CN102386383B - Lithium battery hard carbon microsphere cathode material with core-shell structure and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Lithium battery hard carbon microsphere cathode material with core-shell structure and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102386383B CN102386383B CN2011103602822A CN201110360282A CN102386383B CN 102386383 B CN102386383 B CN 102386383B CN 2011103602822 A CN2011103602822 A CN 2011103602822A CN 201110360282 A CN201110360282 A CN 201110360282A CN 102386383 B CN102386383 B CN 102386383B
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- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 146
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 120
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 109
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 238000005087 graphitization Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 65
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical group [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 claims description 11
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- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical group CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical group [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical group [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical group [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010941 cobalt Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical group [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical group [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical group [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
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- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
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- 229940099112 cornstarch Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 240000003183 Manihot esculenta Species 0.000 description 4
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- XPFVYQJUAUNWIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfuryl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CO1 XPFVYQJUAUNWIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 244000017020 Ipomoea batatas Species 0.000 description 2
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- 235000006508 Nelumbo nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000003283 Pachira macrocarpa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000006394 Sorghum bicolor Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000001085 Trapa natans Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000014364 Trapa natans Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000006677 Vicia faba Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000010749 Vicia faba Nutrition 0.000 description 2
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- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Co+2] GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001464837 Viridiplantae Species 0.000 description 1
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011294 coal tar pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FBAFATDZDUQKNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M iron chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Fe] FBAFATDZDUQKNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Fe+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
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- PICXIOQBANWBIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;1-oxidopyridine-2-thione Chemical class [Zn+2].[O-]N1C=CC=CC1=S.[O-]N1C=CC=CC1=S PICXIOQBANWBIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
The invention provides a lithium battery hard carbon microsphere cathode material with core-shell structure and a preparation method thereof. The lithium battery hard carbon microsphere cathode material with core-shell structure is formed by starch and a graphitized layer as coating. The surface of the material is subjected to catalytic graphitization treatment to form the graphitized layer, and the inside of the material maintains the hard carbon structure. The product is made by preparing a starch-based hard carbon microsphere and performing catalytic graphitization treatment. Owing to the highly-graphitized coating layer, the first charge/discharge efficiency of the prepared carbon microsphere with core-shell structure is higher than the conventional hard carbon-based materials; and owing to the hard carbon inner structure, the capacity is higher and the magnification property is excellent.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of lithium battery material and preparation method thereof, more particularly, the present invention relates to hard carbon microspheres negative material of lithium battery of a kind of nucleocapsid structure and preparation method thereof, belong to the lithium ion battery negative material technical field.
Background technology
Lithium rechargeable battery (abbreviating lithium battery as) has that energy density is big, operating voltage is high, has extended cycle life, pollution-free, advantage such as security performance is good.Based on these advantages, lithium battery is with a wide range of applications in many-sides such as portable electric appts, electric automobile, extensive energy storage, space technology, national defense industry.
The research of lithium cell cathode material is one of key technology of lithium ion battery always.In general, lithium cell cathode material is divided into charcoal negative pole and non-charcoal negative pole two big classes.Wherein, carbon cathode material especially graphite-like carbon cathode material causes worldwide broad research and exploitation with its structural stability and excellent cycle performance highly, becomes the lithium ion battery negative material that occupies main flow market at present.But the capacity of its 372mAh/g is low excessively, more and more can not satisfy the requirement of market development.And because graphite has layer structure, therefore when lithium ion enter layer with layer the gap in, will make graphite volumetric expansion about 10%.If charge rate is too fast, effect is too violent, will cause peeling off of graphite, even the short circuit blast.Why charge rate is slow for general commercially available battery, is exactly for fear of this danger mainly.Therefore, people's diversion to other material, for example soft charcoal, hard charcoal, charcoal/silicon composite, metal oxide etc.With regard to existing market, hard charcoal has been realized the commercial application of certain scale in the novel negative material, and other material also is in the laboratory development mostly because the defective of self does not overcome as yet well.
Though hard charcoal is through high-temperature process, the graphite network plane still undeveloped (
LcLittle), pile up the number of plies few (
LaLittle), arrangement disorder (
d 002 Greatly), micropore is many, for the storage of lithium provides good place.This class raw material of wood-charcoal material generally the charing initial stage just via sp
3Hydridization forms 3 D cross-linked, thereby has hindered the parallel growth of wire side, has impalpable structure.Hard raw material of wood-charcoal material can be compatible preferably with the electrolyte that contains the PC system, and hard charcoal has caused people's very big interest with higher capacity, low cost and the excellent cycle performance that its random ordering was had.Sony company obtains the raw material of wood-charcoal material that specific capacity is 450mAh/g by the thermal depolymerization furfuryl alcohol; The reversible capacity that Kanebo company makes the pyrolytic carbon negative material of presoma with polyphenyl phenol reaches 580mAh/g, the theoretical embedding lithium capacity 372mAh/g of graphite-like raw material of wood-charcoal material head and shoulders above, thus make people carry out a large amount of research and development to it.In order to improve the volume energy density of hard raw material of wood-charcoal material, Ou Jung Kwon etc. are that raw material has been made hard charcoal ball with phenolic resins, and it has higher compacted density (0.9g/mL) and less specific area (with respect to irregular hard charcoal class material).Employing hydrothermal methods such as Wang have prepared a kind of nanostructured microsphere carbon cathode material, it is that the outward appearance diameter is the charcoal ball of 5～10 μ m, in the ball nano-pore or the pipe of the aperture of single graphite linings composition at 0.5～3.0 nm, it combines the height storage lithium ability of carbon nano-tube material and the excellent processing characteristics of spherical material with carbon element, energy density is higher by 30% than the MCMB material that is using at present, reach 400 mAh/g, the needs that are particularly useful for the big current work of lithium-ion-power cell, and cost is well below carbon nano-tube.The fail safe aspect, coal gasification company in Osaka uses coal tar pitch to be raw material, makes hard raw material of wood-charcoal material through 1100 ℃ of charings, and by analysis, this hard raw material of wood-charcoal material is crossed to put and lithium metal just can take place in 120% o'clock separated out, and by comparison, graphite cathode is crossed to put promptly had lithium to separate out at 105% o'clock.Therefore, consider that hard raw material of wood-charcoal material is better than graphite from the security performance of battery.
At present the main production raw material of various hard raw material of wood-charcoal material is the pitch, macromolecular compound etc. based on fossil fuel.In recent years, because the significant damage that in the non-renewable and macromolecular compound building-up process of mineral resources environment is caused is restricted charcoal Development of Materials and application.Therefore, the reproducible resource of seeking novel cleaning gets more and more people's extensive concerning as the raw material of preparation raw material of wood-charcoal material.In these renewable resources, starch is to be subjected to one of biomass resource of quite paying attention to.This is because starch is one of product of nature output maximum.It is that green plants carries out photosynthetic end product, is present in the organs such as leaf, stem, root, fruit and pollen of most of higher plants.Therefore, starch resource has characteristics such as wide material sources, cheap, renewable, inexhausted, biodegradable, and compares with fossil energy, macromolecular compound, has and pollutes little characteristics, meets the requirement of green chemical industry; With cellulose, biological materials such as rice husk are compared, and it is few that starch also has impurity, the advantage that purity is high.
The Chen Mingming of University Of Tianjin etc. has reported the method by charing Processing of Preparation starch-based carbon microsphere in stabilization processes in oxidizing atmosphere and the inert atmosphere in patent 200710150251.8.But, because the design feature of hard charcoal itself, the charging and discharging curve of typical hard raw material of wood-charcoal material has bigger first charge-discharge irreversible capacity (generally greater than 25%) and voltage delay phenomenon (discharge potential is apparently higher than the charged electric potential of the embedding lithium state of correspondence), and it has hindered the large-scale commercial applications use on lithium ion battery of hard raw material of wood-charcoal material.
Summary of the invention
The charging and discharging curve that the present invention is intended to solve hard raw material of wood-charcoal material has the bigger first charge-discharge irreversible capacity and the problem of voltage delay phenomenon, a kind of hard carbon microspheres negative material of starch base with surperficial carbonization structure is provided, promote the overall performance of hard carbon cathode material, the exploitation environmental protection, with low cost, be suitable for the hard carbon cathode material of volume production.
Another object of the present invention provides a kind of preparation method of the hard carbon microspheres negative material of lithium battery of this nucleocapsid structure.
In order to realize the foregoing invention purpose, its concrete technical scheme is as follows:
The hard carbon microspheres negative material of a kind of lithium battery of nucleocapsid structure, it is characterized in that: the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of described nucleocapsid structure is made by the graphitization layer on hard carbon microspheres of starch base and surface, this material surface is handled through catalyzed graphitization and has been formed the graphitization layer, and inside has kept hard carbon structure; The particle diameter of the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of this nucleocapsid structure is 2～100 μ m, capacity reaches 450～520mAh/g when electric current is the 0.1C discharge, and efficient has reached 75～87% first, and capacity still reaches 400～490mAh/g when electric current 10C discharges, and has shown good power performance.
Above-mentioned starch comprises cereal starch (as rice starch, cornstarch, sorghum starch, wheaten starch etc.), potato starch (as tapioca, sweet potato starch, farina etc.), one or more among bean starch (as green starch, broad bean starch, pea starch etc.) and/or other kind of starch (as Tapioca starch, lotus root starch, water chestnut starch, acorn starch).
The hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of nucleocapsid structure of the present invention is characterized in that: comprise following component composition: the water or the ethanolic solution of the hard carbon microspheres of starch base, transition metal soluble-salt; The water of hard carbon microspheres of starch base and transition metal soluble-salt or the volume ratio of ethanolic solution are 1:10～20.
Above-mentioned transition metal is iron, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, chromium or manganese, and its soluble-salt is halogen, nitrate, acetate or sulfate.
The preparation method of the hard carbon microspheres negative material of a kind of lithium battery of nucleocapsid structure comprises following processing step:
A, starch is joined in the heating furnace, under inert atmosphere, rise to 100～300 ℃ and heat-treat 1～72h with the heating rate of 0.1～10 ℃/min, then rising to 700～1500 ℃ with the heating rate of 0.5～30 ℃/min carries out charing to material and handles 0.2～5h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain starch-based carbon microsphere;
B, be catalyst with the soluble-salt of transition metal, water or absolute ethyl alcohol are that solvent preparation mass concentration is 0.5～30% catalyst solution;
C, the starch-based carbon microsphere that steps A is obtained join in the catalyst solution of step B preparation of 10～20 times of volumes, stir dipping 0.2～24h;
D, adopt the mode of centrifugal, filtration or suction filtration that starch-based carbon microsphere is separated with catalyst solution, starch-based carbon microsphere is dried in drying box;
E, the starch-based carbon microsphere of impregnated catalyst and oven dry is risen to 1000～1500 ℃ with the heating rate of 0.5～10 ℃/min carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 1～24h under inert atmosphere, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature;
F, the material that step e is obtained use acid elution 3～8 times, then use deionized water wash 3～5 times, and oven dry obtains promptly that the surface has the graphitization layer and the hard carbon microspheres negative material of lithium battery of inner nucleocapsid structure for hard carbon structure.
At the heating furnace described in the steps A is tube furnace, box type furnace or converter.
At the inert atmosphere described in steps A and the step e is nitrogen atmosphere, argon gas atmosphere or helium atmosphere.
At the transition metal described in the step B is iron, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, chromium or manganese.
At the soluble-salt described in the step B is halogen, nitrate, acetate or sulfate.
Be meant under 20～80 ℃ of temperature in the stirring described in the step C and stir with rotating speed 100～1500r/min.
Carbon microspheres is dried in drying box described in the step D be meant with carbon microspheres in drying box in 40～80 ℃ the oven dry 2～10 hours.
In the acid that is used to wash described in the step F is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or the sulfuric acid of 0.1～1mol/L.
Be meant in 50～100 ℃ of following oven dry 2～6 hours in the oven dry described in the step F.
The useful technique effect that the present invention brings:
1, the initial feed used of this method is a starch, is the recyclable materials that nature extensively exists, and cheap, and the source is abundant, is easy to realize large-scale industrial production;
2, the present invention selects starch to be that as another meaning of raw material starch granules itself has certain grain shape, and the granular size difference of different types of starch.If can prepare the spherical carbon material that keeps the ative starch particle shape by simple preprocess method, not only can solve the problem of the manufacturing cost of spherical carbon, and can be according to the spherical hard charcoal of different application demand preparation place different-grain diameter sizes;
3, the present invention is to carry out under inert atmosphere to stabilisation, the charing processing of material, and preparation starch base hard carbon microballoon, reduce equipment corrosion, and be easy to realize the continued operation of stabilisation, charing;
4, the present invention utilizes the intrinsic pattern of starch material, need not through special balling technique, only uses stabilisation, charing to handle and has promptly obtained the spherical carbon material, and technology is simple;
5, the present invention uses the catalyzed graphitization method to handle, and treatment temperature has significantly reduced the energy consumption in the production process far below conventional graphite treatment temperature (more than 2400 ℃);
6, the nucleocapsid structure carbon microspheres of the present invention's preparation is owing to have the high graphitization degree skin, and therefore efficient is higher than the hard charcoal class material of tradition first, and inside is hard carbon structure, so capacity is higher, and high rate performance is good.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
The hard carbon microspheres negative material of a kind of lithium battery of nucleocapsid structure, it is characterized in that: the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of described nucleocapsid structure is made by the graphitization layer on hard carbon microspheres of starch base and surface, this material surface is handled through catalyzed graphitization and has been formed the graphitization layer, and inside has kept hard carbon structure; The particle diameter of the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of this nucleocapsid structure is 2 μ m, capacity reaches 450～mAh/g when electric current is the 0.1C discharge, and efficient has reached 75% first, and capacity still reaches 400mAh/g when electric current 10C discharges, and has shown good power performance.
The preparation method of the hard carbon microspheres negative material of a kind of lithium battery of nucleocapsid structure comprises following processing step:
A, starch is joined in the heating furnace, under inert atmosphere, rise to 100 ℃ and heat-treat 1h with the heating rate of 0.1 ℃/min, then rise to 700 ℃ and material is carried out charing handle 0.2h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain starch-based carbon microsphere with the heating rate of 0.5 ℃/min;
B, be catalyst with the soluble-salt of transition metal, water or absolute ethyl alcohol are that solvent preparation mass concentration is 0.5% catalyst solution;
C, the starch-based carbon microsphere that steps A is obtained join in the catalyst solution of step B preparation of 10 times of volumes, stir dipping 0.2h;
D, adopt the mode of centrifugal, filtration or suction filtration that starch-based carbon microsphere is separated with catalyst solution, starch-based carbon microsphere is dried in drying box;
E, the starch-based carbon microsphere of impregnated catalyst and oven dry is risen to 1000 ℃ with the heating rate of 0.5 ℃/min carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 1h under inert atmosphere, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature;
F, the material that step e is obtained use acid elution 3 times, then use deionized water wash 3 times, and oven dry obtains promptly that the surface has the graphitization layer and the hard carbon microspheres negative material of lithium battery of inner nucleocapsid structure for hard carbon structure.
At the heating furnace described in the steps A is tube furnace, box type furnace or converter.
At the inert atmosphere described in steps A and the step e is nitrogen atmosphere, argon gas atmosphere or helium atmosphere.
At the transition metal described in the step B is iron, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, chromium or manganese.
At the soluble-salt described in the step B is halogen, nitrate, acetate or sulfate.
Be meant under 20 ℃ of temperature in the stirring described in the step C and stir with rotating speed 100r/min.
Carbon microspheres is dried in drying box described in the step D be meant with carbon microspheres in drying box in 40 ℃ the oven dry 2 hours.
In the acid that is used to wash described in the step F is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or the sulfuric acid of 0.1mol/L.
Be meant in 50 ℃ of following oven dry 2 hours in the oven dry described in the step F.
Embodiment 2
The hard carbon microspheres negative material of a kind of lithium battery of nucleocapsid structure, it is characterized in that: the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of described nucleocapsid structure is made by the graphitization layer on hard carbon microspheres of starch base and surface, this material surface is handled through catalyzed graphitization and has been formed the graphitization layer, and inside has kept hard carbon structure; The particle diameter of the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of this nucleocapsid structure is 100 μ m, capacity reaches 520mAh/g when electric current is the 0.1C discharge, and efficient has reached 87% first, and capacity still reaches 490mAh/g when electric current 10C discharges, and has shown good power performance.
The preparation method of the hard carbon microspheres negative material of a kind of lithium battery of nucleocapsid structure comprises following processing step:
A, starch is joined in the heating furnace, under inert atmosphere, rise to 300 ℃ and heat-treat 72h with the heating rate of 10 ℃/min, then rise to 1500 ℃ and material is carried out charing handle 5h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain starch-based carbon microsphere with the heating rate of 30 ℃/min;
B, be catalyst with the soluble-salt of transition metal, water or absolute ethyl alcohol are that solvent preparation mass concentration is 30% catalyst solution;
C, the starch-based carbon microsphere that steps A is obtained join in the catalyst solution of step B preparation of 20 times of volumes, stir dipping 24h;
D, adopt the mode of centrifugal, filtration or suction filtration that starch-based carbon microsphere is separated with catalyst solution, starch-based carbon microsphere is dried in drying box;
E, the starch-based carbon microsphere of impregnated catalyst and oven dry is risen to 1500 ℃ with the heating rate of 10 ℃/min carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 24h under inert atmosphere, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature;
F, the material that step e is obtained use acid elution 8 times, then use deionized water wash 5 times, and oven dry obtains promptly that the surface has the graphitization layer and the hard carbon microspheres negative material of lithium battery of inner nucleocapsid structure for hard carbon structure.
At the heating furnace described in the steps A is tube furnace, box type furnace or converter.
At the inert atmosphere described in steps A and the step e is nitrogen atmosphere, argon gas atmosphere or helium atmosphere.
At the transition metal described in the step B is iron, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, chromium or manganese.
At the soluble-salt described in the step B is halogen, nitrate, acetate or sulfate.
Be meant under 80 ℃ of temperature in the stirring described in the step C and stir with rotating speed 1500r/min.
Carbon microspheres is dried in drying box described in the step D be meant with carbon microspheres in drying box in 80 ℃ the oven dry 10 hours.
In the acid that is used to wash described in the step F is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or the sulfuric acid of 1mol/L.
Be meant in 100 ℃ of following oven dry 6 hours in the oven dry described in the step F.
Embodiment 3
The hard carbon microspheres negative material of a kind of lithium battery of nucleocapsid structure, it is characterized in that: the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of described nucleocapsid structure is made by the graphitization layer on hard carbon microspheres of starch base and surface, this material surface is handled through catalyzed graphitization and has been formed the graphitization layer, and inside has kept hard carbon structure; The particle diameter of the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of this nucleocapsid structure is 51 μ m, capacity reaches 485mAh/g when electric current is the 0.1C discharge, and efficient has reached 81% first, and capacity still reaches 445mAh/g when electric current 10C discharges, and has shown good power performance.
The preparation method of the hard carbon microspheres negative material of a kind of lithium battery of nucleocapsid structure comprises following processing step:
A, starch is joined in the heating furnace, under inert atmosphere, rise to 200 ℃ and heat-treat 36.5h with the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, then rising to 1100 ℃ with the heating rate of 15.25 ℃/min carries out charing to material and handles 2.6h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain starch-based carbon microsphere;
B, be catalyst with the soluble-salt of transition metal, water or absolute ethyl alcohol are that solvent preparation mass concentration is 15.25% catalyst solution;
C, the starch-based carbon microsphere that steps A is obtained join in the catalyst solution of step B preparation of 15 times of volumes, stir dipping 12.1h;
D, adopt the mode of centrifugal, filtration or suction filtration that starch-based carbon microsphere is separated with catalyst solution, starch-based carbon microsphere is dried in drying box;
E, the starch-based carbon microsphere of impregnated catalyst and oven dry is risen to 1250 ℃ with the heating rate of 5.25 ℃/min carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 12.5h under inert atmosphere, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature;
F, the material that step e is obtained use acid elution 5 times, then use deionized water wash 4 times, and oven dry obtains promptly that the surface has the graphitization layer and the hard carbon microspheres negative material of lithium battery of inner nucleocapsid structure for hard carbon structure.
At the heating furnace described in the steps A is tube furnace, box type furnace or converter.
At the inert atmosphere described in steps A and the step e is nitrogen atmosphere, argon gas atmosphere or helium atmosphere.
At the transition metal described in the step B is iron, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, chromium or manganese.
At the soluble-salt described in the step B is halogen, nitrate, acetate or sulfate.
Be meant under 50 ℃ of temperature in the stirring described in the step C and stir with rotating speed 800r/min.
Carbon microspheres is dried in drying box described in the step D be meant with carbon microspheres in drying box in 60 ℃ the oven dry 6 hours.
In the acid that is used to wash described in the step F is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or the sulfuric acid of 0.55mol/L.
Be meant in 75 ℃ of following oven dry 4 hours in the oven dry described in the step F.
Embodiment 4
Above-mentioned starch comprises cereal starch (as rice starch, cornstarch, sorghum starch, wheaten starch etc.), potato starch (as tapioca, sweet potato starch, farina etc.), one or more among bean starch (as green starch, broad bean starch, pea starch etc.) and/or other kind of starch (as Tapioca starch, lotus root starch, water chestnut starch, acorn starch).
Embodiment 5
A, to get the 50g wheaten starch be raw material, join among the tube furnace, under nitrogen atmosphere, rise to 210 ℃ and carry out stabilization processes 36h with the heating rate of 0.2 ℃/min, then rising to 1100 ℃ with the heating rate of 1 ℃/min carries out charing to material and handles 1h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain the wheaten starch based carbon microsphere; With the nickel nitrate is catalyst, and water is 10% solution for the solvent compound concentration; Carbon microspheres is joined in the catalyst solution of capacity, under 80 ℃ of temperature, stir, dipping 2h with rotating speed 150r/min; Adopt centrifugal mode that carbon microspheres is separated with catalyst solution, the carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is dried in drying box; The carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is risen to 1500 ℃ with the heating rate of 5 ℃/min carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 2h under inert atmosphere, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature; The material that obtains is used the salt acid elution 5 times of 0.1mol/L, then use deionized water wash 3 times, oven dry obtains promptly that the surface has the graphitization layer and innerly is that the hard carbon microspheres of nucleocapsid structure of hard carbon structure, particle diameter are 2～20 μ m.
B, getting the 0.6g carbon microspheres that step 1 makes, is that 92:3:2.5:2.5 evenly mixes with conductive black, sodium cellulose glycolate and butadiene-styrene rubber by mass ratio, sizes mixing, and films on the long-pending electric body of Copper Foil, is prepared into the negative electricity pole piece.Be to electrode with metal lithium sheet again, 1mol/L LiPF
6The EC/DMC/EMC mixed liquor be electrolyte (wherein the mass ratio of EC:DMC:EMC is 1:1:1), the Celgard2400 polypropylene film is a barrier film, is assembled into the button simulated battery.Record this negative material under the condition of charge-discharge velocity 0.1C first reversible capacity reach 465mAh/g, efficient is 83% first.Reversible capacity reaches 423mAh/g under the condition of discharge rate 10C.
Embodiment 6
A, to get the 150g farina be raw material, join among the converter, under nitrogen atmosphere, rise to 200 ℃ and carry out stabilization processes 30h with the heating rate of 1 ℃/min, then rising to 1000 ℃ with the heating rate of 0.5 ℃/min carries out charing to material and handles 2h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain the farina based carbon microsphere; With the cobalt chloride is catalyst, and ethanol is 3% solution for the solvent compound concentration; Carbon microspheres is joined in the catalyst solution of capacity, under 20 ℃ of temperature, stir, dipping 12h with rotating speed 1000r/min; Adopt the mode of suction filtration that carbon microspheres is separated with catalyst solution, the carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is dried in drying box; The carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is risen to 1000 ℃ with the heating rate of 2 ℃/min carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 12h under inert atmosphere, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature; The material that obtains is used the nitric acid washing 5 times of 0.1mol/L, then use deionized water wash 3 times, oven dry obtains promptly that the surface has the graphitization layer and innerly is that the hard carbon microspheres of nucleocapsid structure of hard carbon structure, particle diameter are 30～100 μ m.
B, get the 1g carbon microspheres that step 1 makes, be assembled into the button simulated battery by method and the material mixture ratio of embodiment 14 step B.Record this this negative material under the condition of charge-discharge velocity 0.1C first reversible capacity reach 505mAh/g, efficient is 80% first.Reversible capacity reaches 472mAh/g under the condition of discharge rate 10C.
Embodiment 7
A, to get the 30g cornstarch be raw material, join among the box type furnace, under argon gas atmosphere, rise to 150 ℃ and carry out stabilization processes 72h with the heating rate of 10 ℃/min, then rising to 700 ℃ with the heating rate of 20 ℃/min carries out charing to material and handles 5h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain the cornstarch based carbon microsphere; With iron chloride is catalyst, and water is 5% solution for the solvent compound concentration; Carbon microspheres is joined in the catalyst solution of capacity, under 80 ℃ of temperature, stir, dipping 1h with rotating speed 500r/min; Adopt the mode of filtering that carbon microspheres is separated with catalyst solution, the carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is dried in drying box; The carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is risen to 1200 ℃ with the heating rate of 10 ℃/min carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 24h under inert atmosphere, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature; The material that obtains is used the sulfuric acid scrubbing 5 times of 0.1mol/L, then use deionized water wash 3 times, oven dry obtains promptly that the surface has the graphitization layer and innerly is that the hard carbon microspheres of nucleocapsid structure of hard carbon structure, particle diameter are 3～50 μ m.
B, get the 1g carbon microspheres that step 1 makes, be assembled into the button simulated battery by method and the material mixture ratio of embodiment 14 step B.Record this this negative material under the condition of charge-discharge velocity 0.1C first reversible capacity reach 485mAh/g, efficient is 83% first.Reversible capacity reaches 451mAh/g under the condition of discharge rate 10C.
Embodiment 8
A, to get the 200g rice starch be raw material, join among the converter, under helium atmosphere, rise to 210 ℃ and carry out stabilization processes 24h with the heating rate of 1 ℃/min, then rising to 1500 ℃ with the heating rate of 3 ℃/min carries out charing to material and handles 4h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain the rice starch based carbon microsphere; With the ferric acetate is catalyst, and water is 2% solution for the solvent compound concentration; Carbon microspheres is joined in the catalyst solution of capacity, under 30 ℃ of temperature, stir, dipping 3h with rotating speed 700r/min; Adopt the mode of filtering that carbon microspheres is separated with catalyst solution, the carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is dried in drying box; The carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is risen to 1500 ℃ with the heating rate of 3 ℃/min carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 3h under inert atmosphere, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature; The material that obtains is used the salt acid elution 8 times of 0.3mol/L, then use deionized water wash 2 times, oven dry obtains promptly that the surface has the graphitization layer and innerly is that the hard carbon microspheres of nucleocapsid structure of hard carbon structure, particle diameter are 2～10 μ m.
B, get the 1.2g carbon microspheres that step 1 makes, be assembled into the button simulated battery by method and the material mixture ratio of embodiment 14 step B.Record this this negative material under the condition of charge-discharge velocity 0.1C first reversible capacity reach 455mAh/g, efficient is 87% first.Reversible capacity reaches 401mAh/g under the condition of discharge rate 10C.
Embodiment 9
A, to get the 10g farina be raw material, join among the tube furnace, under nitrogen atmosphere, rise to 280 ℃ and carry out stabilization processes 72h with the heating rate of 0.1 ℃/min, then rising to 900 ℃ with the heating rate of 6 ℃/min carries out charing to material and handles 1h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain the farina based carbon microsphere; With the cobalt nitrate is catalyst, and water is 20% solution for the solvent compound concentration; Carbon microspheres is joined in the catalyst solution of capacity, under 70 ℃ of temperature, stir, dipping 0.2h with rotating speed 100r/min; Adopt the mode of centrifugation that carbon microspheres is separated with catalyst solution, the carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is dried in drying box; The carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is risen to 1500 ℃ with the heating rate of 6 ℃/min carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 1h under inert atmosphere, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature; The material that obtains is used the salt acid elution 6 times of 0.1mol/L, then use deionized water wash 3 times, oven dry obtains promptly that the surface has the graphitization layer and innerly is that the hard carbon microspheres of nucleocapsid structure of hard carbon structure, particle diameter are 30～100 μ m.
B, get the 1.2g carbon microspheres that step 1 makes, be assembled into the button simulated battery by method and the material mixture ratio of embodiment 14 step B.Record this this negative material under the condition of charge-discharge velocity 0.1C first reversible capacity reach 513mAh/g, efficient is 85% first.Reversible capacity reaches 491mAh/g under the condition of discharge rate 10C.
Embodiment 10
A, get the 30g wheaten starch and the 30g farina is a raw material, mix, join among the converter, under argon gas atmosphere, rise to 215 ℃ and carry out stabilization processes 40h with the heating rate of 0.5 ℃/min, then rising to 1200 ℃ with the heating rate of 3 ℃/min carries out charing to material and handles 5h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain starch-based carbon microsphere; With the nickel acetate is catalyst, and ethanol is 1% solution for the solvent compound concentration; Carbon microspheres is joined in the catalyst solution of capacity, under 40 ℃ of temperature, stir, dipping 1h with rotating speed 800r/min; Adopt the mode of centrifugation that carbon microspheres is separated with catalyst solution, the carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is dried in drying box; The carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is risen to 1450 ℃ with the heating rate of 3 ℃/min carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 5h under inert atmosphere, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature; The material that obtains is used the salt acid elution 3 times of 0.3mol/L, then use deionized water wash 5 times, oven dry obtains promptly that the surface has the graphitization layer and innerly is that the hard carbon microspheres of nucleocapsid structure of hard carbon structure, particle diameter are 5～100 μ m.
B, get the 2g carbon microspheres that step 1 makes, be assembled into the button simulated battery by method and the material mixture ratio of embodiment 14 step B.Record this this negative material under the condition of charge-discharge velocity 0.1C first reversible capacity reach 467mAh/g, efficient is 86% first.Reversible capacity reaches 431mAh/g under the condition of discharge rate 10C.
Embodiment 11
A, to get 20g wheaten starch, 20g cornstarch and 20g farina be raw material, mix, join among the box type furnace, under nitrogen atmosphere, rise to 209 ℃ and carry out stabilization processes 42h with the heating rate of 1 ℃/min, then rising to 1000 ℃ with the heating rate of 2 ℃/min carries out charing to material and handles 2h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain starch-based carbon microsphere; With the cobalt chloride is catalyst, and ethanol is 5% solution for the solvent compound concentration; Carbon microspheres is joined in the catalyst solution of capacity, under 45 ℃ of temperature, stir, dipping 0.5h with rotating speed 200r/min; Adopt the mode of isolated by filtration that carbon microspheres is separated with catalyst solution, the carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is dried in drying box; The carbon microspheres of impregnated catalyst is risen to 1400 ℃ with the heating rate of 5 ℃/min carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 3h under inert atmosphere, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature; The material that obtains is used the salt acid elution 5 times of 0.1mol/L, then use deionized water wash 4 times, oven dry obtains promptly that the surface has the graphitization layer and innerly is that the hard carbon microspheres of nucleocapsid structure of hard carbon structure, particle diameter are 2～100 μ m.
B, get the 2g carbon microspheres that step 1 makes, be assembled into the button simulated battery by method and the material mixture ratio of embodiment 14 step B.Record this this negative material under the condition of charge-discharge velocity 0.1C first reversible capacity reach 483mAh/g, efficient is 85% first.Reversible capacity reaches 443mAh/g under the condition of discharge rate 10C.
Embodiment 12
The comparative example of prior art:
A, to get 20g wheaten starch, 20g cornstarch and 20g farina be raw material, mix, join among the box type furnace, under nitrogen atmosphere, rise to 209 ℃ and carry out stabilization processes 42h with the heating rate of 1 ℃/min, then rising to 1000 ℃ with the heating rate of 2 ℃/min carries out charing to material and handles 2h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain starch-based carbon microsphere; With ethanol is dispersant, carbon microspheres is joined in the ethanol of capacity, stirs dipping 0.5h under 45 ℃ of temperature with rotating speed 200r/min; Adopt the mode of isolated by filtration that carbon microspheres is separated with ethanol, carbon microspheres is dried in drying box; Then carbon microspheres is risen to 1400 ℃ with the heating rate of 5 ℃/min under inert atmosphere and carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 3h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature; The material that obtains is used the salt acid elution 5 times of 0.1mol/L, then use deionized water wash 4 times, oven dry promptly obtains hard carbon microspheres, and particle diameter is 2～100 μ m.
B gets the 2g carbon microspheres that step 1 makes, and is assembled into the button simulated battery by method and the material mixture ratio of embodiment 14 step B.Record this this negative material under the condition of charge-discharge velocity 0.1C first reversible capacity reach 503mAh/g, but efficient only is 70% first.Reversible capacity reaches 425mAh/g under the condition of discharge rate 10C.
Claims (9)
1. the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of a nucleocapsid structure, it is characterized in that: the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of described nucleocapsid structure is made by the graphitization layer on hard carbon microspheres of starch base and surface, this material surface is handled through catalyzed graphitization and has been formed the graphitization layer, and inside has kept hard carbon structure; The particle diameter of the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of this nucleocapsid structure is 2～100 μ m, reversible capacity reaches 450～520mAh/g when electric current is the 0.1C discharge, and efficient has reached 75～87% first, and reversible capacity reaches 400～490mAh/g when electric current is the 10C discharge;
The hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of described nucleocapsid structure is made by following preparation method:
A, the hard carbon microspheres of preparation starch base;
B, be catalyst with the soluble-salt of transition metal, water or absolute ethyl alcohol are that solvent preparation mass concentration is 0.5～30% catalyst solution;
C, the starch-based carbon microsphere that steps A is obtained join in the catalyst solution of step B preparation of 10～20 times of volumes, stir dipping 0.2～24h;
D, adopt the mode of centrifugal, filtration or suction filtration that starch-based carbon microsphere is separated with catalyst solution, starch-based carbon microsphere is dried in drying box;
E, the starch-based carbon microsphere of impregnated catalyst and oven dry is risen to 1000～1500 ℃ with the heating rate of 0.5～10 ℃/min carry out catalyzed graphitization and handle 1～24h under inert atmosphere, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature;
F, the material that step e is obtained use acid elution 3～8 times, then use deionized water wash 3～5 times, and oven dry obtains promptly that the surface has the graphitization layer and innerly is the hard carbon microspheres negative material of lithium battery nucleocapsid structure of hard carbon structure.
2. the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of a kind of nucleocapsid structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the method for preparing the hard carbon microspheres of starch base is: starch is joined in the heating furnace, under inert atmosphere, rise to 100～300 ℃ and heat-treat 1～72h with the heating rate of 0.1～10 ℃/min, then rising to 700～1500 ℃ with the heating rate of 0.5～30 ℃/min carries out charing to material and handles 0.2～5h, and under inert atmosphere, be cooled to room temperature, obtain starch-based carbon microsphere.
3. the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of a kind of nucleocapsid structure according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: described heating furnace is tube furnace, box type furnace or converter.
4. the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of a kind of nucleocapsid structure according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterized in that: described inert atmosphere is nitrogen atmosphere, argon gas atmosphere or helium atmosphere.
5. the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of a kind of nucleocapsid structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: at the transition metal described in the step B is iron, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, chromium or manganese.
6. the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of a kind of nucleocapsid structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: at the soluble-salt described in the step B is halogen, nitrate, acetate or sulfate.
7. the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of a kind of nucleocapsid structure according to claim 1 is characterized in that: be meant under 20～80 ℃ of temperature in the stirring described in the step C and stir with rotating speed 100～1500r/min.
8. the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of a kind of nucleocapsid structure according to claim 1 is characterized in that: be meant carbon microspheres is dried in drying box described in the step D carbon microspheres was dried 2～10 hours in 40～80 ℃ in drying box.
9. the preparation method of the hard carbon microspheres negative material of the lithium battery of a kind of nucleocapsid structure according to claim 1 is characterized in that: be hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or the sulfuric acid of 0.1～1mol/L in the acid that is used to wash described in the step F.
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| CN103647082B (en) * | 2013-12-24 | 2016-05-04 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一二研究所 | The preparation method of the hard carbon microsphere cathode material of a kind of lithium rechargeable battery |
| CN105633380A (en) * | 2016-03-04 | 2016-06-01 | 中国科学院新疆理化技术研究所 | Preparation method for starch-based porous hard carbon negative electrode material of lithium ion battery |
| CN105810447A (en) * | 2016-04-29 | 2016-07-27 | 陕西科技大学 | Preparation method of porous spherical biological carbon and application |
| CN106935856B (en) * | 2017-03-28 | 2020-03-27 | 中南大学 | Sodium ion battery carbon-based composite negative electrode material and preparation method thereof |
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