CN102540169B - Quality evaluation method for water body mapping product based on remote sensing image - Google Patents
Quality evaluation method for water body mapping product based on remote sensing image Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a quality evaluation method for a water body mapping product based on a remote sensing image. The method comprises the following steps of: performing radiation calibration operation on the remote sensing image for water body mapping, and acquiring a normalized water body index and a seventh band value of each image element; downloading elevation data in a corresponding area of a mapping product from shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) digital elevation model data, resampling the elevation data according to a resolution of the remote sensing image, and generating slope grid data of each image element according to an elevation data resampling result; performing binarization on the water body mapping product, and recording a tagged value acquired through binarization; and integrating the normalized water body index, the seventh band value and the slope grid data, and obtaining a quality evaluation result according to the tagged value.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to remote sensing image water body drawing Product Quality Evaluation technical field, particularly relate to a kind of water body drawing Product Quality Evaluation method based on remote sensing image.
Background technology
Surface water body is the important component part of water globe circulation, and along with the global problems such as water scarcity are increasingly serious, their room and time distributes and also day by day is subject to relevant researchist's attention both at home and abroad.Related documents:
[1]lu, S., et al., Water body mapping method with HJ-1A/B satellite imagery. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2011. 13 (3): the fast development of p. 428-434. remote sensing technology makes obtains in real time, dynamically, fast surface water body information and becomes possibility on larger zone, and is widely used in the water body fields such as drawing, Water quality evaluation and freshwater monitoring that distribute.Related documents:
[2] Cai, Y.L., et al., Mapping of water body in Poyang lake from partial spectral unmixing of MODIS data. IGARSS 2005:IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings2005. 4539-4540. [3] Nikolakopoulos, K.G., V. Karathanassi, and D. Rokos, Hyperspectral data and methods for coastal water mapping, in Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology VIII, M. Owe, et al., Editors. 2006. p. U101-U110.[4] Luo, J.C., et al., HIGH-PRECISE WATER EXTRACTION BASED ON SPECTRAL-SPATIAL COUPLED REMOTE SENSING INFORMATION. 2010 Ieee International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium2010. 2840-2843..Thematic mapper (the Thematic Mapper that Landsat (Landsat) carries, TM) and the TM/ETM+ image that obtains of Enhanced Thematic Mapper (Enhanced Thematic Mapper/ETM+) due to advantages such as its moderate resolution, long-term earth observations continuously, become the important foundation Data Source of the research whole world/regional change, and played the part of important role aspect the surface water body drawing.Related documents:
[5] Vermote, E.F., N.Z. Saleous, and J.L. Privette, Surface Reflectance Earth System Data Record/Climate Data Record White Paper, 2006.
In order to extract surface water body information from remote sensing image fast, domestic and international many researchists have proposed the Water-Body Information extraction algorithm of multiple robotization to improve efficiency and the precision of water body drawing.Relations act, normalization water body index, improved normalization water body index method between wave band threshold method, spectrum, wait the proposition of numerous robotization water body extraction algorithms based on the water body spectral characteristic, for the production of extensive water body drawing product provides powerful.Related documents:
[6] Bo-cai, G., NDWI-A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space. Remote Sensing of Environment, 1996. 58 (3): p. 257-266.[7] Xu, H.Q., Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2006. 27 (14): p. 3025-3033.yet, because the shade of cloud and spectral characteristic and the water body of massif shade have larger similarity, both easily are divided into water body by mistake, thereby reduce the precision of water body drawing product.Therefore, adopt the quality problems that may exist in the method evaluation water body classification drawing product of science, be not only the improved necessary means of water body drawing product quality, be also the end user in the urgent need to.Yet, the method that at present relevant Remote Sensing covers the drawing Product Quality Evaluation adopts statistical method more, method by on-site inspection or contrast high resolution image, gather some Product Quality Evaluation test samples, build on this basis confusion matrix, calculate the precision index of drawing product. related documents:
[8] Stehman, S.V. and R.L. Czaplewski, Design and Analysis for Thematic Map Accuracy Assessment:Fundamental Principles. Remote Sensing of Environment, 1998. 64 (3): p. 331-344.[9] Yang, L., et al., Thematic accuracy of MRLC land cover for the eastern United States. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2001. 76 (3): p. 418-422.its quality evaluation result is mainly by some Liejing's degree index reflections, as kappa coefficient, overall accuracy, cartographic accuracy and user's precision index etc.The main limitation of said method is, can understand merely the overall state of drawing product by statistical indicator, but the space distribution situation of product quality can't be provided, thereby can not provide more specifically quality information for the drawing product improvement.And the cost that sample is chosen is relatively high, the spatial arrangement rationality of sample, size, homogeney all will directly affect the reliability of evaluation result.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the limitation of existing remote sensing mapping Product Quality Evaluation method, invent a kind of fast, the water body based on remote sensing image drawing Product Quality Evaluation method cheaply, the space distribution information of water body drawing product quality is provided, provide more specifically suggestion for improving water body drawing product quality, simultaneously also for carry out global the researchs such as water resource variation in zone important Product Precision information is provided.
Technical scheme provided by the invention is a kind of water body drawing Product Quality Evaluation method based on remote sensing image, and described remote sensing image is TM image or ETM+ image, comprises the following steps:
Step 1, carry out the radiation calibration operation by the remote sensing image to for the water body drawing, and the grayvalue transition of each pixel on remote sensing image is become to atmospheric envelope top reflectivity, and after conversion, the gained image is designated as TOA;
Step 2 is downloaded the altitude figures of water body drawing product corresponding region, and according to the resolution of remote sensing image, altitude figures is resampled from global SRTM Law of DEM Data, obtains altitude figures resampling result;
Step 3, the gradient raster data according to each pixel in altitude figures resampling result generation water body drawing product corresponding region, be designated as SLOPE;
Step 4, by the water body product binaryzation of charting, binaryzation gained mark value is designated as S
pRODUCT; Described binaryzation implementation is, will be that the pixel of water body is labeled as 1, and the pixel of non-water body is labeled as 0;
Step 5, the normalization water body index that calculates each pixel from step 1 gained image TOA, be designated as NDWI;
Step 6, the 7th wave band value of obtaining each pixel from step 1 gained image TOA, be designated as B7;
Step 7, according to spectral characteristic and the spatial characteristics of water body, be divided into 4 ranks by gradient raster data SLOPE, the normalization water body index NDWI of each pixel and the 7th wave band value B7 respectively, and according to rank, to score successively be 3,2,1,0, the result of scoring is designated as respectively S
sLOPE, S
nDWIand S
b7;
Step 8, the overall quality that calculates each pixel on water body drawing product divides, and is designated as S
qA; Computing formula is S
qA=S
p+ 100 * S
pRODUCT, S wherein
p=S
b7* S
nDWI* S
sLOPE
Step 9, divide according to the overall quality of each pixel on water body drawing product, generates water body drawing product quality grading evaluation result.
And, in step 7,
The concrete division of 4 ranks of gradient raster data SLOPE is as follows,
When SLOPE<2, scoring is 3;
When 2≤SLOPE<6, scoring is 2;
When 6≤SLOPE<10, scoring is 1; 10
When 10≤SLOPE, scoring is 0;
The concrete division of 4 ranks of normalization water body index NDWI is as follows,
As NDWI > 0 the time, scoring is 3;
When-0.1<NDWI≤0, scoring is 2;
When-0.3<NDWI≤-0.1, scoring is 1;
When NDWI≤-0.3, scoring is 0.
The concrete division of 4 ranks of the 7th wave band value B7 is as follows,
When B7<0.04, scoring is 3;
When 0.04≤B7<0.05, scoring is 2;
When 0.05≤B7<0.07, scoring is 1;
When 0.07≤B7, scoring is 0.
And, in step 9, the water body quality evaluation result of each pixel on product of charting is divided into to 8 ranks from high to low;
Work as S
qA=127 o'clock is the I level;
Work as S
qA={ during 118,112,109,108,106}, be the II level;
Work as S
qA={ during 104,103,102,101}, be the III level;
Work as S
qA={ during 100}, be the IV level;
Work as S
qA={ during 27}, be the V level;
Work as S
qA={ during 18,12,9,8,6}, be the VI level;
Work as S
qA={ during 4,3,2,1}, be the VII level;
Work as S
qA=0 o'clock is the VIII level.
Technical scheme of the present invention has simply generally, characteristics fast and cheaply, can carry out the scale application at the whole world/regional scale.With respect to domestic and international existing remote sensing image water body drawing Product Quality Evaluation method, the present invention is directed to spectral characteristic and the gradient distribution rule of water body on the TM/ETM+ image, designed the assessment indicator system for TM/ETM+ image water body drawing Product Quality Evaluation; Water body drawing Product Quality Evaluation index ' s quality grade scale and water body drawing product quality comprehensive evaluation model have been designed.The present invention can provide very important water body drawing product quality information for regional or global surface water body Changeement, and then guarantees the result of study precision.
The accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the embodiments of the invention process flow diagrams.
embodiment
Technical solution of the present invention can adopt computer software technology to realize automatic operational scheme.Describe technical solution of the present invention in detail below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.
The TM/ETM+ water body drawing quality control flow process of embodiment is shown in accompanying drawing 1, and the specific implementation process comprises the steps:
(1) will through radiation calibration, operate for the TM/ETM+ remote sensing images of water body drawing, convert the DN value (gray-scale value) of each pixel on original remote sensing images to atmospheric envelope top reflectivity (Top of the Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance), note TOA.
The specific implementation of described radiation calibration operation is, according to the calculating of calibration formula, first to ask for the radiance value
l, then according to the radiance value
lask for atmospheric envelope top reflectivity
ρ, the calibration formula is as follows:
In formula,
qCALdN value for original quantification;
lMINfor
qCALthe radiance value of=0 o'clock;
lMAXfor
qCAL=
qCALMAXthe time the radiance value;
qCALMINit is minimum quantization calibration pixel value;
qCALMAXit is the maximum calibration pixel value that quantizes;
dsolar distance for astronomical unit;
eSUNfor the apparent radiance average of the sun;
sfor sun altitude.
The above-mentioned parameter value all can be obtained from the metadata that the TM/ETM+ image carries.
(2) from global SRTM(Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, space flight interference imaging radar landform task) download the altitude figures of water body drawing product corresponding region in Law of DEM Data, it is resampled to 30 meters resolution (original spatial resolution is 90 meters), consistent with the TM/ETM+ image.Law of DEM Data, i.e. ground elevation data DEM.(3) generate the gradient raster data of each pixel in water body drawing product corresponding region according to altitude figures resampling result, be designated as SLOPE.Concrete production realizes it being a kind of existing mature technology, in the business software of the multiple maturations such as ArcGIS, Erdas, ENVI, can complete, and it will not go into details in the present invention.
(4) water body is charted product binaryzation, binaryzation gained mark value is designated as S
pRODUCT; Described binaryzation implementation is, will be that the pixel of water body is labeled as 1, and the pixel of non-water body is labeled as 0.
(5) calculate the normalization water body index (Normalized Difference Water Index, NDWI) of each pixel from step 1 gained image TOA, by result output, be designated as NDWI.
The normalization water body index computing formula that embodiment adopts is
NDWI= (TM2-TM4) / (TM2 + TM4) (3)
In formula, the spectral value of the second wave band on TM2 presentation video TOA, the spectral value of the 4th wave band on TM4 presentation video TOA.
(6) obtain the 7th wave band value of each pixel from step 1 gained image TOA, be designated as B7.
(7) according to spectral characteristic and the spatial characteristics of water body, respectively gradient raster data SLOPE, the normalization water body index NDWI of each pixel and the 7th wave band value B7 are divided into to 4 ranks, and to score successively according to rank be 3,2,1,0, the result of scoring is designated as respectively S
sLOPE, S
nDWIand S
b7.The height that embodiment of the present invention utilization divides means it is the possibility degree of water body: water body-3, may be water body-2, unlikely be water body-1, non-water body-0.
The ultimate principle that water body can identify from remote sensing image by automation algorithm is that the spectrum of water body obviously is different from other types atural object (buildings, vegetation, exposed soil etc.).With respect to atural objects such as buildings, vegetation, exposed soils, the spectral characteristic of water body mainly contains:
One,, in water body strong absorption effect to sunshine in the short-wave infrared SPECTRAL REGION, with respect to other several atural objects, water body presents low-down reflectivity in short-wave infrared SPECTRAL REGION (the 5th and the 7th wave band of TM/ETM+ image).
Two, many experiments show, have certain relation, for example TM2+TM3 between each band spectrum of water body > TM4+TM5, TM4 > TM5, TM2 > TM5 etc.Wherein, what TM2 meaned is the spectral value of the second wave band, and what TM5 meaned is the spectral value of the 5th wave band, the like.
Exist the spectral characteristic that obviously is different from other atural objects on the TM/ETM+ image due to water body.Therefore, above-mentioned spectral characteristic is widely used in the water body extraction algorithm of design automation, NDVI for example, NDWI, MNDWI etc.By above-mentioned spectral characteristic, can be comparatively accurately by water body and other atural objects, for example buildings, exposed soil, the shade of vegetation, cloud etc. makes a distinction.
In addition, be subject to the impact that ground just rises and falls, can cause the reflectivity of ground shady face far below actual reflectance, formed the massif shade.In the water body remote sensing mapping, the shade of massif can show the curve of spectrum approximate with water body, thereby easily by the water body that is divided into of mistake.For the value of slope of massif dash area is usually larger, and the place of water body occurs, value of slope is less usually.Therefore, but the shade of massif to a certain extent the size of the value of slope of combined ground rejected.
According to spectral characteristic and the gradient distribution rule of above-mentioned water body, the level of factor system of the TM/ETM+ water body of embodiment of the present invention design drawing Product Quality Evaluation and quality grading score standard are as following table:
Table 1
| Quality scale-quality score | B7 | NDWI | SLOPE |
| Water body-3 | <0.04 | >0 | <2 |
| May be water body-2 | 0.04-0.05 | -0.1-0 | 2-6 |
| It is unlikely water body-1 | 0.05-0.07 | -0.3-0.1 | 6-10 |
| Non-water body-0 | >0.07 | <-0.3 | >10 |
In upper table, B7 refers to the reflectivity of picture dot on the 7th wave band of TM/ETM+ remote sensing images, is mainly used in the atural objects such as water body and vegetation, buildings, exposed soil are distinguished; NDWI refers to the normalization water body index, can be used for eliminating the atural objects such as vegetation, buildings, exposed soil, can eliminate to a certain extent the shade of cloud; SLOPE refers to the value of slope on this ground, picture dot place, for eliminating the impact of massif shade.
The quality classification standard specific design that is embodiment is:
The concrete division of 4 ranks of gradient raster data SLOPE is as follows,
When SLOPE<2, scoring is 3;
When 2≤SLOPE<6, scoring is 2;
When 6≤SLOPE<10, scoring is 1; 10
When 10≤SLOPE, scoring is 0;
The concrete division of 4 ranks of normalization water body index NDWI is as follows,
As NDWI > 0 the time, scoring is 3;
When-0.1<NDWI≤0, scoring is 2;
When-0.3<NDWI≤-0.1, scoring is 1;
When NDWI≤-0.3, scoring is 0.
The concrete division of 4 ranks of the 7th wave band value B7 is as follows,
When B7<0.04, scoring is 3;
When 0.04≤B7<0.05, scoring is 2;
When 0.05≤B7<0.07, scoring is 1;
When 0.07≤B7, scoring is 0.
To preserve output to the result of scoring of SLOPE, NDWI, B7, be designated as respectively S
sLOPE, S
nDWI, S
b7.
(8) by pixel, calculate, the overall quality of trying to achieve each pixel on water body drawing product divides, and result output is preserved, and is designated as S
qA.
Embodiment is first by S
sLOPE, S
nDWI, S
b7tire out and take advantage of quadrature, result is output as S
p, as shown in the formula:
S
p=S
B7×S
NDWI×S
SLOPE (4)
Then being calculated as follows overall quality divides:
S
QA= S
p+100×S
PRODUCT (5)
(9) divide according to the overall quality of each pixel on water body drawing product, generate water body drawing product quality grading evaluation result.
Embodiment proposes the water body quality evaluation result of each pixel on product of charting is divided into to 8 ranks, be followed successively by: high-quality-I, fair average quality-II, quality-III, the zone errors-IV such as low, leaking subregion-V, may leak subregion-VI, is unlikely to leak subregion-VII and non-water body zone-VIII.Cartographer and product user can be made judge to the quality of product according to the quality scale of corresponding region.The cartographer can pay close attention to the zone that rank is IV, V, further improves production quality.The quality grading table of comparisons is as follows:
The value of each index is 3,2,1,0, and table 2 will tire out possible value and the corresponding classification of the value after taking advantage of and all list in order to implement reference.The quality evaluation result that is about to each pixel on water body drawing product is divided into 8 ranks from high to low:
Work as S
qA=127 o'clock is the I level;
Work as S
qA={ during 118,112,109,108,106}, be the II level;
Work as S
qA={ during 104,103,102,101}, be the III level;
Work as S
qA={ during 100}, be the IV level;
Work as S
qA={ during 27}, be the V level;
Work as S
qA={ during 18,12,9,8,6}, be the VI level;
Work as S
qA={ during 4,3,2,1}, be the VII level;
Work as S
qA=0 o'clock is the VIII level.
Can complete water body drawing product quality comprehensive evaluation and classification by this design.
For ease of understanding for the purpose of effect of the present invention, provide description of test as follows:
(1) Experimental Area of experiment case study is described: experiment case study of the present invention is chosen 1 zone that is positioned at South America high latitude as test block.This test block 1 is at Landsat(U.S. Landsat) WRS-2 (Worldwide Reference System, world's reference coordinate) position in coordinate system is Path=232, Row=094, Path is that the orbit number Row of Landsat in world coordinate system is line number.This test block is positioned at high latitude area, and the earth's surface topographic relief is large, water body is more.Due to the impact that is subject to the massif shade, list indistinguishable water-outlet body and massif shade the spectral characteristic of topographical surface feature.
(2) the water body drawing product data that experiment case study is used: the water body drawing product that experiment is used is the water body drawing product that a width is used the NDWI method automatically to extract.
The value of normalization water body index NDWI is larger, show this to as if the possibility of water body larger.Otherwise, less.
(3) the water body drawing quality control auxiliary data that experiment case study is used: the auxiliary data that experiment is used mainly contains: 1., for the production of the original TM image of this product, this image acquisition time is on August 28th, 2000; 2. the dem data of correspondence in this test block, used 90 meters global digital elevation data SRTM data sets from NASA;
(4) reference data that experiment case study is used: the global earth's surface cover data of 300 meters resolution of producing from European space flight NASA is concentrated and is extracted the water body distributed intelligence in this test block, using these data as the reference data, the reliability of checking quality evaluation result.
(5) write computer program, realize design water body drawing quality control method in the present invention, in evaluation result, the product picture dot number of each quality scale and ratio distribute and see the following form:
Table 3
| Quality scale | Water body picture dot number | Ratio |
| I | 2146806 | 45.27% |
| II | 423210 | 8.92% |
| III | 830 | 0.02% |
| IV | 1909038 | 40.25% |
| V | 0 | 0.00% |
| VI | 161258 | 3.40% |
| VII | 101608 | 2.14% |
| Amount to | 4742750 | 100% |
(6), from evaluation result, large stretch of massif shade is by the water body that is divided into of mistake.Analyze the wrong value of slope that is divided into the water body zone and find, wrong subregional value of slope is large (gradient is greater than 30), and covers on earth's surface, the GLOBCOVER(whole world) the earth's surface cover type be herbaceous plant.Therefore, can judge that this zone is be subject to the impact of massif shade and be divided into water body by mistake, the quality evaluation result regional to this is in the main true.
(7) further analyze the difference of water body on spectrum in massif shadow region and this zone.In test block, one of intercepting obviously is subject to the impact of massif shade, and the zone that value of slope is larger, extract the curve of spectrum on earth's surface in this shadow region, the curve of spectrum of typical water body in itself and test block is contrasted, known, the curve of spectrum of shadow region and the water body curve of spectrum are closely similar.This phenomenon shows, based on spectral characteristic, water body is extracted merely, is difficult to distinguish water body and seriously is subject to the zone that the massif shade affects.Therefore, the water body of the present invention design drawing product can provide the drawing product each regional mass distribution situation, thereby can improve very important, pointed product quality information is provided for the water body product quality of charting.
Specific embodiment described herein is only to the explanation for example of the present invention's spirit.Those skilled in the art can make various modifications or supplement or adopt similar mode to substitute described specific embodiment, but can't depart from spirit of the present invention or surmount the defined scope of appended claims.For example, the invention technician can set up the partition of the level scheme on their own according to concrete accuracy requirement; Under the prerequisite that does not affect result, concrete execution step order can be adjusted.
Claims (2)
1. water body based on a remote sensing image drawing Product Quality Evaluation method, described remote sensing image is TM image or ETM+ image; It is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
Step 1, carry out the radiation calibration operation by the remote sensing image to for the water body drawing, and the grayvalue transition of each pixel on remote sensing image is become to atmospheric envelope top reflectivity, and after conversion, the gained image is designated as TOA;
Step 2 is downloaded the altitude figures of water body drawing product corresponding region, and according to the resolution of remote sensing image, altitude figures is resampled from global SRTM Law of DEM Data, obtains altitude figures resampling result;
Step 3, the gradient raster data according to each pixel in altitude figures resampling result generation water body drawing product corresponding region, be designated as SLOPE;
Step 4, by the water body product binaryzation of charting, binaryzation gained mark value is designated as S
pRODUCT; Described binaryzation implementation is, will be that the pixel of water body is labeled as 1, and the pixel of non-water body is labeled as 0;
Step 5, the normalization water body index that calculates each pixel from step 1 gained image TOA, be designated as NDWI;
Step 6, the 7th wave band value of obtaining each pixel from step 1 gained image TOA, be designated as B7;
Step 7, according to spectral characteristic and the spatial characteristics of water body, be divided into 4 ranks by gradient raster data SLOPE, the normalization water body index NDWI of each pixel and the 7th wave band value B7 respectively, and according to rank, to score successively be 3,2,1,0, the result of scoring is designated as respectively S
sLOPE, S
nDWIand S
b7;
Step 8, the overall quality that calculates each pixel on water body drawing product divides, and is designated as S
qA; Computing formula is S
qA=S
p+ 100 * S
pRODUCT, S wherein
p=S
b7* S
nDWI* S
sLOPE;
Step 9, divide according to the overall quality of each pixel on water body drawing product, generates water body drawing product quality grading evaluation result, comprises the water body quality evaluation result of each pixel on product of charting is divided into to 8 ranks from high to low;
Work as S
qA=127 o'clock is the I level;
Work as S
qA={ during 118,112,109,108,106}, be the II level;
Work as S
qA={ during 104,103,102,101}, be the III level;
Work as S
qA={ during 100}, be the IV level;
Work as S
qA={ during 27}, be the V level;
Work as S
qA={ during 18,12,9,8,6}, be the VI level;
Work as S
qA={ during 4,3,2,1}, be the VII level;
Work as S
qA=0 o'clock is the VIII level.
2. the water body based on remote sensing image drawing Product Quality Evaluation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in step 7,
The concrete division of 4 ranks of gradient raster data SLOPE is as follows,
When SLOPE<2, scoring is 3;
When 2≤SLOPE<6, scoring is 2;
When 6≤SLOPE<10, scoring is 1;
When 10≤SLOPE, scoring is 0;
The concrete division of 4 ranks of normalization water body index NDWI is as follows,
As NDWI > 0 the time, scoring is 3;
When-0.1<NDWI≤0, scoring is 2;
When-0.3<NDWI≤-0.1, scoring is 1;
When NDWI≤-0.3, scoring is 0;
The concrete division of 4 ranks of the 7th wave band value B7 is as follows,
When B7<0.04, scoring is 3;
When 0.04≤B7<0.05, scoring is 2;
When 0.05≤B7<0.07, scoring is 1;
When 0.07≤B7, scoring is 0.
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