CN102445287A - System and method for measuring surface energy flux density - Google Patents

System and method for measuring surface energy flux density Download PDF

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CN102445287A
CN102445287A CN2011102909424A CN201110290942A CN102445287A CN 102445287 A CN102445287 A CN 102445287A CN 2011102909424 A CN2011102909424 A CN 2011102909424A CN 201110290942 A CN201110290942 A CN 201110290942A CN 102445287 A CN102445287 A CN 102445287A
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receiving plane
hot spot
imaging device
spot imaging
surface energy
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CN102445287B (en
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周慧
吴小翠
付杰
徐能
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Cosin Solar Technology Co Ltd
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Zhejiang Supcon Solar Energy Technology Co Ltd
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Abstract

The invention discloses a system for measuring surface energy flux density, which is used for indirectly measuring the surface energy flux density of a receiving face. The system comprises a light spot imaging device, an image acquisition device and an image processing device, wherein the image acquisition device is used for acquiring image information of the surface of the light spot imaging device, the image processing device is used for processing the image inforamtion and calculating energy flux density distribution, the light spot imaging device moves along the receiving face, and a motion track covers the whole receiving face. The invention also discloses a method for measuring the surface energy flux density. In the invnetion, the smaller light spot imaging device is used for measuring the energy flux density of the large-size receiving face, the system and the method are convenient and reliable and are lower in cost; moreover, the energy flux density and an energy distribution map of all points of the whole receiving face can be obtained. The system and the method are high in precision, low in cost, and easy to operate.

Description

A kind of surface energy current density measuring system and method
Technical field
The present invention relates to the solar energy thermal-power-generating technical field, relate in particular to a kind of receiving plane surface energy current density measuring system and method in the solar heat power generation system.
Background technology
Solar heat power generation system is to utilize heliostat that sunshine is reflexed on the receiving plane; By heat-transfer working medium such as water, air, liquid metal or melt salt etc. and change solar radiant energy the heat energy of receiving plane output into, visible receiving plane is the core component that heat generating system is responsible for the photo-thermal conversion then.The receiving plane energy flux density is measured the whether accurate thermal efficiency to computing system and is had crucial effects.Up to now, the measuring method of surface energy current density mainly is divided into two kinds, i.e. direct measuring method and indirect measurement method.
(1) direct measuring method
Direct measuring method is directly with heat flow meter the discrete point on the receiving plane to be measured, and its major advantage is simple, direct; Shortcoming is on the discrete point of receiving plane, to obtain data, the height of the number decision spatial resolution of heat flow meter, and when momentary status took place, heat flow meter reduced measuring accuracy relatively long writing time.
(2) indirect measurement method
Indirect measurement method is that a hot spot imaging device was set before receiving plane; This hot spot imaging device area need be not less than receiving plane area to be measured; And can isotropically reflect light through the heliostat reflection; Gather the hot spot on hot spot imaging device surface with image collecting device, have certain corresponding relation between the gray-scale value of gained light spot image and the heat flow density, the energy flux density that can obtain hot spot imaging device surface through converting distributes.This method has the following advantages with respect to direct measuring method: resolution is higher; Data acquisition time is shorter; Use economic elements such as camera, optical filter.
Application number is that 201010241767.5 Chinese invention patent " infrared imaging temperature measuring formula energy flux density measurement mechanism " based on the infrared imaging temperature measuring principle, carries out the infrared imaging temperature measuring analysis to the hot spot on the hot spot imaging device, calculates the hot spot energy flux density; The PhD dissertation of the Liu Ying of Harbin Institute of Technology " theoretical and experimental study that solar concentrator focal beam spot energy flux density distributes " has proposed a kind of focal beam spot energy flux density distribution measurement system to dish formula condenser system; This system has selected typical indirect measurement method for use, has obtained the energy flux density of focal beam spot.Above technical requirement hot spot imaging device size is greater than tested hot spot bore; Therefore hot spot imaging device size is often very big; And large scale hot spot imaging device manufacturing cost is very high; The practical operation difficulty of getting up is bigger, so existing system and method and be not suitable for the measurement of large scale receiving plane energy flux density.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is exactly the measuring system and the method for a kind of high precision, low cost, easy-operating indirect measurement receiving plane surface energy current density of providing for the problem that solves above-mentioned prior art existence, and is applicable to the energy flux density measurement of large scale receiving plane.
The object of the invention is realized through following technical scheme:
A kind of surface energy current density measuring system; Be used for measuring indirectly receiving plane surface energy current density; Comprise hot spot imaging device, image collecting device and image processing apparatus; Image collecting device is gathered the image information on hot spot imaging device surface, and is handled by image processing apparatus, calculates energy flux density and distributes; Said hot spot imaging device moves along receiving plane, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane.
Said measuring system also comprises motion auxiliary body, and said hot spot imaging device flexibly connects with motion auxiliary body and moves along receiving plane through motion auxiliary body, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane.Preferably, said motion auxiliary body is a guide rail; Said hot spot imaging device one or both ends connect guide rail and slide or upset along receiving plane through guide rail, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane.
Preferably, said motion auxiliary body is rotating shaft; Said hot spot imaging device one end and rotating shaft articulate, and rotate around the shaft along receiving plane, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane.
Preferably, said hot spot imaging device is surperficial plate with diffusing characteristic diffuser, and said image collector is changed to video camera, and said image processing apparatus is the computing machine with image-capable; The surface of said plate scribbles the uniform coating material, and this coating material is the water-repellent paint with diffusing characteristic diffuser.
Preferably, said measuring system also comprises parameter measuring apparatus, and this parameter measuring apparatus specifically comprises: heat flow meter is used to gather the receiving plane surface heat flux; Infrared thermometer is used to measure the receiving plane surface temperature; Anemoscope is used to measure receiving plane wind speed on every side; Atmosphere temperature transducer is used to measure the receiving plane ambient temperature.
A kind of surface energy current density measuring method is used for measuring indirectly receiving plane surface energy current density, may further comprise the steps:
(1) mounted movable auxiliary body around receiving plane is connected the hot spot imaging device with motion auxiliary body; The hot spot imaging device moves along receiving plane through motion auxiliary body, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane;
(2) image collecting device is gathered the image information on hot spot imaging device surface in real time, obtains one group of surface light spot image; Give image processing apparatus with gained light spot image information transmission, handle, obtain complete hot spot figure by image processing apparatus;
(3) extract the gray-scale value of each point among the hot spot figure, set up the mutual corresponding relation of image point position and the surperficial object point of receiving plane position among the hot spot figure; After coordinate demarcate to be accomplished, extract the gray-scale value of the hot spot figure that collects, and be mapped with the coordinate points of receiving plane;
(4) confirm reduction coefficient F between gray-scale value and receiving plane energy flux density c
(5) according to reduction coefficient F cCalculating the receiving plane energy flux density distributes.
Preferably, said motion auxiliary body is a guide rail; Said hot spot imaging device one or both ends connect guide rail and slide or upset along receiving plane through guide rail, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane.
Preferably, said motion auxiliary body is rotating shaft; Said hot spot imaging device one end and rotating shaft articulate, and rotate around the shaft along receiving plane, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane.
Preferably, in the said step (4), reduction coefficient F cAdopt formula standardization and heat flow meter standardization to try to achieve respectively, thereby and the result that two kinds of methods obtain is got average confirm F cMeasure desired parameters through parameter measuring apparatus, specifically comprise: heat flow meter is used to gather the receiving plane surface heat flux; Infrared thermometer is used to measure the receiving plane surface temperature; Anemoscope is used to measure receiving plane wind speed on every side; Atmosphere temperature transducer is used to measure the receiving plane ambient temperature.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial effect:
1, the present invention uses less hot spot imaging device to measure the energy flux density of large scale receiving plane, and is convenient and reliable, cost is lower;
2, the employing direct measuring method can only obtain the energy flux density of receiving plane discrete point, and the present invention can obtain the energy flux density and the energy profile thereof of whole receiving plane each point, and precision is high, cost is low, easy to operate;
3, the present invention adopts formula standardization and heat flow meter standardization to try to achieve the reduction coefficient F between gray-scale value and the hot spot energy flux density respectively c, and two kinds of methods are calculated the gained result get the finally definite F of average c, improved the accuracy of calculating;
4, the present invention is applied in the solar heat power generation system, can obtain the input energy of heliostat in real time, improves the precision of the computing system thermal efficiency.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the synoptic diagram of surface energy current density measuring system of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the hot spot imaging device scheme of installation of the embodiment of the invention one;
Fig. 3 is the hot spot imaging device scheme of installation of the embodiment of the invention two;
Fig. 4 is the hot spot imaging device scheme of installation of the embodiment of the invention three;
Fig. 5 is the hot spot imaging device scheme of installation of the embodiment of the invention four;
Fig. 6 is the hot spot imaging device scheme of installation of the embodiment of the invention five;
Fig. 7 is the hot spot imaging device scheme of installation of the embodiment of the invention six.
Embodiment
Describe the present invention in detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and specific embodiment.
A kind of surface energy current density measuring system is used for measuring indirectly receiving plane surface energy current density, and is as shown in Figure 1, comprising: hot spot imaging device 100 is used to receive the light that heliostat reflects; Image collecting device 200 is used to gather the image information on hot spot imaging device 100 surfaces; Image processing apparatus 300 is used for the image information that image collecting device 200 is gathered is handled, and calculates energy flux density and distributes.Preferably, hot spot imaging device 100 is surperficial plate with diffusing characteristic diffuser, and the surface of plate scribbles the uniform coating material, and this coating material is the water-repellent paint with diffusing characteristic diffuser; Image collecting device 200 can adopt industrial camera or other suitable video cameras, and image processing apparatus 300 is for having the computing machine of image processing function.
This measuring system also comprises motion auxiliary body, and hot spot imaging device 100 flexibly connects with motion auxiliary body and moves along receiving plane through motion auxiliary body, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane.
Preferably, this measuring system also comprises parameter measuring apparatus, and this parameter measuring apparatus specifically comprises: heat flow meter is used to gather the receiving plane surface heat flux; Infrared thermometer is used to measure the receiving plane surface temperature; Anemoscope is used to measure receiving plane wind speed on every side; Atmosphere temperature transducer is used to measure the receiving plane ambient temperature.
Specify mode of motion and the receiving plane surface energy current density measuring method of hot spot imaging device through specific embodiment below along receiving plane.
Embodiment one
A kind of surface energy current density measuring method is used for measuring indirectly receiving plane surface energy current density, may further comprise the steps:
(1) two ends two closed slides 20 (motion auxiliary body) is installed along receiving plane about in the of 10; As shown in Figure 2; Hot spot imaging device 100 is a strip; Two ends connect two guide rails 20 respectively and slide (the hot spot imaging device is positioned at receiving plane the place ahead) along receiving plane through guide rail 20, and the movement locus of hot spot imaging device 100 covers whole receiving plane 10.
Wide and the coca of hot spot imaging device is confirmed according to the physical size of receiving plane, for ease of installing, makes the height H of hot spot imaging device 100 1Be slightly larger than the height H of receiving plane 10 2, the width W of hot spot imaging device 100 1Width W for receiving plane 10 21/10 (this ratio is decided according to present embodiment, but is not limited to this, can select certain ratio as the case may be).For example, when receiving plane is of a size of 3m * 3m, can choose the width W of hot spot imaging device 1Be 0.3m, height H 1Be 4m.
Guide rail 20 be along receiving plane about in the of 10 both ends horizontal arrange that hot spot imaging device 100 moves horizontally along guide rail, rail length is 6m, rail length has been chosen certain requirement, promptly is greater than the hot spot imaging device width (W of receiving plane width and twice 2+ 2W 1), guarantee that the hot spot imaging device is in the uniform speed motion state when mobile.The hot spot imaging device is positioned at a side of receiving plane during beginning; Then with the speed (translational speed can be chosen as required) of 0.5m/s-1m/s at the uniform velocity the opposite side to receiving plane move that (direction shown in the arrow is merely a kind of move mode; Also can move by reverse direction with direction shown in the arrow), the movement locus of hot spot imaging device covers whole receiving plane.
(2) image collecting device is taken the hot spot imaging device with the speed (shooting speed can be chosen as required) of 20 frame/seconds in real time when the hot spot imaging device moves; Gather the image information on hot spot imaging device surface; Obtain the light spot image on one group of hot spot imaging device surface, the light spot image of being gathered is a coloured image; The movement velocity of hot spot imaging device should not be low excessively, should be set to guarantee that its surface temperature is constant in the motion process, can taking the photograph image be regarded as the light spot image of synchronization like this.The relative position of image collecting device and hot spot imaging device does not have specific (special) requirements; Flame Image Process for the ease of the later stage; Can be installed in sustained height and take with image collecting device over against the hot spot imaging device, when later image is handled, need proofread and correct avoiding light spot image.
Give image processing apparatus with the light spot image information transmission that image collecting device is taken, image processing apparatus grasps, discerns, splices light spot image, obtains the complete hot spot figure identical with the receiving plane size;
(3) extract the gray-scale value of each point among the hot spot figure, set up the mutual corresponding relation of image point position and the surperficial object point of receiving plane position among the hot spot figure, this mutual corresponding relation is decided by the camera system imaging model; After coordinate demarcate to be accomplished, extract the gray-scale value of the hot spot figure that collects, and be mapped with the coordinate points of receiving plane;
(4) confirm reduction coefficient F between gray-scale value and receiving plane energy flux density c
(5) according to hot spot gray-scale value and reduction coefficient F cCalculating the receiving plane energy flux density distributes.
In the above-mentioned steps (4), reduction coefficient F cAdopt formula standardization and heat flow meter standardization to try to achieve respectively, thereby and the result that two kinds of methods obtain is got average confirm F cMeasure desired parameters through parameter measuring apparatus, specifically comprise: heat flow meter is used to gather the receiving plane surface heat flux; Infrared thermometer is used to measure the receiving plane surface temperature; Anemoscope is used to measure receiving plane wind speed on every side; Atmosphere temperature transducer is used to measure the receiving plane ambient temperature.
(1) formula standardization:
Adopt formula (I) to confirm reduction coefficient F c:
F c = P t arg et Σ i = 1 pixel A i G V i - - - ( I )
P wherein TargetBe the total energy value of receiving plane, pixel is the lip-deep pixel count of hot spot imaging device, A iBe the area of each pixel, GV iGray-scale value for pixel; And
P t arg et = m · ( h out - h in ) + h · A ( T 1 - T 2 ) + ξ · σ · A ( T 1 4 - T 2 4 ) - - - ( II )
Wherein
Figure BSA00000584313300063
Be the flow of heat-transfer working medium, h InWith h OutImport and export enthalpy difference for heat-transfer working medium, h is the receiving plane surface film thermal conductance, and A is the surface area of receiving plane, T 1Be wall surface temperature, T 2Be environment temperature, ξ is the material surface emissivity, and σ is the Si Difen Boltzmann constant.
When calculating the receiving plane total energy value, directly obtain heat-transfer working medium absorption energy through measuring the heat-transfer working medium out temperature; Convection current and heat loss through radiation loss need indirect calculation; For making calculating more accurate; The present invention calculates convection current and radiation heat transfer loss through three kinds of methods of balance equation of Theoretical Calculation, numerical simulation, the different operating points of calculating, and three kinds of methods calculating gained results are compared checking.
1) Theoretical Calculation
Adopt the corresponding experience formula; Calculate the wall surface film thermal conductance, measure the receiving plane surface temperature, record near the wind speed the receiving plane through anemoscope through infrared thermometer; Atmosphere temperature transducer records near the environment temperature the receiving plane, thereby calculates convection current and radiation heat transfer loss.
2) numerical simulation
Heat exchange loss through related software simulation receiving plane.
3) balance equation of the different operating points of calculating
Owing to there is the thermodynamic equilibrium equation under the equilibrium state:
P t arg et = m · ( h out - h in ) + h · A ( T 1 - T 2 ) + ξ · σ · A ( T 1 4 - T 2 4 )
There are 2 unknown parameter P in the equation TargetCan't directly measure with h, wherein P TargetFor needs obtain data, h is a surface film thermal conductance.Surface film thermal conductance can calculate through above-mentioned Theoretical Calculation and numerical value emulation method, but possibly have certain error, therefore designs following process: through regulating the flow of working medium, (keep P at interval in the short period TargetConstant), measure two groups of balance equations:
P t arg et = m · ′ ( h out ′ - h in ′ ) + h · A ( T 1 ′ - T 2 ) + ξ · σ · A ( T ′ 1 4 - T 2 4 )
In the equation do
Figure BSA00000584313300073
For regulating the flow of back working medium, A is the surface area of receiving plane, h InWith h OutFor working medium after regulating flow is imported and exported enthalpy difference, T 1For corresponding this moment wall surface temperature, because the time interval is shorter, so environment temperature T 2Can think constant.Because P in interior two equations of short period in the real process TargetRemain unchanged with h, the simultaneous solution balance equation calculates the surface film thermal conductance under the actual conditions, thereby draws the receiving plane total energy value.
(2) heat flow meter standardization
Adopt heat flow meter to measure the energy flux density value of diverse location on the hot spot imaging device surface, compare with the output gray level value of image collecting device again, obtain reduction coefficient F between the two in this position c
Embodiment two
As shown in Figure 3; Right ends along receiving plane 10 is vertically arranged two closed slides 30; Hot spot imaging device 100 is a strip; Two ends connect two guide rails 30 respectively and move up and down (the hot spot imaging device is positioned at receiving plane the place ahead) through guide rail 30 along receiving plane, and the movement locus of hot spot imaging device 100 covers whole receiving plane 10.The width of hot spot imaging device and receiving plane, highly, the length of guide rail, the translational speed of hot spot imaging device and the shooting speed of image collecting device are with embodiment one.
Embodiment three
As shown in Figure 4; Fixed point is installed a rotating shaft 40 (rotating shaft is arranged in around the receiving plane or in the receiving plane zone position of any appropriate around receiving plane 10; The installation site is not limit; Can freely select as required, cover whole receiving plane to guarantee hot spot imaging device rotational trajectory), an end of hot spot imaging device 100 and rotating shaft 40 articulate; Along receiving plane 10 40 rotations (the hot spot imaging device is positioned at receiving plane the place ahead) around the shaft, the shape of hot spot imaging device 100 and size guarantee that its movement locus covers whole receiving plane 10 and gets final product.Hot spot imaging device angular velocity of rotation is π/6 radian per seconds, and the shooting speed of image collecting device is 20 frame/seconds (hot spot imaging device angular velocity of rotation and image collecting device shooting speed can be chosen as required rightly).
Embodiment four
As shown in Figure 5; Around receiving plane 10, arrange four guide rails 50 respectively; Hot spot imaging device 100 connects guide rails 50 and through guide rail 50 along receiving plane 10 clockwise or counterclockwise translations (the hot spot imaging device is positioned at receiving plane the place ahead), and the movement locus of hot spot imaging device 100 covers whole receiving plane 10.The height H of hot spot imaging device 1Should be greater than the receiving plane height H 2Half the, or its width W 1Greater than the receiving plane width W 2Half the, and its depth-width ratio H 1/ W 1Want suitably, can not block receiving plane when satisfying its off working state.For example, when receiving plane was of a size of 3m * 3m, the horizontal direction rail length can be 6m, and the vertical direction rail length can be 6m, and the size of hot spot imaging device may be selected to be width 0.3m, height 4m.The translational speed of hot spot imaging device and the shooting speed of image collecting device be with embodiment one, but the invention is not restricted to this.
Embodiment five
As shown in Figure 6, receiving plane 10, hot spot imaging device 100, guide rail 60 arrangements are equal to embodiment one, and difference is hot spot imaging device 100 along guide rail 60 flip horizontals, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane 10.
Embodiment six
As shown in Figure 7, receiving plane 10, hot spot imaging device 100, guide rail 70 arrangements are equal to embodiment two, and difference is that hot spot imaging device 100 spins upside down along guide rail 70, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane 10.
Hot spot imaging device of the present invention is realized moving along receiving plane through the cooperation of motion auxiliary body, and its movement locus covers whole receiving plane.Embodiment two to embodiment more than six kind different installation and the mode of motion concrete that be hot spot imaging devices with motion auxiliary body; Be not used in qualification the present invention; Therefore the step that its follow-up IMAQ mode, Flame Image Process mode, calculating reduction coefficient and energy flux density distribute repeats no more with embodiment one.
More than the disclosed several specific embodiments that are merely the application, but the application is not limited thereto, any those skilled in the art can think variation, all should drop in the application's the protection domain.

Claims (10)

1. surface energy current density measuring system; Be used for measuring indirectly receiving plane surface energy current density; Comprise hot spot imaging device, image collecting device and image processing apparatus; Image collecting device is gathered the image information on hot spot imaging device surface, and is handled by image processing apparatus, calculates energy flux density and distributes; It is characterized in that said hot spot imaging device moves along receiving plane, movement locus covers whole receiving plane.
2. a kind of surface energy current density measuring system as claimed in claim 1; It is characterized in that; Said measuring system also comprises motion auxiliary body; Said hot spot imaging device flexibly connects with motion auxiliary body and moves along receiving plane through motion auxiliary body, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane.
3. a kind of surface energy current density measuring system as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, said motion auxiliary body is a guide rail; Said hot spot imaging device one or both ends connect guide rail and slide or upset along receiving plane through guide rail, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane.
4. a kind of surface energy current density measuring system as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, said motion auxiliary body is rotating shaft; Said hot spot imaging device one end and rotating shaft articulate, and rotate around the shaft along receiving plane, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane.
5. a kind of surface energy current density measuring system as claimed in claim 1; It is characterized in that; Said hot spot imaging device is surperficial plate with diffusing characteristic diffuser, and said image collector is changed to video camera, and said image processing apparatus is the computing machine with image-capable; The surface of said plate scribbles the uniform coating material, and this coating material is the water-repellent paint with diffusing characteristic diffuser.
6. a kind of surface energy current density measuring system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that said measuring system also comprises parameter measuring apparatus, and this parameter measuring apparatus specifically comprises: heat flow meter is used to gather the receiving plane surface heat flux; Infrared thermometer is used to measure the receiving plane surface temperature; Anemoscope is used to measure receiving plane wind speed on every side; Atmosphere temperature transducer is used to measure the receiving plane ambient temperature.
7. a surface energy current density measuring method is used for measuring indirectly receiving plane surface energy current density, it is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
(1) mounted movable auxiliary body around receiving plane is connected the hot spot imaging device with motion auxiliary body; The hot spot imaging device moves along receiving plane through motion auxiliary body, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane;
(2) image collecting device is gathered the image information on hot spot imaging device surface in real time, obtains one group of surface light spot image; Give image processing apparatus with gained light spot image information transmission, handle, obtain complete hot spot figure by image processing apparatus;
(3) extract the gray-scale value of each point among the hot spot figure, set up the mutual corresponding relation of image point position and the surperficial object point of receiving plane position among the hot spot figure; After coordinate demarcate to be accomplished, extract the gray-scale value of the hot spot figure that collects, and be mapped with the coordinate points of receiving plane;
(4) confirm reduction coefficient F between gray-scale value and receiving plane energy flux density c
(5) according to reduction coefficient F cCalculating the receiving plane energy flux density distributes.
8. a kind of surface energy current density measuring method as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that, said motion auxiliary body is a guide rail; Said hot spot imaging device one or both ends connect guide rail and slide or upset along receiving plane through guide rail, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane.
9. a kind of surface energy current density measuring method as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that, said motion auxiliary body is rotating shaft; Said hot spot imaging device one end and rotating shaft articulate, and rotate around the shaft along receiving plane, and movement locus covers whole receiving plane.
10. a kind of surface energy current density measuring method as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that, in the said step (4), and reduction coefficient F cAdopt formula standardization and heat flow meter standardization to try to achieve respectively, thereby and the result that two kinds of methods obtain is got average confirm F cMeasure desired parameters through parameter measuring apparatus, specifically comprise: heat flow meter is used to gather the receiving plane surface heat flux; Infrared thermometer is used to measure the receiving plane surface temperature; Anemoscope is used to measure receiving plane wind speed on every side; Atmosphere temperature transducer is used to measure the receiving plane ambient temperature.
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