CN102621196A - Online measuring method for mixing uniformity and cooling crystallization uniformity of extruded material - Google Patents
Online measuring method for mixing uniformity and cooling crystallization uniformity of extruded material Download PDFInfo
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- CN102621196A CN102621196A CN2012100900538A CN201210090053A CN102621196A CN 102621196 A CN102621196 A CN 102621196A CN 2012100900538 A CN2012100900538 A CN 2012100900538A CN 201210090053 A CN201210090053 A CN 201210090053A CN 102621196 A CN102621196 A CN 102621196A
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Abstract
The invention discloses an online measuring method for mixing uniformity and cooling crystallization uniformity of an extruded material. At least one panel capacitor is arranged at an extruded material outlet of an extruding machine, two electrodes of each panel capacitor are respectively arranged at two sides of the extruded material, during the extruding process of the extruded material, a capacitance value of the panel capacitor is measured, and the mixing uniformity or the cooling crystallization uniformity of the extruded material can be determined through a functional relationship between the capacitance value and a dielectric constant of the mixed extruded material. By utilizing a principle that the variation of the capacitance value reflects the variation of the dielectric constant of the mixed extruded material between the two electrodes of the capacitor, the mixing uniformity and the cooling crystallization uniformity of the extruded material can be evaluated by measuring the variation of the capacitance value of the panel capacitor at two sides of the material extruded by the extruding machine, so the quality of a plastic product can be monitored on line.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to be used for the extruder device of plastic products, extruded material mixing uniformity and crystallisation by cooling homogeneity On-line Measuring Method on especially a kind of extruder.
Background technology
Extruder is the device that is used to process the high molecule plastic product; Extrusion is meant that macromolecule (plastics) particle plastifies into uniform melt through extrusion system in barrel, and under the pressure of being set up in this course, by the process of screw rod continuous extruder head; Step such as that extrusion comprises is reinforced, fusion plastification, screw rod are extruded; Though it is shorter that this process is lasted, great changes will take place for the state of melt in extruder, and these quality that change final products have decisive influence.
In recent years, to the raising day by day of plastic product quality requirements, need be in process by on-line measurement control method sooner and more reliably.In process of production; These control methods need record the variation of various mass parameters as early as possible; In extruding production run, the technology of existing measurement extruded product quality mainly is the off-line point measurement, for example the macromolecule product of producing is taken out and carries out component analysis; The mechanical mechanics property experiment, thickness, density measure experiment etc.Yet; Though these metering systems can obtain the quality results of product; But if detect problematic product, the information that the needs that feedback according to these problems are regulated manufacturing parameter but has been after the several hrs, lags behind the control of real-time production far away; Cause the waste of last ton product this moment already, caused no small economic loss.
Present extruding production line On-line Measuring Method mainly comprise these two kinds of interior temperature of barrel and the on-line measurements of barrel internal pressure, yet these all can not directly reflect the final mass of product, and the quantity of information that provides is extremely limited.For example application number is that 200910206586.6 Chinese patent " being used for measuring the method for temperature and the device of plastics of plastification in the exit of extruder " discloses a kind of utilization and treats that the velocity of propagation of the sound wave of extruded material measures plastics method of temperature and device; But only be confined to online temperature or pressure test; The mass parameters such as thickness evenness, consistent in density property, mixing uniformity or crystallisation by cooling uniformity coefficient of reflection plastic product quality can't be measured, thereby the final mass of plastic product can not be directly reflected.In the high molecule plastic product that has composite material to process, the mixed homogeneity of pellet is the direct mass parameter of macromolecule extruded product, and the mechanical mechanics property of macromolecular material, then main crystallization degree of uniformity decision by the crystallisation by cooling process.Therefore, under the situation of two kinds of macromolecular material hybrid process, it is necessary that extruded material mixing uniformity and crystallisation by cooling homogeneity are carried out on-line monitoring.
Summary of the invention
The technical matters that the present invention will solve is: a kind of extruded material mixing uniformity On-line Measuring Method that is used on the extruder is provided.
Another technical matters that the present invention will solve is: a kind of extruded material crystallisation by cooling homogeneity On-line Measuring Method that is used on the extruder is provided.
In order to solve the problems of the technologies described above, the technical scheme that the present invention adopted is:
A kind of extruded material mixing uniformity On-line Measuring Method; Be applied to extruder; The extruded material exit is provided with at least one plate condenser on the said extruder; Two electrodes of said plate condenser lay respectively at the both sides of extruded material; Said extruded material is the mixing extruded material that comprises two kinds of macromolecular materials, and said plate condenser is measured the capacitance of plate condenser and by the mixture homogeneity of capacitance with the definite mixing of the funtcional relationship of mixing extruded material specific inductive capacity extruded material between the extruder head and bosh of extruder.
Further as preferred embodiment, the capacitance of measuring said plate condenser may further comprise the steps:
Convert the capacitance that plate condenser detects into analog voltage through a capacitance voltage modular converter;
Through an analog-to-digital conversion module said analog voltage is converted into digital quantity through analog to digital conversion;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module output in real time through an acquisition module;
Obtain the capacitance of plate condenser according to the linear relationship of the magnitude of voltage digital quantity that collects and magnitude of voltage and capacitance.
Further as preferred embodiment, the capacitance of said plate condenser with the funtcional relationship of mixing the extruded material specific inductive capacity is:
C in the following formula
xBe the capacitance of plate condenser,
Be the capacitance of extruded material upper space,
Be the capacitance of extruded material lower space, δ is an extruded material thickness, ε
0Be the specific inductive capacity of air, ε
12For mixing the extruded material specific inductive capacity, d is that overlying electrode arrives the distance between extruded material, and S is the relative area of two electrodes, and D is two interelectrode relative distances.
Further as preferred embodiment, this measuring method may further comprise the steps:
Convert the capacitance that plate condenser detects into analog voltage through a capacitance voltage modular converter;
Through an analog-to-digital conversion module said analog voltage is converted into digital quantity through analog to digital conversion;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module output in real time through an acquisition module;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module output in real time through an acquisition module;
The magnitude of voltage that obtains according to the magnitude of voltage digital quantity that collects and capacitance voltage modular converter with mix the mixture homogeneity that funtcional relationship between the extruded material specific inductive capacity is confirmed extruded material.
Further, also comprise the step that the digital quantity of said acquisition module collection is fed back to the extruder control system as preferred embodiment.
A kind of extruded material crystallisation by cooling homogeneity On-line Measuring Method; Be applied to extruder; The extruded material exit is provided with at least one plate condenser on the said extruder; Two electrodes of said plate condenser lay respectively at the both sides of extruded material; Said extruded material is the mixing extruded material that comprises two kinds of macromolecular materials, and said plate condenser is measured the capacitance of plate condenser and the crystallisation by cooling uniformity coefficient of confirming to mix extruded material by capacitance and the funtcional relationship of mixing the extruded material specific inductive capacity between the bosh and traction engine of extruder.
Further as preferred embodiment, the capacitance of measuring said plate condenser may further comprise the steps:
Convert the capacitance that plate condenser detects into analog voltage through a capacitance voltage modular converter;
Through an analog-to-digital conversion module said analog voltage is converted into digital quantity through analog to digital conversion;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module output in real time through an acquisition module;
Obtain the capacitance of plate condenser according to the linear relationship of the magnitude of voltage digital quantity that collects and magnitude of voltage and capacitance.
Further as preferred embodiment, the capacitance of said plate condenser with the funtcional relationship of mixing the extruded material specific inductive capacity is:
C in the following formula
xBe the capacitance of plate condenser,
Be the capacitance of extruded material upper space,
Be the capacitance of extruded material lower space, δ is an extruded material thickness, ε
0Be the specific inductive capacity of air, ε
12For mixing the extruded material specific inductive capacity, d is that overlying electrode arrives the distance between extruded material, and S is the relative area of two electrodes, and D is two interelectrode relative distances.
Further as preferred embodiment, this measuring method may further comprise the steps:
Convert the capacitance that plate condenser detects into analog voltage through a capacitance voltage modular converter;
Through an analog-to-digital conversion module said analog voltage is converted into digital quantity through analog to digital conversion;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module output in real time through an acquisition module;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module output in real time through an acquisition module;
The magnitude of voltage that obtains according to the magnitude of voltage digital quantity that collects and capacitance voltage modular converter with mix funtcional relationship between the extruded material specific inductive capacity and confirm the crystallisation by cooling uniformity coefficient of extruded material.
Further, also comprise the step that the digital quantity of said acquisition module collection is fed back to the extruder control system as preferred embodiment.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: extruded material mixing uniformity On-line Measuring Method of the present invention; Utilize the principle of extruded material mixture homogeneity between two electrodes of plate condenser capacitance variation reflection plate condenser; Measure the mixture homogeneity that extruded material is assessed in the variation of its capacitance through one plate condenser being set in the extruder head of extruder and the position between the bosh; This measuring method can realize the mixture homogeneity of the extruded material that on-line measurement mixes; The parameter of mixture homogeneity is fed back to the extruder control system, help promoting in process of production the quality of plastic product.
Another beneficial effect of the present invention is: extruded material crystallisation by cooling homogeneity On-line Measuring Method of the present invention; Utilize the plate condenser capacitance variation to be reflected in the principle of extruded material crystallization uniformity coefficient in the crystallisation by cooling process; Measure the crystallisation by cooling uniformity coefficient that extruded material is assessed in the variation of its capacitance through one plate condenser being set, with the quality of monitoring plastic product in the bosh of extruder and the position between the traction engine; The parameter that further will reflect the crystallisation by cooling uniformity coefficient feeds back to the extruder control system, helps promoting in process of production the quality of plastic product.
Description of drawings
Be described further below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing specific embodiments of the invention:
Fig. 1 is the structure principle chart of plastic product quality on-line measurement device on the extruder of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of measurement mechanism middle plateform capacitor of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the position view of mixing uniformity and crystallisation by cooling homogeneity On-line Measuring Method embodiment middle plateform capacitor on the extruder of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the principle schematic that measuring method middle plateform condenser capacitance value of the present invention is measured.
Embodiment
Before measuring method of the present invention is described, specifically introduce plastic product quality on-line measurement device on the extruder that is used for the embodiment of the present invention measuring method earlier.
With reference to Fig. 1; Plastic product quality on-line measurement device on a kind of extruder; Comprise the plate condenser 10 that is used to measure extruded material mass parameter on the extruder; Two electrodes of said plate condenser are positioned at the both sides of extruded material, and two electrodes of said plate condenser 10 are drawn a lead 30 respectively and are connected to a capacitance measurement unit 20, and capacitance measurement unit 20 is used for monitoring in real time the variation tendency of 10 liang of interelectrode capacitance values of plate condenser; The user can draw out the capacitance variations curve of extruded material according to the capacitance that capacitance measurement unit 20 collects, for closed-loop control system provides the controlled variable data.
Preferably; With reference to Fig. 1; Said capacitance measurement unit 20 comprises the capacitance voltage modular converter 21 that is used for the capacitance that said plate condenser 10 is measured is converted into analog voltage; Said capacitance voltage module 21 is connected with one and converts analog voltage the analog-to-digital conversion module 22 of digital quantity into, and said analog-to-digital conversion module 22 is connected with the acquisition module 23 of a continuous acquisition analog-to-digital conversion module 22 output digital quantities.
With reference to Fig. 2, plate condenser 10 is based on capacitance principle design, comprises two electrodes of being processed by sheet metal 11 of symmetry, and when extrusion did not take place, the dielectric layer between two electrodes 11 was an air 12; When extrusion takes place, comprise the dielectric layer that extruded material 13 such as macromolecule melt constitutes between two electrodes 11.
When extrusion took place, with reference to Fig. 4, setting δ was extruded material thickness, and d is the top electrode of plate condenser and the distance between the extruded material, and S is the relative area of plate condenser two electrodes, and D is the relative distance of plate condenser two electrodes, C
1Be the capacitance of extruded material upper space, C
2Be the capacitance of extruded material, C
3Capacitance for the extruded material lower space; The capacitance of plate condenser is C
xWhen extrusion takes place, capacitance C
xComputing formula be:
In above-mentioned formula 1,
Be the capacitance of extruded material upper space, wherein ε
0Specific inductive capacity for extruded material;
Being the capacitance of extruded material, wherein is the specific inductive capacity of extruded material, and δ is the thickness of extruded material;
Capacitance for the extruded material lower space.
When extruded material is when comprising the mixing extruded material of two kinds of macromolecular materials, the homogeneity that two kinds of macromolecular material material grains mix is the direct mass parameter of macromolecule extruded product.Suppose that two kinds of specific inductive capacity that mix the extruded stock grain are respectively ε
1And ε
2, establishing mixing extruded material specific inductive capacity is ε
12, the capacitance C of plate condenser then
xWith mix the extruded material DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS
12Funtcional relationship be:
Can know by formula 2, in other mass parameters to capacitance C
xThe influence situation of ignoring under, when two kinds of mixing of materials are even, mix the extruded material DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS
12Should change not quite, so capacitance C
xShould tend towards stability.
With reference to Fig. 3, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, be provided with a plate condenser at the extruder head 43 of extruder and primary importance 41 places between the bosh 44, the second place 42 places between bosh 44 and traction engine 45 are provided with another plate condenser.In extrusion, the capacitance of the plate condenser at primary importance 41 places has reflected that extruded material heats extrusion and whether mixes in barrel:
Aanalogvoltage output is measured and converted into to the capacitance of 21 pairs of primary importance 41 place's plate condensers 10 of capacitance voltage modular converter, and the aanalogvoltage and the capacitance of output are linear, and the magnitude of voltage of setting 21 outputs of capacitance voltage modular converter is V
x, capacitance
, m, n are definite value in the following formula concerning fixing system for one, therefore the magnitude of voltage V after changing
xWith capacitance C
xLinear;
Analog-to-digital conversion module 22 converts the analog voltage that receives into digital quantity;
23 pairs of said magnitude of voltage digital quantities of acquisition module are gathered in real time;
Obtain the capacitance of plate condenser according to the linear relationship of the magnitude of voltage digital quantity that collects and magnitude of voltage and capacitance.
The capacitance C that confirms according to formula 2
xWith mix the extruded material DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS
12Between funtcional relationship calculate ε
12Variable quantity, thereby reflected the variation of corresponding extruded material mixture homogeneity.
Because the magnitude of voltage V after conversion
xWith capacitance C
xLinear, method for measuring thickness of the present invention also can be directly by magnitude of voltage V
xMeasure the extruded material mixture homogeneity, the step of this measuring method comprises:
Convert the capacitance that plate condenser detects into analog voltage through a capacitance voltage modular converter 21;
Through an analog-to-digital conversion module 22 said analog voltage is converted into digital quantity through analog to digital conversion;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module 22 outputs in real time through an acquisition module 23;
According to magnitude of voltage digital quantity that collects and magnitude of voltage V
xWith mix the extruded material DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS
12Between funtcional relationship calculate ε
12Variable quantity, thereby reflected the variation of corresponding extruded material mixture homogeneity.
Extruded material gets into bosh 44 after coming out from extruder head 43; When extruded material is being flowed through the plate condenser of the second place 42 between bosh 44 and traction engine 45 after crystallisation by cooling is handled; With the same principle of mixing uniformity in the measurement barrel; Capacitance through measuring the second place 42 place's plate condensers can be assessed extruded material crystallisation by cooling homogeneity, if crystallisation by cooling mixes, then capacitance tends towards stability.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that; The mutual electrical isolation of sheet metal of two electrodes 11 of plate condenser 10; Promptly form capacitor; So in the present embodiment, two electrodes 11 of a plate condenser are fixed to the radially both sides of primary importance 41 through insulating material, two electrodes 11 of another plate condenser are fixed to the radially both sides of the second place 42 through insulating material.Certainly; Except two electrodes 11 with plate condenser 10 are fixed on the extruder through insulating material; Can also be by extraneous support with electrode 11 fixed placement in the relevant position of extruder both sides, the radially both sides of the primary importance 41 described in present embodiment and the radially both sides of the second place 42; Further, can also adjust the position of two electrodes 11 of plate condenser 10, thereby regulate the relative distance of 10 liang of electrodes 11 of plate condenser or adapt to the differing heights of extruder through extraneous support.
In order to realize monitoring to the capacitance of plate condenser 10; On two electrodes 10 of plate condenser 10, draw a lead 30 respectively; Said lead 30 is welded on the back of electrode 10; A lead 30 prolongs and is connected to a utmost point of the capacitance voltage modular converter 21 in the capacitance measurement unit 20, and another root lead 30 prolongs and be connected to another utmost point of said capacitance voltage modular converter 21.
Preferably, the present invention except with the mixture homogeneity of extruded material and crystallisation by cooling evenness index through display device shows, the digital quantity of the magnitude of voltage that can also acquisition module 23 be obtained feeds back to extruder control system 50.
The magnitude of voltage digital quantity of 50 pairs of feedbacks of extruder control system carries out continuous acquisition and record; Capacitance according to primary importance 41 places are detected can be realized the control to extruded material mixture homogeneity in the barrel; When the variation of capacitance surpasses pre-set threshold; Then mean not up to standard, need the adjustment manufacturing parameter at the mixture homogeneity of extruded material; Capacitance according to the second place 42 places are detected can be realized the control to crystallisation by cooling uniformity coefficient in the bosh; When if the fluctuation of the capacitance at second place place is big; The crystallisation by cooling process uniformity coefficient that extruded material then is described is not up to standard, extrudes control system 50 and can come the crystallisation by cooling homogeneity of control extruded material in real time through regulating parameters such as tank temperature, cool time.
More than be that preferable enforcement of the present invention is specified; But the invention is not limited to said embodiment; Those of ordinary skill in the art can also make all equivalent variations or replacement under the prerequisite of spirit of the present invention, distortion that these are equal to or replacement all are included in the application's claim institute restricted portion.
Claims (10)
1. extruded material mixing uniformity On-line Measuring Method; Be applied to extruder; The extruded material exit is provided with at least one plate condenser on the said extruder; Two electrodes of said plate condenser lay respectively at the both sides of extruded material, it is characterized in that, said extruded material is the mixing extruded material that comprises two kinds of macromolecular materials; Said plate condenser is measured the capacitance of plate condenser and by the mixture homogeneity of capacitance with the definite mixing of the funtcional relationship of mixing extruded material specific inductive capacity extruded material between the extruder head and bosh of extruder.
2. a kind of extruded material mixing uniformity On-line Measuring Method according to claim 1 is characterized in that the capacitance of measuring said plate condenser may further comprise the steps:
Convert the capacitance that plate condenser detects into analog voltage through a capacitance voltage modular converter;
Through an analog-to-digital conversion module said analog voltage is converted into digital quantity through analog to digital conversion;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module output in real time through an acquisition module;
Obtain the capacitance of plate condenser according to the linear relationship of the magnitude of voltage digital quantity that collects and magnitude of voltage and capacitance.
3. a kind of extruded material mixing uniformity On-line Measuring Method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the capacitance of said plate condenser with the funtcional relationship of mixing the extruded material specific inductive capacity is:
C in the following formula
xBe the capacitance of plate condenser,
Be the capacitance of extruded material upper space,
Be the capacitance of extruded material lower space, δ is an extruded material thickness, ε
0Be the specific inductive capacity of air, ε
12For mixing the extruded material specific inductive capacity, d is that overlying electrode arrives the distance between extruded material, and S is the relative area of two electrodes, and D is two interelectrode relative distances.
4. a kind of extruded material mixing uniformity On-line Measuring Method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: this measuring method may further comprise the steps:
Convert the capacitance that plate condenser detects into analog voltage through a capacitance voltage modular converter;
Through an analog-to-digital conversion module said analog voltage is converted into digital quantity through analog to digital conversion;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module output in real time through an acquisition module;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module output in real time through an acquisition module;
The magnitude of voltage that obtains according to the magnitude of voltage digital quantity that collects and capacitance voltage modular converter with mix the mixture homogeneity that funtcional relationship between the extruded material specific inductive capacity is confirmed extruded material.
5. a kind of extruded material mixing uniformity On-line Measuring Method according to claim 4 is characterized in that: also comprise the step that the digital quantity of said acquisition module collection is fed back to the extruder control system.
6. extruded material crystallisation by cooling homogeneity On-line Measuring Method; Be applied to extruder; The extruded material exit is provided with at least one plate condenser on the said extruder; Two electrodes of said plate condenser lay respectively at the both sides of extruded material, it is characterized in that, said extruded material is the mixing extruded material that comprises two kinds of macromolecular materials; Said plate condenser is measured the capacitance of plate condenser and the crystallisation by cooling uniformity coefficient of confirming to mix extruded material by capacitance and the funtcional relationship of mixing the extruded material specific inductive capacity between the bosh and traction engine of extruder.
7. a kind of extruded material crystallisation by cooling homogeneity On-line Measuring Method according to claim 6 is characterized in that the capacitance of measuring said plate condenser may further comprise the steps:
Convert the capacitance that plate condenser detects into analog voltage through a capacitance voltage modular converter;
Through an analog-to-digital conversion module said analog voltage is converted into digital quantity through analog to digital conversion;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module output in real time through an acquisition module;
Obtain the capacitance of plate condenser according to the linear relationship of the magnitude of voltage digital quantity that collects and magnitude of voltage and capacitance.
8. a kind of extruded material crystallisation by cooling homogeneity On-line Measuring Method according to claim 6, it is characterized in that: the capacitance of said plate condenser with the funtcional relationship of mixing the extruded material specific inductive capacity is:
C in the following formula
xBe the capacitance of plate condenser,
Be the capacitance of extruded material upper space,
Be the capacitance of extruded material lower space, δ is an extruded material thickness, ε
0Be the specific inductive capacity of air, ε
12For mixing the extruded material specific inductive capacity, d is that overlying electrode arrives the distance between extruded material, and S is the relative area of two electrodes, and D is two interelectrode relative distances.
9. a kind of extruded material crystallisation by cooling homogeneity On-line Measuring Method according to claim 6, it is characterized in that: this measuring method may further comprise the steps:
Convert the capacitance that plate condenser detects into analog voltage through a capacitance voltage modular converter;
Through an analog-to-digital conversion module said analog voltage is converted into digital quantity through analog to digital conversion;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module output in real time through an acquisition module;
Gather the digital quantity of said analog-to-digital conversion module output in real time through an acquisition module;
The magnitude of voltage that obtains according to the magnitude of voltage digital quantity that collects and capacitance voltage modular converter with mix funtcional relationship between the extruded material specific inductive capacity and confirm the crystallisation by cooling uniformity coefficient of extruded material.
10. a kind of extruded material crystallisation by cooling homogeneity On-line Measuring Method according to claim 9 is characterized in that: also comprise the step that the digital quantity of said acquisition module collection is fed back to the extruder control system.
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| CN110441354A (en) * | 2019-08-13 | 2019-11-12 | 中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所 | Plastic bonded explosive Density Distribution detection method based on capacitance chromatography imaging |
| CN111487296A (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2020-08-04 | 郑州星驰智能科技有限公司 | Method for detecting mixing uniformity of powdery material |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN110441354A (en) * | 2019-08-13 | 2019-11-12 | 中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所 | Plastic bonded explosive Density Distribution detection method based on capacitance chromatography imaging |
| CN110441354B (en) * | 2019-08-13 | 2021-09-28 | 中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所 | High polymer bonded explosive density distribution detection method based on capacitance tomography |
| CN111487296A (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2020-08-04 | 郑州星驰智能科技有限公司 | Method for detecting mixing uniformity of powdery material |
| CN111487296B (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2022-11-01 | 郑州星驰智能科技有限公司 | Method for detecting mixing uniformity of powdery material |
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Application publication date: 20120801 |