CN102394374A - Double frequency feed source - Google Patents
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- CN102394374A CN102394374A CN2011101826617A CN201110182661A CN102394374A CN 102394374 A CN102394374 A CN 102394374A CN 2011101826617 A CN2011101826617 A CN 2011101826617A CN 201110182661 A CN201110182661 A CN 201110182661A CN 102394374 A CN102394374 A CN 102394374A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a double frequency feed source, which is applied to a ring-focus double-reflector antenna and works in S and X frequency bands. The S/X double frequency feed source adopts a way that a coaxial horn is nested, S frequency band is a coaxial horn, X frequency band is a five-section variable field angle multimode horn and is taken as an inner conductor of the S frequency band coaxial horn. By applying the double frequency feed source provided by the invention, the problems of wave beam equalization and impedance matching of the coaxial horn under a heavy calibre condition are creatively solved, the double frequency feed source has the same illumination taper in the S frequency band and the X frequency band, the illumination taper at the temperature of 40 DEG C is minus 10dB to minus 13dB, an almost straight phase center is located in the two frequency bands, and efficiencies in the S frequency band and the X frequency band respectively reach up to 45% and 65%, thus the double frequency feed source provided by the invention is a high-efficiency double frequency feed source.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of double frequency feed, be applied to encircle burnt dual reflector antenna, can belong to field of antenna in S frequency range and the work of X frequency range.
Background technology
The seventies in last century, people such as Kraus and Profera studied changes such as the radiation characteristic of coaxial waveguide and wave beams; Discovery can realize the gradeization of wave beam and reduce secondary lobe at the reactance diaphragm that the coaxial radiation actinal surface adds radially; People such as Trevor S.Bird then study the impedance matching of coaxial feed; Proposed to realize the method for coaxial feed Broadband Matching, more than the theoretical foundation of coaxial feed has been established in research.Because coaxial feed can be shared through nested realization double frequency or multifrequency, after this coaxial feed begins to have had the application of a lot of reality, and the method that coaxial feed wave beam etc. are changed is variation also.
Though coaxial feed has obtained plurality of applications, as single feed of presenting reflector antenna anyway, do not see the report that is used for dual reflector antenna basically, this mainly is to be determined by coaxial characteristic own.When being used for singly presenting reflecting plane aerial feed source anyway; About 60～80 degree of irradiation half angle, the coaxial bore little (less than a wavelength) that require this moment is when being used for the dual reflector antenna feed; The irradiation half angle is generally less than 40 degree, the coaxial bore that require this moment big (greater than two wavelength).The cut-off condition of coaxial line higher mode is different from rectangular waveguide and circular waveguide; When coaxial bore is too big; Can encourage the higher mode of getting up too many in coaxial, be difficult to control, and the changes such as wave beam of antenna realize than reaching suitable actinal surface field distribution through the mould of coaxial each pattern of reasonable configuration just.In addition, there are some researches show that when coaxial bore became greater to a certain degree, the directional diagram secondary lobe can sharply rise, and has reduced the illumination efficiency of feed.
Based on above reason, when coaxial feed is used for the feed of dual reflector antenna, the solution that the changes such as wave beam under its heavy caliber never obtain.
Summary of the invention
Technology of the present invention is dealt with problems and is: overcome the deficiency of prior art, a kind of double frequency feed is provided, coaxial nested loudspeaker of the present invention work in the S/X two-band, and the feed as the burnt dual reflector antenna of ring has solved the change problems such as wave beam under the coaxial heavy caliber.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
A kind of double frequency feed can be operated in S frequency range and X frequency range, comprises S frequency range coaxial horn 5 and X frequency range multimode horn 4, and X frequency range multimode horn 4 is nested in the S frequency range coaxial horn 5 and as the inner wire of S frequency range coaxial horn 5;
S frequency range coaxial horn 5 comprises that opening radiant section 6, awl become section 7, feed section 8, diaphragm 11 and choke groove 12; Opening radiant section 6 is the diameter of the diameter of cylindric and opening radiant section 6 greater than feed section 8 with feed section 8; Awl becomes section 7 into conical surface shape and be used for being connected as a whole with feed section 8 opening radiant section 6; The inwall of opening radiant section 6 is along the equidistant a plurality of diaphragms 11 radially that distribute of circumference, and there is choke groove 12 in the outside of opening radiant section 6;
X frequency range multimode horn 4 comprises that open circles shell of column 17, multimode horn awl become section 18 and feed cylindrical section 19, and the diameter of open circles shell of column 17 is greater than feed cylindrical section 19, and the multimode horn awl becomes section 18 and is used for connection opening cylindrical section 17 and feed cylindrical section 19; The inner chamber of X frequency range multimode horn 4 comprises feed circular waveguide section 16 and five sections flare angle variation sections 20, and feed circular waveguide section 16 is a cylindrical cavity, links together with five sections flare angle variation sections 20, and five sections flare angle variation sections 20 become five sections big cylindrical cavities step by step by internal diameter and form; Feed cylindrical section 19 outer walls at X frequency range multimode horn 4 have first disc diaphragm 13 and second disc diaphragm 14,
On the sidewall of the open circles shell of column 17 of X frequency range multimode horn 4; Have and be axial S frequency range choke groove 9 and X frequency range choke groove 10; S frequency range choke groove 9 is near the outer wall direction of said X frequency range multimode horn 4 open circles shell of columns 17 sidewalls, and X frequency range choke groove 10 is near the inwall direction of X frequency range multimode horn 4 open circles shell of columns 17 sidewalls;
S frequency range coaxial horn 5 is by coaxial probe 15 feeds of four omnidirectional distribution, and the coaxial probe 15 and first disc diaphragm 13 join, relative two probe phases phasic difference, 180 degree; X frequency range multimode horn 4 adopts feed circular waveguide section 16 feeds.
The degree of depth of said choke groove 12 is 1/4 of a S frequency range operation wavelength, choke groove 12 notch ends the distance of axial distance S frequency range coaxial horn 5 actinal surfaces be S frequency range operation wavelength 1/8 to 1/2 between.
Said diaphragm 11 is a triangle.
The main mould of said S frequency range coaxial horn 5 and 4 radiation of X frequency range multimode horn is TE
11Mould.
The groove depth of said S frequency range choke groove 9 is 1/4 of a S frequency range operation wavelength, and the groove depth of said X frequency range choke groove 10 is 1/4 of an X frequency range operation wavelength.
The radius of said feed circular waveguide section 16 is less than 1/2.62 of said X frequency range multimode horn 4 maximum functional wavelength.
The subtended angles at different levels of said five sections flare angle variation sections 20 all are not more than 7 °.
Said five sections flare angle variation section 20 internal diameters become step by step big direction into: the multimode horn awl by X frequency range multimode horn 4 becomes the direction that section 18 is pointed to open circles shell of columns 17.
The present invention's advantage compared with prior art is: S/X double frequency feed of the present invention adopts the form of coaxial nested loudspeaker; Big with respect to existing coaxial horn radiating aperture; Reach two wavelength, creationary change and the impedance matchings such as wave beam that has solved under the coaxial horn heavy caliber condition.S/X double frequency feed is made up of inner wire and outer conductor, and inner wire is the multimode horn of X frequency range, and conduct is the inner wire of S frequency range coaxial horn.Through adding the changes such as wave beam that choke groove has been realized the S frequency range jointly at S frequency range coaxial horn actinal surface added with triangle diaphragm and outer wall, its choke groove degree of depth is 1/4th of a S frequency range operation wavelength; Through having realized the impedance matching of S frequency range with axial cone change section and two disc diaphragms of X multimode horn outer wall; S frequency range coaxial horn is by the coaxial probe feed of four omnidirectional distribution; Relative probe phase phasic difference 180 degree, after connect the circular polarization network and can realize S frequency range radiation beam circular polarization.X frequency range multimode horn is the multimode horn of five sections flare angle variations; Each section subtended angle is not more than 7 °; Be added with S frequency range choke groove and X frequency range choke groove at the multimode horn sidewall, S frequency range choke groove groove depth is 1/4th of a S frequency range operation wavelength, and X frequency range choke groove groove depth is 1/4th of an X frequency range operation wavelength; Reduced influencing each other between S frequency range coaxial horn and the X frequency range multimode horn, finally realize S frequency range and X frequency range radiation beam etc. change.With the feed of coaxial horn as the burnt dual reflector antenna of ring, it is a kind of high efficiency feed at the phase center that two frequency ranges have the unanimity of being close to first in the present invention.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the burnt reflector antenna sketch map of ring;
Fig. 2 is S/X double frequency feed structure figure;
Fig. 3 is a S/X double frequency feed profile;
Fig. 4 is coaxial and TE11 mould sketch map;
Fig. 5 is that S frequency range circular polarization forms network diagram;
Fig. 6 is S frequency range 45 degree face amplitude pattern;
Fig. 7 is X frequency range 45 degree face amplitude pattern;
Fig. 8 is a S frequency range phase pattern;
Fig. 9 is an X frequency range phase pattern.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, for encircling the sketch map of burnt dual reflector antenna.Encircling burnt dual reflector antenna is made up of primary reflection surface 1, subreflector 2 and feed 3.Primary reflection surface 1 and subreflector 2 are respectively parabola and rotate around antenna axis with oval some and form; The feed phase center is positioned on the subreflector elliptic focus of antenna axis; The electromagnetic wave irradiation subreflector that feed gives off and by subreflector irradiation primary reflection surface is finally radiate by primary reflection surface.Wherein feed is the critical component of antenna, directly influences the electrical property of entire antenna, and to require feed to have in suitable secondary anti-edge illumination taper level and the irradiating angle phase fluctuation little for the maximizing efficiency that makes reflector antenna.Generally speaking, take all factors into consideration the bore utilization ratio of feed illumination efficiency (reduce leak penetrate) and reflector antenna, select feed to the irradiation taper of subreflector be-10～-13dB, can realize that antenna efficiency maximizes this moment, the acquisition maximum gain.When the feed double frequency shared, then require feed to have consistent phase center and have identical irradiation taper two frequency ranges, if phase center is inconsistent, cause that the feed of one of them frequency range is vertically burnt partially, can reduce the antenna efficiency of this frequency range.
During double frequency feed Scheme Choice based on consideration mainly contain double frequency spacing, feed weight and feed to blocking of reflecting surface etc.; When frequency ratio＜2.4, can consider to adopt same loudspeaker to realize at double frequency point; When frequency ratio＞2.4, just need to consider to adopt the combination feed to realize; The mode of feed combination is also varied, can adopt coaxial nested loudspeaker, dielectric rod to load conical horn and forms such as loudspeaker and array combination.For S and X double frequency feed, its frequency ratio is about 4, should adopt the combination feed; The present invention adopts the form of coaxial horn to realize the double frequency shared of S/X; Solved change and the resistance matching problem such as wave beam of coaxial horn under the heavy caliber condition, made the double frequency feed have identical irradiation taper in S frequency range and X frequency range, 40 spend time irradiation taper be-10～-13dB; And having the phase center that is close to always two frequency ranges, is a kind of high efficiency double frequency feed.
S/X double frequency feed is as shown in Figure 2, is made up of inner wire 4 and outer conductor 5, and inner wire 4 is the multimode horn of X frequency range, and the multimode horn of X frequency range is the inner wire of S frequency range coaxial horn (outer conductor 5).
As shown in Figure 3, the structure of double frequency feed of the present invention is formed as follows:
Can be operated in S frequency range and X frequency range, comprise S frequency range coaxial horn 5 and X frequency range multimode horn 4, X frequency range multimode horn 4 is nested in the S frequency range coaxial horn 5 and as the inner wire of S frequency range coaxial horn 5;
S frequency range coaxial horn 5 comprises that opening radiant section 6, awl become section 7, feed section 8, diaphragm 11 and choke groove 12; Opening radiant section 6 is the diameter of the diameter of cylindric and opening radiant section 6 greater than feed section 8 with feed section 8; Awl becomes section 7 into conical surface shape and be used for being connected as a whole with feed section 8 opening radiant section 6; The inwall of opening radiant section 6 is along the equidistant a plurality of diaphragms 11 radially that distribute of circumference, and there is choke groove 12 in the outside of opening radiant section 6;
X frequency range multimode horn 4 comprises that open circles shell of column 17, multimode horn awl become section 18 and feed cylindrical section 19, and the diameter of open circles shell of column 17 is greater than feed cylindrical section 19, and the multimode horn awl becomes section 18 and is used for connection opening cylindrical section 17 and feed cylindrical section 19; The inner chamber of X frequency range multimode horn 4 comprises feed circular waveguide section 16 and five sections flare angle variation sections 20, and feed circular waveguide section 16 is a cylindrical cavity, links together with five sections flare angle variation sections 20, and five sections flare angle variation sections 20 become five sections big cylindrical cavities step by step by internal diameter and form; Feed cylindrical section 19 outer walls at X frequency range multimode horn 4 have first disc diaphragm 13 and second disc diaphragm 14,
On the sidewall of the open circles shell of column 17 of X frequency range multimode horn 4; Have and be axial S frequency range choke groove 9 and X frequency range choke groove 10; S frequency range choke groove 9 is near the outer wall direction of said X frequency range multimode horn 4 open circles shell of columns 17 sidewalls, and X frequency range choke groove 10 is near the inwall direction of X frequency range multimode horn 4 open circles shell of columns 17 sidewalls;
S frequency range coaxial horn 5 is by coaxial probe 15 feeds of four omnidirectional distribution, and the coaxial probe 15 and first disc diaphragm 13 join, relative two probe phases phasic difference, 180 degree; X frequency range multimode horn 4 adopts feed circular waveguide section 16 feeds.
The degree of depth of said choke groove 12 is 1/4 of a S frequency range operation wavelength, choke groove 12 notch ends vertically apart from the distance of S frequency range coaxial horn 5 actinal surfaces be S frequency range operation wavelength 1/8 to 1/2 between.
The main mould of said S frequency range coaxial horn 5 and 4 radiation of X frequency range multimode horn is TE
11Mould.
The groove depth of said S frequency range choke groove 9 is 1/4 of a S frequency range operation wavelength, and the groove depth of said X frequency range choke groove 10 is 1/4 of an X frequency range operation wavelength.
The radius of said feed circular waveguide section 16 is less than 1/2.62 of said X frequency range multimode horn (4) maximum functional wavelength.
The subtended angles at different levels of said five sections flare angle variation sections 20 all are not more than 7 °.
Said five sections flare angle variation section 20 internal diameters become step by step big direction into: the multimode horn awl by X frequency range multimode horn 4 becomes the direction that section 18 is pointed to open circles shell of columns 17.
The main mould of S frequency range coaxial horn radiation is TE
11Mould (as shown in Figure 4), when the coaxial horn bore was too big, the coaxial interior higher mode that can transmit was too many.As shown in Figure 4, the coaxial inner conductor radius is a, and the outer conductor radius is b, and the cut-off wavelength of each higher mode is in the coaxial line:
(1) TM
M1The mould cut-off wavelength is: (λ c) TM
M1=2 (b-a), m=0,1,2 ..., ∞
(2) TM
M2The mould cut-off wavelength is: (λ c) TM
M2=b-a, m=0,1,2 ..., ∞
(3) TE
M1The mould cut-off wavelength is: (λ c) TE
M1=π (b+a)/m, m=1,2 ..., ∞
(4) TE
0nThe mould cut-off wavelength is: (λ c) TE
On=2 (b-a)/n, n=1,2 ..., ∞
By on can find out that the cut-off condition of the higher mode of coaxial horn is different from circular waveguide and rectangular waveguide, as work as TM
01When mould can transmit, TM then
11, TM
21... TM
∞ 1Can both transmit etc. infinite a plurality of patterns, because the higher mode that can transmit is too many, in case excitation gets up to be difficult to control, so when design, avoid the transmission conditions of higher mode as far as possible.Choose b=2 λ in order to satisfy the requirement of S frequency range irradiation level
s, a=2 λ
x, (λ
sAnd λ
xBe respectively the operation wavelength of S and X frequency range), the higher modes that can transmit this moment have TE11 mould, TE21 mould, have avoided the transmission of other higher mode,
The main mould of coaxial horn radiation is TE
11Mould cause its radiation field in the wave beam of E face and H face grade not, and secondary lobe is higher.Be changes such as realization wave beam; The outer conductor inwall of opening radiant section 6 adds choke groove 12 along equidistant a plurality of triangle diaphragm 11, the outer surfaces radially that distribute of circumference; The effect of triangle diaphragm 11 is to change the actinal surface field distribution of coaxial horn; Thereby realize gradeizations of wave beam, the effect of choke groove 12 also is to play wave beam etc. to turn usefulness into equally.The quantity of triangle diaphragm 11 evenly distributes along circumference according to the different suitably increases and decreases of coaxial horn bore; Choke groove 12 just can play the effect that wave beam etc. is changed on axial top apart from coaxial horn actinal surface certain distance, and the groove depth of choke groove 12 is λ
s/ 4, because choke groove works in the arrowband, the groove depth that need add a plurality of choke grooves and regulate each choke groove.
The awl of S frequency range coaxial horn become section 7 mainly with coaxial change to by larger caliber more small-bore; Can improve simultaneously the influence of 11 pairs of impedances of coaxial actinal surface added with triangle diaphragm; Because triangle diaphragm 11 is an impedance property; Cause input impedance responsive with frequency change, be difficult to realize coupling, awl becomes the influence that section just in time can be improved reactance.Awl becomes section and will coaxially transform to more small-bore effect by larger caliber and be: owing to bore is little; The higher mode that the feed section encourages when adding the impedance matching measure is difficult in coaxial transmission, is unlikely to transfer to the radiance that coaxial actinal surface radiate coaxial horn and impacts.
At feed cylindrical section 19 outer walls of X frequency range multimode horn 4 first disc diaphragm 13, second disc diaphragm 14 are arranged; Diaphragm is a disc-shape; Realize impedance matching through the size of adjusting disk and the position of two disks, the S coaxial horn is by coaxial probe 15 feeds of four omnidirectional distribution, and the inner wire of coaxial probe and diaphragm 13 join; Relative two probe phases phasic difference, 180 degree have encouraged coaxial TE according to the voltage difference of coaxial internal and external conductor
11Mould.
Utilize feeding network as shown in Figure 5 that coaxial horn is carried out feed and can realize the circularly polarised wave radiation, feeding network is made up of two 180 degree electric bridges and one 90 degree electric bridge, and 180 degree electric bridges are divided into two-way constant amplitude anti-phase output with an input signal; 90 degree electric bridges are divided into two-way output with an input signal, its phase phasic difference 90 degree.One 180 degree electric bridge water receiving flat probe is right during feed; It is right that another 180 degree electric bridge connects vertical probe; The input signal amplitude of four feed connection equates, differs 90 degree or-90 degree successively along circumferential phase, forms left-hand circular polarization or right-handed circular polarization radiated wave thus respectively.
The main mould of X frequency range multimode horn radiation is TE
11Mould utilizes flare angle variation to encourage higher mode TM
1nMould through regulating the subtended angle angle and the length of each section, changes the purpose that the field distribution of loudspeaker actinal surface realizes that radiation beam etc. is changed thereby reach.X frequency range multimode horn feed adopts feed circular waveguide section 16 feeds, after connect circular polarizer, can realize the circular polarization of radiation beam.
For reducing influencing each other of S frequency range coaxial horn and X frequency range multimode horn; Sidewall upper edge loudspeaker axis direction at the open circles shell of column 17 of X frequency range multimode horn 4 has S frequency range choke groove 9 and X frequency range choke groove 10; S frequency range choke groove 9 is near the outer wall direction of coaxial inner conductor 4, and groove depth is λ
sWorker (λ
sBe S frequency range operation wavelength), X frequency range choke groove 10 is near the inwall direction of coaxial inner conductor 4, and groove depth is λ
x/ 4 (λ
xBe X frequency range operation wavelength).
Through lot of experiment validation, the irradiation taper level when S/X double frequency feed 40 of the present invention is spent is-10 in the S frequency range～-11dB (as shown in Figure 6), be-12 in the X frequency range～-13dB (as shown in Figure 7); The feed phase center is positioned at the geometric center of loudspeaker actinal surface, and the phase fluctuation of S frequency range is less than 20 degree (as shown in Figure 8) in the irradiating angle, and the phase fluctuation of X frequency range is less than 10 degree (as shown in Figure 9).When being applied to encircle burnt dual reflector antenna, S frequency range efficient arrives 45%, and X frequency range efficient arrives 65%, is a kind of high efficiency double frequency feed.Wherein Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 represent the situation of change of directional diagram amplitude with angle, and abscissa is an angle value, and unit is degree, and ordinate is a range value, and unit is dB; Wherein Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 represent the situation of change of directional diagram phase place with angle, and abscissa is an angle value, and unit is degree; Ordinate is a phase value, and unit is degree.
This S/X double frequency feed need to be used to the burnt dual reflector antenna of high efficiency ring of S/X double frequency shared, also can be used for the double frequency feed that other has identical frequency ratio.
The content of not doing to describe in detail in the specification of the present invention belongs to this area professional and technical personnel's known technology.
Claims (8)
1. double frequency feed; It is characterized in that: can be operated in S frequency range and X frequency range; Comprise S frequency range coaxial horn (5) and X frequency range multimode horn (4), X frequency range multimode horn (4) is nested in the S frequency range coaxial horn (5) and as the inner wire of S frequency range coaxial horn (5);
S frequency range coaxial horn (5) comprises that opening radiant section (6), awl become section (7), feed section (8), diaphragm (11) and choke groove (12); Opening radiant section (6) and feed section (8) are the diameter of the diameter of cylindric and opening radiant section (6) greater than feed section (8); Awl becomes section (7) into conical surface shape and be used for being connected as a whole with feed section (8) opening radiant section (6); The inwall of opening radiant section (6) is along the equidistant a plurality of diaphragms (11) radially that distribute of circumference, and there is choke groove (12) in the outside of opening radiant section (6);
X frequency range multimode horn (4) comprises that open circles shell of column (17), multimode horn awl become section (18) and feed cylindrical section (19); The diameter of open circles shell of column (17) is greater than feed cylindrical section (19), and the multimode horn awl becomes section (18) and is used for connection opening cylindrical section (17) and feed cylindrical section (19); The inner chamber of X frequency range multimode horn (4) comprises feed circular waveguide section (16) and five sections flare angle variation sections (20); Feed circular waveguide section (16) is a cylindrical cavity; Link together with five sections flare angle variation sections (20), five sections flare angle variation sections (20) become five sections big cylindrical cavities step by step by internal diameter and form; Feed cylindrical section (19) outer wall at X frequency range multimode horn (4) has first disc diaphragm (13) and second disc diaphragm (14),
On the sidewall of the open circles shell of column (17) of X frequency range multimode horn (4); Have and be axial S frequency range choke groove (9) and X frequency range choke groove (10); S frequency range choke groove (9) is near the outer wall direction of said X frequency range multimode horn (4) open circles shell of column (17) sidewall, and X frequency range choke groove (10) is near the inwall direction of X frequency range multimode horn (4) open circles shell of column (17) sidewall;
S frequency range coaxial horn (5) is by coaxial probe (15) feed of four omnidirectional distribution, and coaxial probe (15) joins with first disc diaphragm (13), relative two probe phases phasic difference, 180 degree; X frequency range multimode horn (4) adopts feed circular waveguide section (16) feed.
2. a kind of double frequency feed according to claim 1; It is characterized in that: the degree of depth of said choke groove (12) is 1/4 of a S frequency range operation wavelength, choke groove (12) notch end the distance of axial distance S frequency range coaxial horn (5) actinal surface be S frequency range operation wavelength 1/8 to 1/2 between.
3. a kind of double frequency feed according to claim 1 is characterized in that: said diaphragm (11) is a triangle.
4. a kind of double frequency feed according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the main mould of said S frequency range coaxial horn (5) and X frequency range multimode horn (4) radiation is the TE11 mould.
5. a kind of double frequency feed according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the groove depth of said S frequency range choke groove (9) is 1/4 of a S frequency range operation wavelength, and the groove depth of said X frequency range choke groove (10) is 1/4 of an X frequency range operation wavelength.
6. a kind of double frequency feed according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the radius of said feed circular waveguide section (16) is less than 1/2.62 of said X frequency range multimode horn (4) maximum functional wavelength.
7. a kind of double frequency feed according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the subtended angles at different levels of said five sections flare angle variation sections (20) all are not more than 7 °.
8. a kind of double frequency feed according to claim 1 is characterized in that: said five sections flare angle variation sections (20) internal diameter become step by step big direction into: the multimode horn awl by X frequency range multimode horn (4) becomes the direction that section (18) is pointed to open circles shell of columns (17).
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