CN102454484B - 发电厂 - Google Patents

发电厂 Download PDF

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CN102454484B
CN102454484B CN201110319317.8A CN201110319317A CN102454484B CN 102454484 B CN102454484 B CN 102454484B CN 201110319317 A CN201110319317 A CN 201110319317A CN 102454484 B CN102454484 B CN 102454484B
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flow
sensor
mixture
mass flow
power plant
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CN102454484A (zh
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S·罗弗卡
F·桑德尔
E·本茨
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Ansaldo Energia IP UK Ltd
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Alstom Technology AG
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01KSTEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/10Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with exhaust fluid of one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/101Regulating means specially adapted therefor
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02CGAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C3/00Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
    • F02C3/34Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid with recycling of part of the working fluid, i.e. semi-closed cycles with combustion products in the closed part of the cycle
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02CGAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C9/00Controlling gas-turbine plants; Controlling fuel supply in air- breathing jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C9/16Control of working fluid flow
    • F02C9/20Control of working fluid flow by throttling; by adjusting vanes
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02CGAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C9/00Controlling gas-turbine plants; Controlling fuel supply in air- breathing jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C9/26Control of fuel supply
    • F02C9/40Control of fuel supply specially adapted to the use of a special fuel or a plurality of fuels
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00Function
    • F05D2260/60Fluid transfer
    • F05D2260/61Removal of CO2
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00Function
    • F05D2260/80Diagnostics
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23CMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2202/00Fluegas recirculation
    • F23C2202/30Premixing fluegas with combustion air
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23CMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C9/00Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23NREGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2241/00Applications
    • F23N2241/20Gas turbines
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/32Direct CO2 mitigation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

发电厂包括燃气涡轮机组(1),所述燃气涡轮机组(1)的废气(8)穿过蒸汽轮机组(10)的锅炉(9),然后进给到分流器(11)中,所述废气(8)在分流器(11)分成再循环流(12)和排出流(13),其中,所述再循环流(12)进给到混合器(16)中,与新鲜空气(7)一起形成混合物(6),所述混合物(6)进给到燃气涡轮机组(1)的压缩机(2)入口。设置用于所述压缩机入口处的混合物氧气含量的监视***。所述监视***包括再循环流质量流量传感器(30)、再循环流氧气浓度传感器(31)、混合物质量流量的传感器(32)、控制单元(35),所述控制单元(35)布置成处理由所述至少再循环流质量流量传感器(30)、再循环流氧气浓度传感器(31)和混合物质量流量的传感器(32)所探测的信息段,得到所述压缩机入口上游的氧气浓度。

Description

发电厂
技术领域
本发明涉及一种发电厂。
特别地,下面涉及具有废气再循环***和CO2捕获单元的发电厂。
背景技术
参照图1,WO2010/072710公开一种具有燃气涡轮机组1的发电厂,燃气涡轮机组1包括压缩机2、燃烧室3和涡轮机4。
包括来自环境的新鲜空气7的混合物6进给到压缩机2中和废气8(源自混合物6和燃料在燃烧室3内的燃烧)出现在涡轮机4。
这些废气8(通常具有高温)优选进给到蒸汽轮机组10的再热锅炉9中;在锅炉9中,废气8将热传递给蒸汽轮机组10的水。
从锅炉9,废气8供给到分流器11中,分成再循环流12和排出流13。
再循环流12在同一再循环流12的流动路径上设置的冷却器14中冷却;然后,再循环流12经由风扇15供给到混合器16中,与新鲜空气7混合,并且形成混合物6供给到压缩机2中。
排出流13在冷却器19中冷却,然后经由风扇20进给到CO2捕获单元21中,接着经由22排出到大气中;相反地,捕获在CO2捕获单元21中的CO2储存中24中。
由于废气再循环***,在压缩机入口处的氧气量低于新鲜空气中的氧气量。在这方面,新鲜空气的氧浓度通常为约21mol%,然而,在具有废气再循环***的发电厂压缩机入口处的氧气浓度低于或远远低于21mol%。
很明显,在压缩机入口处的氧气量太低的情况下,在燃烧室3中的氧气量还将太低,并且还可能降到化学当量以下(即,理论上达到完全燃烧所需要的最小量)。在这种情况下可能发生不完全燃烧,具有高CO,未燃烧的烃(hydrocarbon)和最终火焰熄灭。
在使用多个燃烧室,下游燃烧室进给来自上游燃烧室的仍然富含氧气的废气(顺序燃烧燃汽轮机组)的情况下,这个问题甚至更严重。
因为这些原因,需要测量燃气轮机组的压缩机入口处的氧气浓度。
然而,压缩机入口上游的流动条件非常复杂,并且其特点是高涡流、湍流和正在进行的混合。在实践中,不能进行直接的氧气浓度测量。
发明内容
因此,本发明的技术目的包括提供一种克服了现有技术的前述问题的发电厂。
在这个技术目的的范围内,本发明的一个方面是提供一种发电厂,其中,能够在所述燃汽轮机组的压缩机入口的紧贴上游区域处进行氧气浓度测量。
根据本发明,通过提供一种根据所附权利要求书的发电厂达到所述技术目的,以及这些和其他方面。
附图说明
根据利用附图中非限制性实例所例示的发电厂的优选但非唯一的实施例,本发明的其他特点和优点将更明显,在附图中:
图1是发电厂的示意图;
图2是压缩机入口上游的发电厂的一部分的示意图。
具体实施方式
由于本发明的实施例中的发电厂可具有相同的结构元件,下面参照已经描述的发电厂。
发电厂包括用于压缩机2入口处的混合物氧气浓度的监视***。
所述监视***包括再循环流质量流量传感器30,连接混合器16的上游和优选分流器11的下游。
还有,再循环流氧气浓度传感器31设置在混合器16的上游;优选地,传感器31连接冷却器14的下游。
此外,还设置混合物质量流量的传感器32,连接压缩机2的上游。
监视***还包括控制单元35,控制单元35连接到传感器30、31和32,并且布置成处理(elaborate)由它们所探测的信息段(piecesofinformation),得到压缩机入口上游的氧气浓度(即,压缩机入口处)。
特别地,基于下述公式进行处理:
Mfg·[O2]fg+Mfa·[O2]fa=Mm·[O2]m
其中,
Mfg表示废气的质量流量
[O2]fg表示废气的O2质量浓度
Mfa表示新鲜空气的质量流量
[O2]fa表示新鲜空气中O2质量浓度
Mm表示进给到压缩机的混合物质量流量
[O2]m表示进给到压缩机的混合物O2质量浓度
由于:
-Mfg由传感器30测量,
-[O2]fg由传感器31测量,
-Mfa能够根据差Mm-Mfg计算得到,
-[O2]fa是已知的,大致等于23质量%,
-Mm由传感器32测量,
[O2]m能够精确地计算得到。
优选地,控制单元35包括计算机,并且这些计算由控制单元35上运行的程序代码实施。
在不同的实施例中,传感器32是传统的质量流量传感器,并因而提供质量流的直接测量。
在优选的不同实施例中,传感器32提供质量流量的间接测量。在这种情况下,混合物质量流量的传感器32包括温度传感器37、压力传感器38和导向叶片定位控制装置39(在压缩机入口处),它们连接到控制单元35,以向控制单元35供给处理关于压缩机映像的信息段,得到所需要的混合物质量流量。这些传感器连接压缩机的上游,意味着它们测量压缩机2上游的流动。无论如何很清楚的是,导向叶片控制装置连接到导向叶片和概括地连接到压缩机。
基于精确地计算的混合物中的氧气浓度,能够进行调整和操作控制;例如,可以调整FGR比(即,废气再循环比,定义为再循环质量流量除以通过燃汽轮机组的总质量流量)以保证在所有操作条件下进给到压缩机入口的混合物中的最小氧气浓度。
不同的实施例也是可能的。
例如,代替两个冷却器14和19,发电厂也可以只具有一个冷却器,定位在再热锅炉9和分流器11之间(实例未显示);在这种情况下,传感器31将优选定位在这个冷却器的下游,但在分流器11之后。
本发明还涉及一种操作发电厂的方法。
所述方法包括探测所述再循环流质量流量,探测再循环流氧气浓度,探测混合物质量流量,处理所探测的信息段,以得到压缩机入口上游的氧气浓度。
自然地,所描述的结构元件可以彼此单独地提供。
在实践中,所使用的材料和尺寸能够根据技术领域的要求和状况任意选择。
附图标记
1燃气涡轮机组
21的压缩机
31的燃烧室
41的涡轮机
6混合物
7新鲜空气
8废气
910的再热锅炉
10蒸汽轮机组
11分流器
12再循环流
13排出流
14冷却器
15风扇
16混合器
19冷却器
20风扇
21CO2捕获单元
22排出到大气中
24CO2储存
30质量流量传感器
31O2浓度传感器
32混合物质量流量的传感器
35控制单元
37温度传感器
38压力传感器
39导向叶片定位控制装置

Claims (14)

1.包括燃气涡轮机组(1)的发电厂,所述燃气涡轮机组(1)的废气(8)进给到分流器(11)中,所述废气(8)在分流器(11)分成再循环流(12)和排出流(13),其中,所述再循环流(12)进给到混合器(16)中,与新鲜空气(7)一起形成混合物(6),所述混合物(6)进给到燃气涡轮机组(1)的压缩机(2)入口,其中,设置用于所述压缩机入口处的混合物氧气含量的监视***,其特征在于,
所述监视***包括:
-再循环流质量流量传感器(30),
-再循环流氧气浓度传感器(31),
-混合物质量流量的传感器(32),
-控制单元(35),其布置成处理由所述再循环流质量流量传感器(30)、再循环流氧气浓度传感器(31)和混合物质量流量的传感器(32)所探测的信息段,得到所述压缩机入口上游的氧气浓度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的发电厂,其特征在于,
所述再循环流质量流量传感器(30)连接所述混合器(16)的上游。
3.根据权利要求2所述的发电厂,其特征在于,
所述再循环流质量流量传感器(30)连接所述分流器(11)的下游。
4.根据权利要求1所述的发电厂,其特征在于,
所述再循环流氧气浓度传感器(31)连接所述混合器(16)的上游。
5.根据权利要求4所述的发电厂,其特征在于,
在所述再循环流(12)流动路径上的再热锅炉(9)的下游设置冷却器(14),其中,所述再循环流氧气浓度传感器(31)连接所述冷却器(14)的下游。
6.根据权利要求1所述的发电厂,其特征在于,
所述混合物质量流量的传感器(32)至少部分地连接所述压缩机(2)的上游。
7.根据权利要求1所述的发电厂,其特征在于,
所述混合物质量流量的传感器(32)提供所述质量流量的间接测量。
8.根据权利要求7所述的发电厂,其特征在于,
所述混合物质量流量的传感器(32)包括温度传感器(37)、压力传感器(38)和导向叶片定位装置(39)。
9.根据权利要求8所述的发电厂,其特征在于,
所述温度传感器(37)、压力传感器(38)和导向叶片定位控制装置(39)连接到所述控制单元(35),以向所述控制单元(35)供给处理关于压缩机映像的信息段,从而得到所述混合物质量流量。
10.根据权利要求1所述的发电厂,其特征在于,
所述排出流(13)进给到CO2捕获单元(21)。
11.根据权利要求1所述的发电厂,其特征在于,
燃气涡轮机组的出口连接到锅炉(9),所述锅炉(9)又连接到所述分流器(11)。
12.操作包括燃气涡轮机组(1)的发电厂的方法,其中,所述燃气涡轮机组(1)的废气(8)进给到分流器(11),所述废气(8)在分流器(11)分成再循环流(12)和排出流(13),其中,所述再循环流(12)进给到混合器(16),与新鲜空气(7)一起形成混合物(6),所述混合物(6)进给到燃气涡轮机组(1)的压缩机(2)入口,其中,设置用于所述压缩机入口处的混合物氧气含量的监视***,其特征在于,
所述监视***:
-通过再循环流质量流量传感器(30)探测所述再循环流质量流量,
-通过再循环流氧气浓度传感器(31)探测所述再循环流氧气浓度,
-通过混合物质量流量的传感器(32)探测所述混合物质量流量,
-通过控制单元(35)处理由所述再循环流质量流量传感器(30)、再循环流氧气浓度传感器(31)和混合物质量流量的传感器(32)所探测的信息段,得到所述压缩机入口上游的氧气浓度。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,
所述排出流(13)进给到CO2捕获单元(21)。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,
来自所述燃气涡轮机组(1)的废气(8)穿过蒸汽轮机组(10)的锅炉(9),然后进给到所述分流器(11)中。
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