CN102694420B - Intelligent transformer networked measurement and control system and method - Google Patents
Intelligent transformer networked measurement and control system and method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an intelligent transformer networked measurement and control system and an intelligent transformer networked measurement and control method in the technical field of intelligent transformer secondary control. The system comprises a clock synchronization module, a process layer network module, a station control layer network module, a programmable logic module and a central control module, wherein the clock synchronization module is connected with the process layer network module and outputs clock synchronization output information; the process layer network module is connected with the programmable logic module and the central control module respectively and outputs each interval analog quantity and switch quantity information and local real-time information; the programmable logic module is connected with the central control module and outputs a control rule algorithm; and the station control layer network module is connected with the central control module, receives an anti-operation lockout rule algorithm and a strategy optimization algorithm and outputs system configuration description (SCD) files from a monitoring background system. According to the system and the method, networked measurement and control can cover a plurality of intervals and even the whole station, so that highly integrated application of an intelligent transformer based on a networked information sharing mechanism is realized; and therefore, the system and the method contribute to optimizing a system configuration scheme, reducing system failure rate and improving system stability.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is a kind of device and method of intelligent substation linear quadratic control technical field, a kind of specifically intelligent substation Networked Supervising system and method thereof.
Background technology
IEC61850 system provides the structure system of transformer station's information flow for intelligent substation engineeringization advances, " three layer of two net " structure becomes intelligent substation and is different from the key character of conventional substation, information " place gathers; share at full station " has fully demonstrated the convenience that intelligent substation information " is called " as required, and has formed the basis of " self-healing " type intelligent grid.
Along with the propelling of intelligent substation technology, protective relaying device site will become a kind of inevitable development trend, and main cause is that first and second equipment can complete connection, test in factory, has very big realistic meaning for simplifying transformer substation construction process.If protection site is development trend, the propelling of transformer station's unattended operation pattern, the application model that conventional substation automated system relates to measure and control device, monitoring backstage, the telemechanical communication server faces the challenge of networking technology application.
Intelligent substation linear quadratic control technology relates generally to two professional domains at present; first relaying protection field; quick isolated fault point in the time that electrical network primary equipment breaks down; recovering electrical network normally moves; equipment category is the secondary circuit that connects electric current, voltage transformer, the breaker tripping and closing operation circuit (control box etc.) of protective relaying device itself, connection circuit breaker.It two is automatic fields, and transformer station's electric operation of normal operation, is carried out from the control command of grid dispatching center etc. at the electric parameters operation information of the on-the-spot transformer station of the anti-misoperation locking between the interval under maintenance model, upper pushing electric network control centre.Whole automatic field Constitution ratio of plant is more complicated, has monitoring background system, the telemechanical communication server of responsible remote data transmission etc. of the measure and control device based on interval, " anti-misoperation locking " system that prevents misoperation, the information storage of responsible transformer station, the application of full station.
For solving transformer station's information synchronization accuracy problem, IEC TC57 working group has increased IEC61850-90-4 standard newly, as Ethernet switch engineering construction directive/guide (Guidelines of Ethernet Network Switch Engineering).Clearly adopt IEC61588 (substantially quoting IEEE1588 standard) agreement realize network to time microsecond accuracy; realize by network the solution that the full transformer station scope time distributes with IEC61588, transformer station formulate network to time standard provide file by name " IEEE1588 Precision Time Protocol is for the ieee standard protocol suite of the application such as protecting electrical power system ".Therefore, intelligent substation is by building process layer network, and automated system can obtain the information of " unique, synchronous, standard, full station ", and on this basis, information application is presented as the feature that integrated level is higher.
Through the retrieval of prior art is found, the open day 2011-05-18 of Chinese patent literature CN201839094U, record a kind of " main transformer of transformer substation measure and control device ", this device adopts multi-module structure, particularly adopt bus-extending technology, in a covering device, realize jumbo AC sampling, state signal collecting, control signal output, and carry out exchanges data by IEC61850 agreement and station level equipment, also realized IRIG-B code exact time synchronization simultaneously.This cover measure and control device can carry out of ac collection, switch acquisition, main shift information gathering, the collection of main transformer ontology information of high, medium and low three sides of a main transformer of transformer station, can carry out the switch at main transformer three side intervals, the control of disconnecting link, carry out adjusting, the air-blower control etc. of main transformer gear, a measure and control device has completed the observing and controlling function of whole main transformer.But this technology only contains three side observing and controlling functions of single transformer, for comprising multiple intervals (as multiple transformers) and even full station cannot be implemented; This technology is the observing and controlling of the each side of the integrated conventional transformer of simple physical, a conventional large observing and controlling in other words conj.or perhaps, and do not take network mode obtain the information of the each side of transformer and implement the functions such as control; This technology does not contain the anti-misoperation functions such as the anti-misoperation locking between each side; This technology does not possess the control strategy optimization function based on full station information etc.
The open day 2011-12-07 of Chinese patent literature CN202068235U, a kind of " territory, the station topology five anti-measure and control devices of application intelligent substation " are recorded, this technology comprises: central processing unit, preprocessor, network interface card process chip, synchronised clock input interface, Ethernet interface and Modular switch system, this device meets intelligent substation " three layer of two net " structure based on IEC61850 standard traffic, Adoption Networkization gathers, integrate the functions such as public observing and controlling and station territory topology five be anti-, by extracting SCD file (transformer station's configuration file, SystemConfigurationDescription) the primary equipment physical connection relation comprising in forms static topological model, and various switching control devices on the real-time management of collecting device state and latching network on this basis, realize real-time topological anti-error system, support IEEE1588 standard with timer, can realize the synchronization accuracy of full station 1 Microsecond grade by private branch exchange system, can meet observing and controlling and the anti-misoperation locking requirement of intelligent substation.But this technology fails to contain inlet wire observing and controlling, be incomplete as the topological anti-error information gathering in full station; It is anti-error that this Technology Need monitoring background system co-ordination could form territory, station, is not independently in function; This technology can not be utilized territory, information optimization station, full station control strategy.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to prior art above shortcomings, a kind of intelligent substation Networked Supervising system and method thereof are provided, for the equipment and system configuration present situation of existing electric substation automation system, based on IEC61850 system information networking shared mechanism, function has contained clock synchronous, the centralized measure and control device based on interval, " anti-misoperation locking " system that prevents misoperation, responsible transformer station's information storage and the complete applicable system of standing posture merit.Can contain multiple intervals (as multiple transformers) and even entirely stand by Networked Supervising, realize the Highgrade integration application of Network Basedization of intelligent substation information sharing mechanism, greatly reduce the connection of transformer station secondary system, realized the device of the functions such as anti-misoperation locking, sequencing control (sequence), voltage power-less control.The application of this device can significantly reduce the equipment investment of electric substation automation system, contributes to reduce system failure rate, improves the stability of a system.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
The present invention relates to a kind of transformer station Networked Supervising system, comprise: clock synchronization module, process-level network module, station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media, programmed logical module and central control module, wherein: clock synchronization module and process-level network module are connected and output clock is synchronizeed output information, process-level network module is connected with central control module with programmed logical module respectively and exports each interval analog quantity, switching value information and local real time information, programmed logical module is connected with central control module and exports control law algorithm, station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media is connected with central control module and receives anti-misoperation locking rule algorithm, policy optimization algorithm output are from the SCD file of dispatching of power netwoks concentrator station.
The investigating method that the present invention relates to said system, comprises the following steps:
The first step, SV (sampled value, Sampled Value) and GOOSE process-level network based on IEC61850 system, gather electric current, voltage and circuit-breaker status information, and device based on the synchronous SV of IEEE1588 mechanism and GOOSE process layer network.
The logical relation of second step, transformer station's first and second equipment of setting up according to SCD file, builds the topological relation between equipment during substation operation.
The 3rd step, set up interval anti-misoperation locking rule according to electric operation principle, realize interval, full station " anti-misoperation locking " is integrated, deviceization, the programming operations of realization based on real-time dynamic error-prevention latching logic.Utilize in real time dynamic anti-misoperation locking logic, the careful property of audit program operational order.
The 4th step, utilize real-time topology deduce result, the control strategy (as voltage power-less control, low-frequency load reduction, prepared auto restart etc.) that assessment forms according to calculated off-line, the matching degree of real-time assessment control strategy and electrical network actual motion state, on-line optimization control strategy, realize the self adaptation of full station control strategy, realize the device of full station control strategy with Embedded Configuration Software.
The 5th step, the interval real-time topology corresponding relation providing according to real-time topology unit, and the information memory cell of process-level network module obtains each interval analog quantity, switching value information, carry out various Parameters Calculation, and by result of calculation pushing electric network scheduling (concentrator station) on station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media; Meanwhile, accept the operational order from dispatching of power netwoks (concentrator station), deliver to the collection control unit of process-level network module, executive control operation order.
The present invention is by SV and the GOOSE information of leaching process layer network, based on the information source of " full station, unique, synchronous, standard ", form integrated " observing and controlling, anti-misoperation locking, the territory control strategy of standing are as (voltage power-less control, low-frequency load reduction, prepared auto restart etc.) function " in the device of one, fully demonstrate the feature of IEC61850 system optimization information flow, realize information " place gathers, share at station entirely ".Improve the integrated level of electric substation automation system.Greatly simplify electric substation automation system allocation plan, made transformer substation construction pattern there is revolutionary variation,, laid a good foundation for realizing " self-cure type " intelligent grid future meanwhile.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is embodiment schematic diagram.
Embodiment
Below embodiments of the invention are elaborated, the present embodiment is implemented under taking technical solution of the present invention as prerequisite, provided detailed execution mode and concrete operating process, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to following embodiment.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, native system comprises: clock synchronization module, process-level network module, station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media, programmed logical module and central control module, wherein: clock synchronization module and process-level network module are connected and output clock is synchronizeed output information, process-level network module is connected with central control module with programmed logical module respectively and exports each interval analog quantity, switching value information, programmed logical module is connected with central control module and exports control law algorithm, station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media is connected with central control module and receives anti-misoperation locking rule algorithm, policy optimization algorithm output are from the SCD file of monitoring background system.
Described clock synchronization module comprises: standard time time service unit, synchronizing signal computing unit and synchronizing signal output unit, wherein: standard time time service unit receive clock source signal, as GPS, the Big Dipper etc., as synchronous base source and export synchronizing signal computing unit to; Synchronizing signal computing unit is decoded and is processed and set up the synchronization mechanism based on IEEE1588 for received synchronous base source; Synchronizing signal output unit is according to the synchronous output information of IEEE1588 synchronization mechanism output clock to process-level network, and realization is synchronous for IED's in process-level network module.
Described process-level network module comprises: gather control unit, data decode unit and information memory cell; Wherein: gather control unit and gather by the process layer SV network switch SV message that primary current, voltage are reflected in each interval, collect the GOOSE message of reflection circuit breaker, isolation switch state by the process layer GOOSE network switch; Receive the clock synchronous output information from clock synchronization module, based on IEEE1588 synchronization mechanism, realization is synchronous for IED equipment on process-level network; Accept the operation control command from central control module, deliver to process layer IED device operation command; Data decode unit according to IEC61850 standard, resolves to analog quantity and switching value information corresponding to each interval by SV message and GOOSE message; Information memory cell will be retained in buffer area through each interval analog quantity, the switching value information of resolving, in order to calling.
Described station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media comprises: data communication units, Port Management unit and data transmission unit, wherein: data communication units realizes the information interaction (as SCD file etc.) of station level and monitoring background system or dispatching of power netwoks (concentrator station), on send local information, receive the information such as descending control command; The empowerment management for the access control of station level network, prevention unauthorized access and secure access is realized in Port Management unit; Hang oneself the in the future station level information of security audit of data transmission unit is delivered to central control module, and the auxiliary system IED information of accepting is delivered to monitoring background system.
Described central control module comprises: the first data receiver unit, Model Mapping unit, real-time topology unit, anti-misoperation locking logical block, policy optimization unit and comprehensive control unit, wherein: the first data receiver unit obtains each interval analog quantity, switching value information from the information memory cell of process-level network module, form the Back ground Information source that various functions realize; In the data transmission unit of Model Mapping unit slave station control layer network module, obtain SCD file, set up transformer station's first and second topological relation; Real-time topology unit obtains local real time information from the first data receiver unit, and the topological relation of setting up based on Model Mapping unit builds the real-time topology corresponding relation based on interval, and result is sent into comprehensive control unit; Anti-misoperation locking logical block, according to electric operation principle, builds anti-misoperation locking rule algorithm, and algorithm principle is delivered to programmed logical module through the first data receiver unit, and accept the result of calculation of programmed logical module; Accordingly, for various operational orders (as sequencing control etc.) carry out anti-misoperation locking judgement, provide permit operation or quiescing order; Policy optimization unit deposits the control strategy table that calculated off-line obtains in advance in, and the policy optimization algorithm of deducing according to real-time topology is delivered to programmed logical module through the first data receiver unit, and accepts the result of calculation of programmed logical module.Accordingly, the control strategy (as voltage power-less control, low-frequency load reduction, prepared auto restart etc.) that assessment forms according to calculated off-line, the matching degree of real-time assessment control strategy and electrical network actual motion state; The interval real-time topology corresponding relation that comprehensive control unit provides according to real-time topology unit, and the information memory cell of process-level network module obtains each interval analog quantity, switching value information, carry out various Parameters Calculation, and result of calculation is sent on station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media to monitoring background system and dispatching of power netwoks (concentrator station); Meanwhile, accept the operational order from monitoring background system or dispatching of power netwoks (concentrator station), deliver to the collection control unit of process-level network module, executive control operation order.
Described programmed logical module comprises: the second data receiver unit, function modeling unit and logical calculated unit, wherein; The second data receiver unit receives from the control law algorithm of central control module, and from the local real time information of process-level network module information memory cell, forms required algorithm principle and the required information source of logical calculated of function modeling; Functional mode, according to user-defined various algorithm principle, is set up based on IEC61131 in function modeling unit, the algorithmic rule of construction logic computing unit; Logical calculated unit, according to determined functional mode and real time information, is realized various user-defined calculating, and result of calculation is delivered to the first data receiver unit of central control module.
Said system detects by following steps:
S100: process-level network module receive clock synchronization module synchronously to time information, by the SV based on IEC61850 system and GOOSE process-level network, realize based on IEEE1588 synchronously to time; Electric current, voltage and circuit-breaker status information after gathering synchronously.Make information there is the feature of " full station, unique, synchronous, standard ".
In the application's implementation method, process-level network module is by SV network and the GOOSE network of process layer, based on IEEE1588 realize each interval IED synchronously to time, and obtain the synchronizing information at each interval, full station, for the application based on full station information lays the foundation.
S200: central control module is controlled the SCD file of layer network module reflection transforming plant primary, secondary device contact by receiving station, and receive the real time information of " full station, unique, synchronous, standard " through process-level network module, set up the topological corresponding relation between information.
In the application's implementation method, the feature of " full station, unique, synchronous, standard " information that use device obtains, the logical relation of transformer station's first and second equipment of setting up according to SCD file, the topological relation during structure substation operation between equipment.
S300: programmed logical module is obtained the real time information of " full station, unique, synchronous, standard " through process-level network module, the electric operation principle algorithm providing according to central control module, set up interval anti-misoperation locking computation rule based on IEC61131, and calculate in real time dynamic anti-misoperation locking logic, realize interval, the anti-misoperation locking of standing is integrated entirely, deviceization.The careful property of audit program operational order, reliability and the efficiency of raising programming operations.
S400: programmed logical module is obtained the real time information of " full station, unique, synchronous, standard " through process-level network module, the control strategy algorithm providing according to central control module, set up control strategy computation rule based on IEC61131, utilize real-time topology to deduce result, the control strategy (as voltage power-less control, low-frequency load reduction, prepared auto restart etc.) that assessment forms according to calculated off-line, the matching degree of real-time assessment control strategy and electrical network actual motion state, on-line optimization control strategy.
In the application's implementation method, obtained the real time information of " full station, unique, synchronous, standard " through process-level network module by programmed logical module, the control strategy algorithm providing according to central control module, set up control strategy computation rule based on IEC61131, utilize real-time topology to deduce result, the control strategy (as voltage power-less control, low-frequency load reduction, prepared auto restart etc.) that assessment forms according to calculated off-line and the matching degree of electrical network actual motion state.On-line optimization control strategy, realizes the self adaptation of station control strategy entirely, realizes the device of full station control strategy with Embedded Configuration Software.
S500: the interval real-time topology corresponding relation providing according to real-time topology unit, and the information memory cell of process-level network module obtains each interval analog quantity, switching value information, carry out various Parameters Calculation, and result of calculation is sent on station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media to monitoring background system and dispatching of power netwoks (concentrator station); Meanwhile, accept the operational order from monitoring background system or dispatching of power netwoks (concentrator station), deliver to the collection control unit of process-level network module, executive control operation order.
As shown in Figure 1, in the application's implementation method, the interval real-time topology corresponding relation that central control module provides according to real-time topology unit, and the information memory cell of process-level network module obtains each interval analog quantity, switching value information, carry out various Parameters Calculation, and result of calculation is sent on station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media to monitoring background system and dispatching of power netwoks (concentrator station); Meanwhile, accept the operational order from monitoring background system or dispatching of power netwoks (concentrator station), deliver to the collection control unit of process-level network module, executive control operation order.
Therefore, transformer station's Networked Supervising system that the embodiment of the present application provides, complete on the basis of full station information gathering at process layer SV network and GOOSE network, can, according to the feature of " full station, unique, synchronous, the standard " information based on IEC61850 system, deduce in real time the logical relation of substation equipment according to SCD file.Determine in real time dynamically anti-misoperation locking rule, realize interval, full station " anti-misoperation locking " is integrated.The careful property of dynamic chek programming operations order, the efficiency of raising programming operations.Dynamic chek, according to the full standing posture control strategy of calculated off-line and the matching degree of actual substation operation situation, is taked optimisation technique, realizes the self adaptation of full standing posture control strategy (voltage power-less control, low-frequency load reduction, prepared auto restart etc.).Device will greatly be simplified the allocation plan of electric substation automation system, the integrated level of raising information application and the reliability of system.
Claims (8)
1. transformer station's Networked Supervising system, comprise: clock synchronization module, process-level network module, station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media, programmed logical module and central control module, wherein: clock synchronization module and process-level network module are connected and output clock is synchronizeed output information, process-level network module is connected with central control module with programmed logical module respectively and exports each interval analog quantity, switching value information and local real time information, programmed logical module is connected with central control module and exports control law algorithm, station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media is connected with central control module and receives anti-misoperation locking rule algorithm, policy optimization algorithm output are from the SCD file of monitoring background system,
Described central control module comprises: the first data receiver unit, Model Mapping unit, real-time topology unit, anti-misoperation locking logical block, policy optimization unit and comprehensive control unit, wherein: the first data receiver unit obtains each interval analog quantity, switching value information from the information memory cell of process-level network module, form the Back ground Information source that various functions realize; In the data transmission unit of Model Mapping unit slave station control layer network module, obtain SCD file, set up transformer station's first and second topological relation; Real-time topology unit obtains local real time information from the first data receiver unit, and the topological relation of setting up based on Model Mapping unit builds the real-time topology corresponding relation based on interval, and result is sent into comprehensive control unit; Anti-misoperation locking logical block, according to electric operation principle, build anti-misoperation locking rule algorithm, and algorithm principle is delivered to programmed logical module through the first data receiver unit, and accept the result of calculation of programmed logical module, accordingly, carry out anti-misoperation locking judgement for various operational orders, provide permit operation or quiescing order; Policy optimization unit deposits the control strategy table that calculated off-line obtains in advance in, the policy optimization algorithm of deducing according to real-time topology is delivered to programmed logical module through the first data receiver unit, and accept the result of calculation of programmed logical module, accordingly, the control strategy that assessment forms according to calculated off-line, the matching degree of real-time assessment control strategy and electrical network actual motion state; The interval real-time topology corresponding relation that comprehensive control unit provides according to real-time topology unit, and the information memory cell of process-level network module obtains each interval analog quantity, switching value information, carry out various Parameters Calculation, and result of calculation is sent on station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media to monitoring background system and dispatching of power netwoks or concentrator station; Accept the operational order from monitoring background system or dispatching of power netwoks or concentrator station simultaneously, deliver to the collection control unit of process-level network module, executive control operation order.
2. system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described clock synchronization module comprises: standard time time service unit, synchronizing signal computing unit and synchronizing signal output unit, wherein: standard time time service unit receive clock source signal, as synchronous base source and export synchronizing signal computing unit to; Synchronizing signal computing unit is decoded and is processed and set up IEEE1588 synchronization mechanism for received synchronous base source; Synchronizing signal output unit is according to the synchronous output information of IEEE1588 synchronization mechanism output clock to process-level network, and realization is synchronous for IED device in process-level network module.
3. system according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described clock source signals is from GPS or the Big Dipper.
4. system according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described process-level network module comprises: gather control unit, data decode unit and information memory cell; Wherein: gather control unit and gather by the process layer SV network switch SV message that primary current, voltage are reflected in each interval, collect the GOOSE message of reflection circuit breaker, isolation switch state by the process layer GOOSE network switch; And receive the clock synchronous output information from clock synchronization module, based on IEEE1588 synchronization mechanism, realization is synchronous for IED equipment on process-level network; Accept the operation control command from central control module, deliver to process layer IED device; Data decode unit according to IEC61850 standard, resolves to analog quantity and switching value information corresponding to each interval by SV message and GOOSE message; Information memory cell will be retained in buffer area through each interval analog quantity, the switching value information of resolving, in order to calling.
5. system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media comprises: data communication units, Port Management unit and data transmission unit, wherein: data communication units realizes station level and the information interaction of monitoring background system, dispatching of power netwoks or concentrator station, on send local information, receive descending control command; The empowerment management for the access control of station level network, prevention unauthorized access and secure access is realized in Port Management unit; Hang oneself the in the future station level information of security audit of data transmission unit is delivered to central control module, and accepts from auxiliary system IED information, delivers to monitoring background system through data communication services.
6. system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described programmed logical module comprises: the second data receiver unit, function modeling unit and logical calculated unit, wherein: the second data receiver unit receives from the control law algorithm of central control module and from the local real time information of process-level network module information memory cell, forms required algorithm principle and the required information source of logical calculated of function modeling; Functional mode, according to user-defined various algorithm principle, is set up based on IEC61131 in function modeling unit, the algorithmic rule of construction logic computing unit; Logical calculated unit, according to determined functional mode and real time information, is realized various user-defined calculating, and result of calculation is delivered to central control module.
7. according to an investigating method for system described in above-mentioned arbitrary claim, it is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
The first step, SV and GOOSE process-level network based on IEC61850 system, gather electric current, voltage and circuit-breaker status information, and device based on the synchronous SV of IEEE1588 mechanism and GOOSE process layer network;
The logical relation of second step, transformer station's first and second equipment of setting up according to SCD file, builds the topological relation between equipment during substation operation;
The 3rd step, set up interval anti-misoperation locking rule according to electric operation principle, realize interval, the anti-misoperation locking of standing is integrated entirely, realize the programming operations based on real-time dynamic error-prevention latching logic, utilize in real time dynamic anti-misoperation locking logic, the careful property of audit program operational order;
The 4th step, utilize real-time topology deduce result, the control strategy that assessment forms according to calculated off-line, the matching degree of real-time assessment control strategy and electrical network actual motion state, on-line optimization control strategy, realize the self adaptation of full station control strategy, realize the device of full station control strategy with Embedded Configuration Software;
The 5th step, the interval real-time topology corresponding relation providing according to real-time topology unit, and the information memory cell of process-level network module obtains each interval analog quantity, switching value information, carry out various Parameters Calculation, and by result of calculation pushing electric network scheduling on station level mixed-media network modules mixed-media; Accept the operational order from monitoring background system or dispatching of power netwoks or concentrator station simultaneously, deliver to the collection control unit of process-level network module, under process-level network, deliver to IED executive control operation order.
8. investigating method according to claim 7, is characterized in that, described control strategy comprises: voltage power-less control, low-frequency load reduction and prepared auto restart.
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