态(SoC)的函数具有一种连续的变化曲线。
12.依据权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，电机的载荷力矩关于荷电状态的函数对荷电状态的导数具有一种不连续的变化曲线，特别是一种在局部区间为定值的变化曲线。
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