CN102680475A - Device and method for rapidly measuring carbon black concentration in laminar flow diffusion flames based on parallel light - Google Patents

Device and method for rapidly measuring carbon black concentration in laminar flow diffusion flames based on parallel light Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102680475A
CN102680475A CN201210132279XA CN201210132279A CN102680475A CN 102680475 A CN102680475 A CN 102680475A CN 201210132279X A CN201210132279X A CN 201210132279XA CN 201210132279 A CN201210132279 A CN 201210132279A CN 102680475 A CN102680475 A CN 102680475A
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burner
light
xenon lamp
ccd camera
flame
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何旭
戴钰杰
李向荣
刘福水
李红梅
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Beijing Institute of Technology BIT
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Beijing Institute of Technology BIT
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Abstract

The invention discloses a device and a method for rapidly measuring carbon black concentration in laminar flow diffusion flames based on parallel light. The measuring device comprises a xenon lamp, a burner, a convex lens A, a pore diaphragm, an attenuation group, a light filter, a charge coupled device (CCD) camera and a computer, wherein the xenon lamp is capable of shooting parallel light, the burner, the convex lamp A, the pore diaphragm, the attenuation group and the light filter are arranged successively behind the xenon lamp, the CCD camera is arranged behind the light filter, and the computer is connected with the CCD camera. Wavelength of the light filter is within the visible wavelength range of the xenon lamp. According to the device and the method, the xenon lamp is used for shooting parallel light with uniform brightness, the parallel light passes through test flames, changes of parallel light intensity before and after the parallel light passes through the test flames are measured, planar carbon black particle extinction coefficients are obtained, and planar laminar flow flame carbon black concentration distribution can be obtained further. The device and the method have the advantages of being convenient and rapid to measure, low in device requirements, fast in speed, changeable in flames, good in repeatability and the like; the method and the device can be applied in both the mechanism research on carbon black and the online measurement of carbon black concentration.

Description

A kind of apparatus and method of measuring soot concentration in the laminar flow diffusion flame based on directional light fast
Technical field
Invention relates to a kind of method and apparatus of measuring soot concentration, is specifically related to a kind ofly measure the apparatus and method of soot concentration in the laminar flow diffusion flame fast based on directional light, belongs to the optical testing technology field.
Background technology
Soot is as a kind of important pollutant in the combustion process, and it is contaminated environment not only, and to human health and production equipment, extremely adverse influence is arranged all; And on the other hand, soot is being brought into play important effect again in commercial production.Soot can be strengthened flame radiation and conduct heat, and improves the heat exchange efficiency of burner; Soot joins in the rubber can strengthen its wearing quality; Soot also is widely used in industries such as printing and dyeing, chemical industry and processing and manufacturing.Therefore study the soot formation mechanism, searching influences the key factor that soot generates, for effectively control and application soot are significant in the future.Make much of the formation mechanism of soot, prerequisite is accurately to obtain the soot CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION in the flame.
The soot diagnostic techniques can be divided into contact type measurement according to measuring principle and indirect type is measured two big types.Because the local signal often that obtains of contact type measurement, and, obtain restriction in the plurality of applications occasion because contacting of measuring equipment and subjects generally all can produce subjects and disturb or destruction.Optical measurement does not influence subjects as a kind of indirect type measurement means, and response is fast, and spatial resolution is high, becomes the important means of research combustion field day by day.
Light extinction method is a kind of very potential optical testing technology, its principle easy to understand, and the cost relatively economical has begun over domestic past ten years to adopt light extinction method that the soot characteristic in the flame is studied.Adopt traditional simple scan technological but the test method of present domestic light extinction method is most of; Need repeatedly scanning just can obtain the two-dimentional soot CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION in the flame, relatively expend time in, and need to use laser equipment; Price comparison is expensive, has restricted the research to the flame combustion process greatly.
The patent No. is that 20119132240.3 invention relates to a kind of measurement mechanism and measuring method of measuring burning carbon black granule density under the condition of high voltage, and this measurement mechanism comprises laser instrument, is set in turn in first attenuator at laser instrument rear, beam path alignment element, first polaroid, sample chamber, second polaroid, condenser lens, first optical filter.These apparatus and method can realize the measurement of high-pressure combustion carbon black granules concentration, but have used equipment such as laser instrument, high pressure sample chamber, and price comparison is expensive, the operating experience of experimental enviroment and testing crew is had relatively high expectations, and have certain danger; Simultaneously, this device can only be realized the spot measurement of carbon black concentration, needs repeatedly scanning, can't directly obtain the test picture of two dimension, and is for medium and small laboratory at the early-stage fundamental research about the flame combustion characteristic, very inapplicable; And the test flame in the laboratory seldom has the uniform flame of concentration, and major part is a rotational symmetry flame, i.e. laminar flame, and the soot CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION of this flame is to obtain through testing directly.
The patent No. is that 20099234551.3 invention relates to a kind of granule density test unit, and this device comprises aerosol generator, blower fan, thick high-efficiency air filtering device, upstream transition pipeline, plexiglass-room and downstream transition conduit.This transposition can be measured the concentration of dust particle in the air easily, but measuring object is single, is only applicable to air etc., can't measure the particle concentration in the tangible medium, therefore is not suitable for the measurement of the inner soot concentration of flame.
The somebody has proposed the method based on the dual-wavelength measurement granule density of light scattering method in recent years; But these methods need adopt laser instrument, drop into comparatively costliness, and process are loaded down with trivial details relatively; Experimental enviroment is had relatively high expectations; Quick inadequately, can not directly obtain to test required two-dimension picture, these are not the methods to the measurement proposition of the inner soot concentration of flame.At present, also nobody proposes to be directed to specially the two-dimensional quantitative measuring method of the inner soot concentration of flame.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, the invention provides and a kind ofly measure the apparatus and method of soot concentration in the laminar flow diffusion flame fast based on directional light, can obtain the two-dimentional soot CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION of laminar flow diffusion flame fast, repeatability is good, and degree of accuracy is high.
The device of measuring soot concentration in the laminar flow diffusion flame fast based on directional light of the present invention comprises xenon lamp, is successively set on burner, convex lens A, aperture, convex lens B, attenuator, optical filter and CCD camera on the xenon lamp optical path direction; Wherein burner, convex lens A, aperture, convex lens B, attenuator and optical filter all are fixed on the test platform, and the CCD camera is placed on the adjustable support; Guarantee that the center line of all devices all is on the same straight line except that burner; Aperture is positioned at the focal position in the middle of convex lens A and the convex lens B; Burner is positioned at the below of light path; The CCD camera is connected into computing machine.
Said xenon lamp is equipped with the collimation camera lens, can get directional light, and in the xenon lamp visible wavelength range, comprises the wavelength X of optical filter.
Said aperture is the adjustable circular iris of center bore; The aperture center bore is slightly larger than the diameter that directional light planoconvex lens A that xenon lamp sends focuses on the light beam that the back forms, and interferes to guarantee that light beam can not produce at the edge of the center pit of aperture.
The flame that said burner sends is the laminar flow diffusion flame, below burner, is provided with air intake, and said air intake is positioned at the periphery of burner nozzle, and coaxial with burner nozzle; Air intake one end links to each other with gas cylinder, the other end lead to flame that burner sends around, guarantee the stability of flame.
Said attenuator can need be selected monolithic attenuator or attenuator group for use according to test.
Of the present inventionly measure the method for soot concentration in the laminar flow diffusion flame fast, may further comprise the steps based on directional light:
Step 1, close all light sources of measure field, close xenon lamp and burner, open the CCD camera, regulate CCD camera to correct position and fixing, the position of CCD camera guarantees that the nozzle of burner is positioned at the centre position of image below; Adopt the CCD camera to take pictures, with clap three-dimensional RGB image pass to computing machine, after Computer Processing, obtain two dimensional gray figure, and then obtain the two-dimensional illumination intensity distribution I under this condition d
Step 2, open and regulate xenon lamp; Make xenon lamp send a branch of visible, even brightness directional light, adopt the CCD camera to take pictures, with clap three-dimensional RGB image pass to computing machine; After Computer Processing, obtain two dimensional gray figure, and then obtain the two-dimensional illumination intensity distribution I under this condition l
Step 3, close xenon lamp, open and regulate burner, burner sends stable laminar flow diffusion flame, and makes flame section to be measured be arranged in the CCD image of camera; The flame optical radiation adopts the CCD camera to take pictures to the CCD camera lens, with clap three-dimensional RGB image pass to computing machine, after Computer Processing, obtain two dimensional gray figure, and then obtain the two-dimensional illumination intensity distribution I under this condition f
The laminar flow diffusion flame that step 4, maintenance burner send is constant; Open xenon lamp; Directional light that xenon lamp sends and flame light are transferred on the CCD camera lens simultaneously, adopt the CCD camera to take pictures, with clap three-dimensional RGB image pass to computing machine; After Computer Processing, obtain two dimensional gray figure, and then obtain the two-dimensional illumination intensity distribution I under this condition t
Step 5, obtain the light intensity under different condition to step 4, obtain the carbon soot particles extinction coefficient K under the visible light light intensity condition that wavelength is λ according to formula (1) through step 1 Ext, λ
I t - I f I l - I d = exp ( - ∫ - ∞ ∞ K ext , λ ds ) - - - ( 1 )
Wherein:
K Ext, λ: wavelength is the carbon soot particles extinction coefficient under the visible light light intensity condition of λ;
S: the light path of laminar flow diffusion flame on optical path direction that burner sends, promptly directional light gets into flame to the light path that goes out flame;
With the carbon soot particles extinction coefficient K that obtains Ext, λSubstitution formula (2) just obtains the soot concentration Two dimensional Distribution f in this laminar flow diffusion flame v:
f v = K ext , λ λ 6 π ( 1 + ρ sα , λ ) E ( m ) - - - ( 2 )
Wherein:
ρ S α, λ: the scattering coefficient K that at wavelength is the carbon soot particles under the visible light light intensity condition of λ S, λWith absorption coefficient K α, λThe ratio; Scattering coefficient K wherein S, λWith absorption coefficient K α, λObtain according to empirical value;
E (m) is the relevant constant term of flame to be measured, obtains according to empirical value.
In order to make measurement result more accurate, when step 1 adopts the CCD camera to take pictures to step 4, adopt many even to clap, with clap three-dimensional RGB figure average after being sent to computing machine.
Beneficial effect:
(1) single unit system of the present invention is simple in structure, and is convenient and swift, and good reproducibility only needs to change the soot concentration that burner just can be measured different laminar flow diffusion flames, when replacing flame is measured, only needs repeating step three to step 5 can accomplish measurement.
(2) adopt xenon lamp can make light source safer, xenon lamp can be got the visible light in the big wavelength coverage simultaneously, under the cooperation of collimation camera lens, can directly get the even brightness directional light, the speckle noise that is brought out in the time of can avoiding the use of laser light source.
(3) aperture is the circular iris of center bore adjustable type, can effectively cut down Fire Radiation, eliminates the interference of flame light.
(4) burner below is provided with air intake, and air links to each other with gas cylinder, can make air with given pace lead to flame that burner sent around, the stability of warranty test flame when oxygen being provided for burning.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a short form test index path of the present invention.
The vertical view of the laminar flow diffusion flame that Fig. 2 sends for burner.
Wherein, 1-directional light, 2-flame, 3-convex lens A, 4-aperture, 5-convex lens B, 6-attenuator group, 7-optical filter, 8-CCD camera, 9-xenon lamp, 10-burner.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing embodiment that develops simultaneously, describe the present invention.
Present embodiment provides a kind of and measures the apparatus and method of soot concentration in the laminar flow diffusion flame fast based on directional light, and is as shown in Figure 1.Its equipment comprises xenon lamp 9 and is set in turn in burner 10, convex lens A3, aperture 4, convex lens B5, attenuator group 6, optical filter 7 and the CCD camera 8 on xenon lamp 9 optical path directions; Wherein burner 10, convex lens A3, aperture 4, convex lens B5, attenuator group 6 and optical filter 7 all are fixed on the test platform, and the CCD camera is placed on the adjustable support; Guarantee that the center line of all devices all is on the same straight line except that burner 10; Burner 10 is positioned at the below of light path; Computing machine links to each other with CCD camera 8.Aperture is positioned at the focal position in the middle of convex lens A and the convex lens B; In the present embodiment; Distance between convex lens A and convex lens B and aperture is 250mm, and the distance of the distance of burner and convex lens A3, convex lens B5 and CCD camera is good more closely more in theory, but in practice; Need guarantee that the flame that burner sends can not damage convex lens A3, is convenient to the operation of CCD camera simultaneously.Only provide its distance each other in the present embodiment below, the distance of burner and convex lens A3 is 250mm, and the distance of convex lens B5 and CCD camera is 400mm.
Xenon lamp 9 is equipped with the collimation camera lens, can get interior, the even brightness directional light 1 of big wavelength coverage.On the light path central shaft at directional light 1 rear at first process be the flame 2 that produces by burner; In order to guarantee the stability of flame 2; Below burner, be provided with air intake, air intake one end links to each other with gas cylinder, the other end lead to flame that burner sends around.Because the soot of flame inside is to the absorption and the scattering process of light intensity, once decay takes place in light intensity.Be arranged on the test flame 2 rear light path central shafts is convex lens A3; Directional light after the decay is through behind the convex lens A3; Directional light is converged at its focal length place, and the focal length place is provided with aperture 4, and the aperture of aperture 4 center pits is slightly larger than the diameter of the light beam behind the directional light planoconvex lens A3 focal length; In the present embodiment, the aperture of aperture center pit is 2mm.Being arranged on the aperture 4 rear light path central shafts is convex lens B5, reverts to directional light through the light that converges of aperture 4 after through convex lens B5, is convenient to the reception of CCD camera 8.Directional light is before getting into CCD camera 8, through the secondary light overdamp of neutral density attenuator group 6, with the protection camera lens.In the present embodiment, said neutral density attenuator group 6 is made up of a plurality of neutral density attenuators that transmissivity has nothing in common with each other.For obtaining the light intensity in certain wavelength coverage, it is λ optical filter 7 that wavelength is set between CCD camera 8 and neutral density attenuator 6, and the wavelength of said optical filter 7 is in the xenon lamp visible wavelength range.Finally, the attenuate light in certain wavelength coverage gets into the CCD camera.
Based on above device the method for the soot concentration of measurement laminar flame is further explained below.The testing field of the present embodiment dark room of doing is to avoid the interference of veiling glare.
All light sources in step 1, closing test place, indoor doing drawn black the processing; Close xenon lamp and burner, open the CCD camera, the position of regulating the CCD camera makes the nozzle of burner be positioned at the center position of image below.Operation CCD camera carries out many even to be clapped, with clap three-dimensional RGB image average after passing to computing machine, the three-dimensional RGB image that obtains after averaging obtains two dimensional gray figure after Computer Processing, and then obtains the two-dimensional illumination intensity distribution I under this condition d
Step 2, open and regulate xenon lamp, make xenon lamp send a branch of visible directional light, directional light is transferred on the CCD camera lens; Because visible directional light is not through test flame; Its light intensity can not change, and operation CCD camera carries out many even to be clapped, with clap three-dimensional RGB image average after passing to computing machine; The three-dimensional RGB image that obtains after averaging obtains two dimensional gray figure after Computer Processing, and then obtains the two-dimensional illumination intensity distribution I under this condition l
Step 3, close xenon lamp, open and regulate burner, guarantee to test having good stability of flame, and make flame section to be measured be arranged in camera image.Owing to there is not visible directional light this moment; The flame optical radiation is to the CCD camera lens; Operation CCD camera carries out many and even claps; With clap three-dimensional RGB image average after passing to computing machine, the three-dimensional RGB image that obtains after averaging obtains two dimensional gray figure after Computer Processing, and then obtains the two-dimensional illumination intensity distribution I under this condition f
Step 4, keep test flame constant; Open xenon lamp; Directional light that xenon lamp sends and flame light are transferred on the CCD camera lens simultaneously, and operation CCD camera carries out many even to be clapped, with clap three-dimensional RGB image average after passing to computing machine; The three-dimensional RGB image that obtains after averaging obtains two dimensional gray figure after Computer Processing, and then obtains the two-dimensional illumination intensity distribution I under this condition t
Step 5, through step 1 to step 4, obtain under various situation, the visible light distribution of directional light on the CCD camera of even brightness can be calculated the carbon soot particles extinction coefficient K under the visible light light intensity condition that wavelength is λ according to formula (1) Ext, λ:
I t - I f I l - I d = exp ( - ∫ - ∞ ∞ K ext , λ ds ) - - - ( 1 )
Wherein: K Ext, λ---wavelength is the carbon soot particles extinction coefficient under the visible light light intensity condition of λ;
S---the light path of test flame on optical path direction, promptly directional light gets into flame to the light path that goes out flame;
With the extinction coefficient K that obtains Ext, λSubstitution formula (2) just can obtain the soot concentration f in this test flame v
f v = K ext , λ λ 6 π ( 1 + ρ sα , λ ) E ( m ) - - - ( 2 )
Wherein:
ρ S α, λ---wavelength is the scattering coefficient K of the carbon soot particles under the visible light light intensity condition of λ S, λWith absorption coefficient K α, λThe ratio; K wherein S, λAnd K α, λObtain according to empirical value;
E (m) is the constant term relevant with flame to be measured, obtains according to empirical value.
In sum, more than being merely preferred embodiment of the present invention, is not to be used to limit protection scope of the present invention.All within spirit of the present invention and principle, any modification of being done, be equal to replacement, improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. device of measuring soot concentration in the laminar flow diffusion flame based on directional light fast; It is characterized in that; Comprise xenon lamp, be successively set on burner, convex lens A, aperture, convex lens B, attenuator, optical filter and CCD camera on the xenon lamp optical path direction; Wherein burner, convex lens A, aperture, convex lens B, attenuator and optical filter all are fixed on the test platform, and the CCD camera is placed on the adjustable support; Guarantee that the center line of all devices all is on the same straight line except that burner; Aperture is positioned at the focal position in the middle of convex lens A and the convex lens B; Burner is positioned at the below of light path; The CCD camera is connected into computing machine;
Said xenon lamp is equipped with the collimation camera lens, can get directional light, and in the xenon lamp visible wavelength range, comprises the wavelength X of optical filter;
Said aperture is the adjustable circular iris of center bore;
The flame that said burner sends is the laminar flow diffusion flame.
2. a kind of device of measuring soot concentration in the laminar flow diffusion flame based on directional light fast according to claim 1; It is characterized in that; Said aperture center bore is slightly larger than the diameter that directional light planoconvex lens A that xenon lamp sends focuses on the light beam that the back forms, and interferes to guarantee that light beam can not produce at the edge of the center pit of aperture.
3. a kind of device of measuring soot concentration in the laminar flow diffusion flame based on directional light fast according to claim 1; It is characterized in that; Said burner below is provided with air intake, and said air intake is positioned at the periphery of burner nozzle, with the burner nozzle coaxial arrangement; Air intake one end links to each other with gas cylinder, the other end lead to flame that burner sends around.
4. according to claim 1ly a kind ofly measure the device of soot concentration in the laminar flow diffusion flame fast, it is characterized in that said attenuator is monolithic or attenuator group based on directional light.
5. measure the method for soot concentration in the laminar flow diffusion flame fast based on directional light for one kind, it is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
Step 1, close all light sources of measure field, close xenon lamp and burner, open the CCD camera, regulate CCD camera to correct position and fixing, the position of CCD camera guarantees that the nozzle of burner is positioned at the centre position of image below; Adopt the CCD camera to take pictures, with clap three-dimensional RGB image pass to computing machine, after Computer Processing, obtain two dimensional gray figure, and then obtain the two-dimensional illumination intensity distribution I under this condition d
Step 2, open and regulate xenon lamp; Make xenon lamp send a branch of visible, even brightness directional light, adopt the CCD camera to take pictures, with clap three-dimensional RGB image pass to computing machine; After Computer Processing, obtain two dimensional gray figure, and then obtain the two-dimensional illumination intensity distribution I under this condition l
Step 3, close xenon lamp, open and regulate burner, burner sends stable laminar flow diffusion flame, and makes flame section to be measured be arranged in the CCD image of camera; The flame optical radiation adopts the CCD camera to take pictures to the CCD camera lens, with clap three-dimensional RGB image pass to computing machine, after Computer Processing, obtain two dimensional gray figure, and then obtain the two-dimensional illumination intensity distribution I under this condition f
The laminar flow diffusion flame that step 4, maintenance burner send is constant; Open xenon lamp; Directional light that xenon lamp sends and flame light are transferred on the CCD camera lens simultaneously, adopt the CCD camera to take pictures, with clap three-dimensional RGB image pass to computing machine; After Computer Processing, obtain two dimensional gray figure, and then obtain the two-dimensional illumination intensity distribution I under this condition t
Step 5, obtain the light intensity under different condition to step 4, obtain the carbon soot particles extinction coefficient K under the visible light light intensity condition that wavelength is λ according to formula (1) through step 1 Ext, λ
I t - I f I l - I d = exp ( - ∫ - ∞ ∞ K ext , λ ds ) - - - ( 1 )
Wherein:
K Ext, λ: wavelength is the carbon soot particles extinction coefficient under the visible light light intensity condition of λ;
S: the light path of laminar flow diffusion flame on optical path direction that burner sends;
With the carbon soot particles extinction coefficient K that obtains Ext, λSubstitution formula (2) just obtains the soot concentration Two dimensional Distribution f in this laminar flow diffusion flame v:
f v = K ext , λ λ 6 π ( 1 + ρ sα , λ ) E ( m ) - - - ( 2 )
Wherein:
ρ S α, λ: the scattering coefficient K that at wavelength is the carbon soot particles under the visible light light intensity condition of λ S, λWith absorption coefficient K α, λThe ratio; Scattering coefficient K wherein S, λWith absorption coefficient K α, λObtain according to empirical value;
E (m) is the relevant constant term of flame to be measured, obtains according to empirical value.
6. a kind of method of measuring soot concentration in the laminar flow diffusion flame based on directional light fast as claimed in claim 5; It is characterized in that; When said step 1 adopts the CCD camera to take pictures to step 4, adopt many even to clap, with clap three-dimensional RGB figure average after being sent to computing machine.
CN201210132279XA 2012-04-28 2012-04-28 Device and method for rapidly measuring carbon black concentration in laminar flow diffusion flames based on parallel light Pending CN102680475A (en)

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JP2015232474A (en) * 2014-06-09 2015-12-24 一般財団法人電力中央研究所 Imaging method and imaging apparatus for particle in flame
CN106605138B (en) * 2014-09-05 2021-03-30 马尔文仪器有限公司 Particle characterization method and apparatus
CN106605138A (en) * 2014-09-05 2017-04-26 马尔文仪器有限公司 Particle characterization method and apparatus
CN104865172A (en) * 2015-06-08 2015-08-26 吉林大学 Soot measurement system and soot measurement method by extinction method with pre-positioned light source
CN104931661A (en) * 2015-06-30 2015-09-23 武汉科技大学 Method for bench measuring and testing of soot concentration
CN104931661B (en) * 2015-06-30 2016-08-24 武汉科技大学 A kind of method that bench is measured and checked soot concentration
CN105758771A (en) * 2016-01-20 2016-07-13 南京航空航天大学 Aperture-adjustable windproof sleeve for laser granulometer
CN105758771B (en) * 2016-01-20 2018-09-28 南京航空航天大学 A kind of windproof sleeve in adjustable aperture for laser particle size analyzer
CN108519689A (en) * 2018-04-27 2018-09-11 湖北大学 A kind of adjustable optical attenuator based on the automatically controlled light scattering effects of PLZT
CN108627478A (en) * 2018-05-08 2018-10-09 江苏大学 Soot measuring device in the stable state flame of a kind of combination light extinction method and radiant light
CN111610188A (en) * 2020-05-26 2020-09-01 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 CH chemiluminescence distribution acquisition method for eliminating soot influence
CN114216509A (en) * 2021-12-14 2022-03-22 天津大学 System and method for measuring temperature and volume fraction of soot particulate matter based on LED light source
CN114216509B (en) * 2021-12-14 2023-06-27 天津大学 System and method for measuring temperature and volume fraction of soot particles based on LED light source

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Application publication date: 20120919