CN102608440B - Electrostatic sensing experimental system and particle frictional charge measuring method - Google Patents
Electrostatic sensing experimental system and particle frictional charge measuring method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an electrostatic sensing experimental system, which comprises a charged particle generating device and a charged particle static voltage measuring device. The charged particle generating device comprises a frictional contact tube made of insulating material and a contact tube cover. The charged particle static voltage measuring device comprises a Faraday cup and an induced voltage measuring unit, wherein the induced voltage measuring unit is electrically connected with an inner cup of the Faraday cup and insulated to an outer cup of the Faraday cup. The Faraday cup is provided with a coaxial through hole in the vertical direction. The experimental system further comprises a charged particle injection experimental apparatus. The invention further discloses a particle frictional charge measuring method, an induced voltage measuring method for charged particles in liquid medium, and an electrostatic sensor calibrating method. The electrostatic sensing experimental system is simple in structure and convenient in operation, can be used for various experiments according to actual situation, and has certain electromagnetic interference resistance, accuracy in measuring result and high sensitivity.
Description
Technical field
The measuring method that the present invention relates to a kind of static sensing experiment system and particle friction belt electric weight, belongs to electrostatic measurement technical field.
Background technology
Static is often considered to cause the reason of fault, as the viewpoint from traditional, is that the industries such as oil, chemical industry, pulverizing processing cause one of main inducing of the accidents such as fire, blast.From the fifties in last century, the measurement based on the exploitation of electrostatic induction principle for gas-solid two-phase particle flow parameter (as flow velocity, flow and concentration).Recently, electrostatic induction technology is developed for status monitoring, a kind of important on-line monitoring method of the wear particle monitoring that rubbing wear has produced as research parts.For example, (application number is 200810155902.7 for one piece of Chinese invention patent < < oil liquid abrasive grain on-line monitoring method and system > >, the applying date is that 2008.10.10. is on March 25th, 2009 in open day) in disclose a kind of electrostatic transducer that utilizes the abrasive particle institute static electrification in fluid measured, and wear particle concentration in fluid is carried out to the method and system of real time on-line monitoring according to measurement result.Because its principle is to detect the entrained static of abrasive particle, therefore to the material of abrasive particle without particular restriction, greatly expanded range of application.
Experimental study shows, the secondary abrasive particle producing under lubricating status of two pairings carries the quantity of electric charge of some, and charged abrasive particle is suspended in insulation fluid, due to the friction charged of same fluid medium with contact the charged quantity of electric charge of charged abrasive particle that may cause and change.The interaction mechanism of charged abrasive particle and fluid medium does not still obtain well and explains, when also causing thus electrostatic transducer abrasive particle institute static electrification being measured in to fluid, its result is often inaccurate, thereby causes the reliability of whole monitoring system to be difficult to be guaranteed.In the application such as aircraft, naval vessels engine, kinematic train, this defect may cause extremely serious consequence.Therefore be necessary various abrasive particles to produce frictional statics, and the interaction of charged abrasive particle and fluid medium carries out analysis of experiments accurately, thereby for finding its mechanism of action that foundation is provided.
Summary of the invention
Technical matters to be solved of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, the measuring method of a kind of static sensing experiment system and particle friction belt electric weight is provided, can Accurate Determining particle in air the quantity of electric charge entrained with solid material generation rubbing contact, for further research and theoretical analysis provide foundation, and system architecture is simple, easy to use.
The present invention is specifically by the following technical solutions:
A static sensing experiment system, comprises electrically charged particle generating apparatus and electrically charged particle electrostatic potential measurement mechanism; Described electrically charged particle generating apparatus comprises rubbing contact cylinder and the contact cover of being made by insulating material; Described electrically charged particle electrostatic potential measurement mechanism comprises Faraday cylinder, and be electrically connected to Faraday cylinder inner core and with the induced voltage measuring unit of Faraday cylinder urceolus insulation, described Faraday cylinder has a coaxial through-hole in its vertical direction.
Further, described electrically charged particle electrostatic potential measurement mechanism also comprises an insulation funnel; The size of the little openend of described insulation funnel is corresponding with the size of described through hole, can be fixed on Faraday cylinder urceolus by described coaxial through-hole.
Preferably, described induced voltage measuring unit, by a BNC connector that is installed on Faraday cylinder outer tube side wall, is electrically connected to Faraday cylinder inner core and insulate with Faraday cylinder urceolus.
A measuring method for particle friction belt electric weight, adopts above-mentioned static sensing experiment system, specifically comprises the following steps:
The stand-by period that step 3, the material that changes respectively described particle, shape, particle diameter, friction cylinder jitter time and particle take out from rubbing contact cylinder, repeated execution of steps 1, step 2, the electrostatic charge that the single or multiple particles that obtain different materials, difformity, different-grain diameter produce in differentiated friction cylinder jitter time, friction under the different stand-by period.
Static electric weight or induced voltage that the particle that technique scheme can accurately obtain different materials, difformity, different-grain diameter produces when friction, but cannot reflect the interaction of charged abrasive particle and liquid medium.For this reason, the present invention further improves above-mentioned experimental system, thereby realize, to different materials, difformity, different size particle are friction charged in liquid medium, carries out quantitative test.Specifically by the following technical solutions:
This system also comprises electrically charged particle injection experiments device; Described electrically charged particle injection experiments device comprises: hopper, with experiment conduit, closed container, electrostatic transducer, vacuum pump, the support of adjustable throttling; Described hopper is fixed on described closed container top by described support, the airtight connection of upper end of its little openend and described experiment conduit; Described closed container is tightly connected with the lower end of described vacuum pump and described experiment conduit respectively by two through holes on its top; Described electrostatic transducer is installed on the middle part of described experiment conduit.
According to above-mentioned improved system, can obtain the induced voltage measuring method of a kind of electrically charged particle in liquid medium, specifically comprise the following steps:
According to above-mentioned improved system, also can obtain a kind of without electrically charged particle the induced voltage measuring method in liquid medium, its concrete steps are as follows:
Described liquid medium is according to actual experiment needs, can be aeromotor lubricating oil, mechanical system hydraulic oil, gear oil, machine oil, water etc. even.
Utilize the induced voltage measuring method of above-mentioned electrically charged particle in liquid medium, can also further obtain a kind of scaling method of electrostatic transducer: first utilize the induced voltage measuring method of above-mentioned electrically charged particle in liquid medium, obtain the theoretical voltage value of the particle of different materials, difformity, different-grain diameter, the inductive voltage value of particle measurement of electrostatic transducer in liquid mediums; Then by the measuring voltage value to theoretical voltage value and electrostatic transducer, compare, realize the demarcation of electrostatic transducer.
The present invention is simple in structure, easy to operate, can carry out multiple test according to actual conditions, and have certain anti-electromagnetic interference capability, and measurement result is accurate, highly sensitive.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is electrically charged particle generating apparatus structural representation;
Fig. 2 is electrically charged particle electrostatic potential measurement mechanism structural representation;
Fig. 3 is electrically charged particle injection experiments apparatus structure schematic diagram;
Number in the figure title: 1, rubbing contact cylinder, 2, contact cover, 3, cross-over block, 4, Faraday cylinder urceolus, 5, Faraday cylinder inner core, 6, Faraday cylinder inside drum cover, 7, the outer cover of Faraday cylinder, 8, insulation funnel, 9, wire, 10, BNC connector, 11, signal conditioning circuit, 12, data acquisition card, 13, computing machine, 14, liquid medium, 15, liquid container, 16, adjustable throttling, 17, electrostatic transducer, 18, support, 19, experiment conduit, 20, hopper, 21, sealing-plug, 22, vacuum pump.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, technical scheme of the present invention is elaborated:
The present invention carries a certain amount of quantity of electric charge with in simulation process of friction and wear abrasive particle charged with solid material generation rubbing contact by experimental study particle in air, by the measurement of its quantity of electric charge being obtained to its theoretical voltage amplitude, then electrically charged particle is injected in liquid medium, when particle is detected pulse amplitude when the electrostatic transducer, the initial theoretical voltage value of particle will reflect particle and liquid medium interaction mechanism with the relation of actual voltage value measured after liquid medium interacts.Also the particle without charged can be directly injected in liquid medium simultaneously, during particle process electrostatic induction sensor, also be detected pulse amplitude, this amplitude directly reflects particle and liquid medium interaction mechanism.Both contrasts are the interaction mechanism in liquid medium by deep announcement particle.
Static sensing experiment system of the present invention, comprises electrically charged particle generating apparatus, electrically charged particle electrostatic potential measurement mechanism, and electrically charged particle injection experiments device.Respectively the structure of above three kinds of devices and principle are described below.
Electrically charged particle generating apparatus of the present invention, its structure as shown in Figure 1, comprises rubbing contact cylinder 1 and contacts cover 2 forming, contact cover 2 covers on rubbing contact cylinder 1 and forms enclosure space.Particle put into rubbing contact cylinder 1 and contacted cover 2, then rock, particle and rubbing contact cylinder 1 are fully rubbed, can on particle, produce fricting static charge.Because teflon comes the easiest electronegative position in electrostatic, so preferably polytetrafluoroethylene of the present invention is as the material of electrically charged particle generating apparatus; Simultaneously for studying the electric charge trend of different materials frictional electrification, also can select other frictional electrification materials, particle frictional electrification is affected by rubbing contact time, disengaging time, can carry out series of experiments by different time in the present invention, searches out the optimal time.
Electrically charged particle electrostatic potential measurement mechanism of the present invention is by existing Faraday cylinder is improved and obtained.Faraday cylinder system is usually used in measuring surface density of charge, by inner core and urceolus, formed, inner/outer tube is added a cover respectively formation enclosed construction, inner core is for measuring, urceolus is for shielding, between inside and outside cylinder, adopt insulating support to separate, by electrostatic voltmeter and Capacitance parallel connection, realize charged object magnitude of voltage and measure.Faraday cylinder of the present invention is also comprised of inner/outer tube, but employing communicating structure, its concrete structure as shown in Figure 2, comprising: the outer cover 7 of Faraday cylinder, wire 9, BNC connector 10, signal conditioning circuit 11, data acquisition card 12 and the computing machine 13 of Faraday cylinder urceolus 4, cross-over block 3, Faraday cylinder inner core 5, Faraday cylinder inside drum cover 6, tape insulation funnel 8.Cross-over block 3 sticks to Faraday cylinder urceolus 4 inside by epoxy resin and separates insulation fixed position with Faraday cylinder inner core 5 bottoms, Faraday cylinder inside drum cover 6 covers at Faraday cylinder inner core 5 tops, the outer cover 7 of Faraday cylinder covers at Faraday cylinder urceolus 4 tops, in the vertical direction of whole Faraday cylinder, have the coaxial through-hole that diameter is 10mm, interior bore edges all applies one deck epoxy resin.Wire 9 is welded on Faraday cylinder inner core 5 outer walls and is connected on BNC connector 10, by wire 9, be connected to signal conditioning circuit 11 and carry out signal amplification, filtering, then data acquisition card 12 carries out Real-time Collection to computing machine 13, and by the storage of induced signal data, analysis.In this embodiment, Faraday cylinder inner core 5 and Faraday cylinder inside drum cover 6 all adopt red copper material, and the outer cover 7 of Faraday cylinder urceolus 4 and Faraday cylinder all adopts stainless steel material, and insulation funnel 8 and cross-over block 3 all adopt polytetrafluoroethylmaterial material.When electrically charged particle passes through Faraday cylinder via coaxial through-hole, can on Faraday cylinder inner core 5, produce induced charge, by the induced voltage measuring unit being connected with Faraday cylinder inner core 5, can measure induced voltage or the entrained quantity of electric charge of particle.In this embodiment, adopt signal conditioning circuit 11, data acquisition card 12 and computing machine 13 to form induced voltage measuring units, the induced voltage producing when measuring electrically charged particle by Faraday cylinder.Certainly, also can adopt the mode of existing electrostatic voltmeter and Capacitance parallel connection to realize the measurement of induced voltage or the quantity of electric charge.
Electrically charged particle injection experiments device of the present invention, as shown in Figure 3, comprising: the compositions such as hopper 20, the experiment conduit 19 with adjustable throttling 16, electrostatic transducer 17, sealing-plug 21, liquid container 15, vacuum pump 22, support 18, signal conditioning circuit 11, data acquisition card 12 and computing machine 13.Experiment conduit 19 be threaded hopper 20 and electrostatic transducer 17, adjustable throttling 18 is connected to electrostatic transducer 17 belows, by conduit, be linked in liquid container 15, liquid container 15 use sealing-plugs 21 are obturaged bottleneck, sealing-plug 21 another place's perforates connect vacuum pump 22, vacuum pump 22 vacuumizes the interior air of sucking liquid container 15, thereby accelerate the interior liquid medium of hopper 20, flows downward.Hopper 20 and electrostatic transducer 17 all support by support 18, guarantee that it vertically places.In liquid container 15, two conduits all should be more than liquid level.For the ease of the comparison of data, in this embodiment, adopt the measuring-signal with induced voltage measuring unit acquisition process electrostatic transducer 17 identical in electrically charged particle electrostatic potential measurement mechanism.Liquid medium 14 in liquid container 15 can need to select according to actual tests, such as replaceable be aeromotor lubricating oil, mechanical system hydraulic oil, gear oil, machine oil, water etc. even.Material and the length of experiment conduit 19 can be adjusted and change.The internal diameter of whole pipeline can be different size according to actual condition Environmental adjustments.During use, along hopper 20 edges to the interior lasting filling liquid medium 14 of described liquid container 15, make liquid level in hopper 20 remain on a certain fixed position, adjustable throttling 16 is opened to maximum, and open vacuum pump 22, by adjusting regulation liquid medium 14 flowing velocities of adjustable throttling 16.
The friction that adopts above-mentioned electrically charged particle generating apparatus and electrically charged particle electrostatic potential measurement mechanism can realize particle produces static and the static producing is carried out to Measurement accuracy, and concrete grammar is as follows:
Operator's hand is worn insulating glove, contact cover 2 is taken off, in rubbing contact cylinder 1, put into one or more particles, then cover contact cover 2 and obturage, while firmly rocking, timer starts timing, tests with the 10s rubbing contact time, time is when finish, rubbing contact lid 2 is taken off, and then particle, with the disengaging frictional electrification generation device of 3s, completes the frictional electrification of particle.Repeat to test and show that this group experiment finishes for ten times.When then constant with other conditions respectively, in the rubbing contact time of 30s, 1min, 3min, 5min, 10min, test, to carry out differentiated friction, duration of contact frictional electrification is affected.Test experiments result shows, rubbing contact time 3min is that test result consistance is best.When in other conditions all in constant situation, only changing the different disengaging times of particle is 5s, 10s, 20s etc., to carry out different disengaging times, frictional electrification is affected.Test experiments result shows, disengaging time 5s is that test result consistance is best.Similarly, only change respectively particulate material,, the test parameters such as particle shape, grain diameter carries out test of many times, the single or multiple particles that can complete different materials, difformity, different-grain diameter are in differentiated friction cylinder jitter time, frictional electrification under the different stand-by period.
Particle by separated after above-mentioned frictional electrification is vertically injected in the insulation funnel 8 of electrically charged particle electrostatic potential measurement mechanism, movement of particles is passed through Faraday cylinder, on Faraday cylinder inner core 5, produce induced voltage, utilize the induced voltage measuring unit being connected with Faraday cylinder inner core 5 can measure induced voltage, this measurement result can be considered the theoretical electrostatic potential value of the whole quantities of electric charge of electrically charged particle.For guaranteeing data accuracy, repeatedly then revision test averages.
Utilize experimental system of the present invention can also realize demarcation, particle equivalent diameter and the theory of particle measurement magnitude of voltage to electrostatic transducer, the different experiments objects such as foundation of the quantitative relation formula between particle inductive voltage value.The above-mentioned two kinds of experiments of take respectively below describe as example.
The demarcation of sensor, determines the process of the corresponding relation between test macro output quantity and input quantity exactly by relative standard's amount, eliminate to greatest extent the systematic error in measuring system simultaneously.As background technology part, speak of, the interaction mechanism of charged abrasive particle and fluid medium does not obtain well and explains, when also causing thus electrostatic transducer abrasive particle institute static electrification being measured in to fluid, its result is often inaccurate, thereby causes the reliability of whole abrasive particle electrostatic monitoring system to be difficult to be guaranteed.Therefore, be necessary to simulate the actual environment of abrasive particle in circulating oil system the electrostatic transducer using in abrasive particle electrostatic monitoring is carried out to Accurate Calibration, utilize experimental system of the present invention can realize this object.Calibration process is specific as follows:
The method of fitting a straight line has a variety of, as least square method, mean point method, breakpoint method etc.Wherein, least square method ratio of precision is higher, below introduces least square method.
Known one group of experimental data
, obtain their approximate function
y=
f(
x).Deviation
have just have negative, all less and be convenient to calculate by making absolute value devious, can be minimum by sum of square of deviations
determine approximate function
.
According to least square method, suppose
one group of measured value,
corresponding match value,
for mean square deviation, matching target can be expressed as
In formula:
be
inferior measured value;
for measuring number of times;
for corresponding match value.
Measure the fitting result expectation obtaining
minimum.
Set up the quantitative relationship between particle equivalent diameter and theory of particle measurement magnitude of voltage, its concrete steps are as follows:
In formula:
for the constant relevant with particulate material and charged media etc., can be determined by experiment;
for particle equivalent diameter;
serve as reasons and test definite constant, conventionally 1.2～1.6.
In formula:
for system capacitance, available accurate universal bridge or other capacitance meters are measured and are obtained;
constant.
Set up in particle equivalent diameter and particle injection device by the quantitative relationship between the measured inductive voltage value of electrostatic transducer, its concrete steps are as follows:
In formula:
for the constant relevant with particulate material and charged media etc., can be determined by experiment;
for particle equivalent diameter;
serve as reasons and test definite constant, conventionally 1.2～1.6.
In formula:
for constant;
area for the sensitive element of electrostatic transducer;
for the distance of particle apart from the sensitive element of electrostatic transducer.Formula shows, the induced charge amount on electrostatic transducer surface
be proportional to charging particle amount
, be inversely proportional to both distance
square.
In formula:
for being determined by electrostatic transducer insulator resistance, signal conditioning circuit input impedance;
for the charged abrasive particle with constant speed is near the online abrasive particle electrostatic transducer of straight line process full flow rapier;
rapier and charge movement direction vertical range;
constant;
be with
function for variable.
above specific embodiment is only for ease of public understanding, not the restriction to technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. a static sensing experiment system, is characterized in that, comprises electrically charged particle generating apparatus and electrically charged particle electrostatic potential measurement mechanism; Described electrically charged particle generating apparatus comprises rubbing contact cylinder and the contact cover of being made by insulating material; Described electrically charged particle electrostatic potential measurement mechanism comprises Faraday cylinder, and be electrically connected to Faraday cylinder inner core and with the induced voltage measuring unit of Faraday cylinder urceolus insulation, described Faraday cylinder has a coaxial through-hole in its vertical direction; This system also comprises electrically charged particle injection experiments device; Described electrically charged particle injection experiments device comprises: hopper, with experiment conduit, closed container, electrostatic transducer, vacuum pump, the support of adjustable throttling; Described hopper is fixed on described closed container top by described support, the airtight connection of upper end of its little openend and described experiment conduit; Described closed container is tightly connected with the lower end of described vacuum pump and described experiment conduit respectively by two through holes on its top; Described electrostatic transducer is installed on the middle part of described experiment conduit.
2. static sensing experiment system as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described electrically charged particle electrostatic potential measurement mechanism also comprises an insulation funnel; The size of the little openend of described insulation funnel is corresponding with the size of described coaxial through-hole, can be fixed on Faraday cylinder urceolus by described through hole.
3. static sensing experiment system as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described induced voltage measuring unit, by a BNC connector that is installed on Faraday cylinder outer tube side wall, is electrically connected to Faraday cylinder inner core and insulate with Faraday cylinder urceolus.
4. static sensing experiment system as described in claims 1 to 3 any one, is characterized in that, described rubbing contact cylinder, contact cover are made by teflon.
5. a measuring method for particle friction belt electric weight, is characterized in that, adopts static sensing experiment system described in claim 1, specifically comprises the following steps:
Step 1, get the single or multiple particles of certain material, given shape, specified particle diameter, put into described rubbing contact cylinder and cover contact cover; Rock the one specific period of rubbing contact cylinder;
Step 2, particle taken out from rubbing contact cylinder and wait for one section of special time, then making particle by the coaxial through-hole free-falling on described Faraday cylinder; By described induced voltage measuring unit, measure inductive voltage value and be considered as theoretical voltage value, and obtain the entrained electrostatic charge of particle according to calculation of lightning induced voltage;
The stand-by period that step 3, the material that changes respectively described particle, shape, particle diameter, friction cylinder jitter time and particle take out from rubbing contact cylinder, repeated execution of steps 1, step 2, the electrostatic charge that the single or multiple particles that obtain different materials, difformity, different-grain diameter produce in differentiated friction cylinder jitter time, friction under the different stand-by period.
6. the induced voltage measuring method of electrically charged particle in liquid medium, is characterized in that, adopts static sensing experiment system described in claims 1 to 3 any one, specifically according to following steps:
Step 1, continue filling liquid medium in along hopper edge to described closed container, make liquid level in funnel remain on a certain fixed position, adjustable throttling is opened to maximum, and opens vacuum pump, by adjusting the aperture of adjustable throttling, regulator solution body medium flowing velocity;
Step 2, get the single or multiple particles of certain material, given shape, specified particle diameter, put into described rubbing contact cylinder and cover contact cover; Rock the one specific period of rubbing contact cylinder;
Step 3, described Faraday cylinder is placed in to hopper top in advance, particle is taken out from rubbing contact cylinder and wait for one section of special time, then make particle by the coaxial through-hole free-falling on described Faraday cylinder to hopper; The inductive voltage value of measuring particle by described induced voltage measuring unit is considered as theoretical voltage value, and carries out induced voltage signal measurement by described electrostatic transducer;
Step 4, the material that changes respectively described particle, shape, particle diameter, and liquid medium, and repeated execution of steps 1～step 3, can obtain the theoretical voltage value of the electrically charged particle of different materials, difformity, different-grain diameter, and in liquid mediums the measuring voltage value of electrostatic transducer.
7. the induced voltage measuring method in liquid medium without electrically charged particle, is characterized in that, adopts static sensing experiment system described in claims 1 to 3 any one, specifically according to following steps:
Step 1, the single or multiple particles of certain material, given shape, specified particle diameter are put into hopper, by described electrostatic transducer, carry out induced voltage signal measurement, the theoretical voltage value of particle is zero;
Step 2, the material that changes respectively described particle, shape, particle diameter, and liquid medium, and repeated execution of steps 1, can obtain different materials, difformity, different-grain diameter without charged particle in liquid mediums through the measured inductive voltage value of electrostatic transducer.
8. the scaling method of an electrostatic transducer, described electrostatic transducer is for the oil liquid abrasive grain on-line monitoring under circulation lubrication condition, it is characterized in that, first utilize the induced voltage measuring method of electrically charged particle in liquid medium described in claim 6, obtain the theoretical voltage value of the particle of different materials, difformity, different-grain diameter, the inductive voltage value of particle measurement of electrostatic transducer in liquid mediums; Then by the measuring voltage value to theoretical voltage value and electrostatic transducer, compare, realize the demarcation of electrostatic transducer.
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