CN102352970A - Novel LED (light emitting diode) light source and illumination device thereof - Google Patents
Novel LED (light emitting diode) light source and illumination device thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a novel LED (light emitting diode) light source and an illumination device thereof, belonging to a light emitting system and device. Because the existing white light LED spectrum is in a narrower belt shape, is incomplete in color, higher in color temperature and lower in color rendering and has non-soft and discordant lights to eyes, in the invention, through reducing the blue light peak value in the white light LED light source, and supplying green and red light components in the white light LED spectrum, the spectrum is continuous and widened, thus the aim of the modification of the origional light source is achieved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the illuminating engineering field, be specifically related to a kind of luminescent system and device, particularly a kind of Novel LED light source and lighting device thereof.
Background technology
Present lighting source mainly contains incandescent lamp, Halogen lamp LED, fluorescent lamp and LED lamp etc., though they have brought the facility of illumination to the mankind, but they cut both ways.
Incandescent lamp is meant through heating some metallics and utilizes heat radiation to make it produce the light source of visible light; The spatial distribution of incandescent light is continuous; Part at visible light is a continuous spectrum; But simultaneously; Produce heat radiation and luminous light source as a kind of through heating; The Energy distribution of incandescent light mainly concentrates on the long zone of wavelength, so in its light composition stronger short infrared is arranged.The ability that short infrared penetrates ocular tissue is stronger, can be caused denaturation of lens proteins by the crystalline lens absorption after shining ocular tissue.Originally cortical layer formation of vacuoles and point turbidity after crystallin; Sometimes peel off on visible top layer on the anterior lens capsule top layer, and an end is attached on the cyst membrane, and an end curls and is free in the anterior chamber.After it sees through refractive media, can focus on the macula retinae place, cause pars iotica retinae to burn.It is thus clear that, though the responding ability of human eye each wavelength in the visual field can be used fully under the incandescent lamp light-illuminating, the eyes indefatigability, in use incandescent lamp light spectrum infrared part also is inevitable to the harm of human body eyesight.On the other hand, say from the energy consumption angle, incandescent lamp in use, only 30% electric weight be used for luminous, other energy all be used for the heating, luminous efficiency was compared low with current various new-type light sources.
High-pressure sodium lamp is that electric current passes through high-pressure mercury vapor, makes it ionization and excites, and forms electronics, atom and interionic collision in the discharge tube and luminous light source.Main radiation be the visible line of 404.7nm, 435.8nm, 546.1nm and 577.0～579.0nm, the long wave ultraviolet of the stronger 365.0nm of radiation in addition.Long wave ultraviolet is eager to excel more than ultraviolet B radiation to the penetrability of clothing and human body skin; Can reach deep dermis; And but the melanin of his-and-hers watches skin zone position works, thereby causes that dermal melanin is calm, makes skin darkening; Played the defence ultraviolet ray; The effect of protection skin, though can not cause the skin acute inflammation, slow to the effect of skin; But long-term accumulation is the reason that causes skin aging and grievous injury.In addition, do not contain ruddiness in the light of high-pressure sodium lamp, long term exposure causes the red ability drop of human eye impression easily even forms colour blindness under this light.
Fluorescent lamp is fluorescent lamp again, is fluorescent material and luminous electric light source that utilize the low-pressure mercury vapour discharge generation ultraviolet ray excited is coated in tube inner wall.Different fluorescent material can send the light of different colours.About 60% electric energy can be exchanged into ultraviolet light, and all the other convert heat energy into.About 40% ultraviolet luminous energy converts visible light into.The main wavelength of its visible light is 405nm (a royal purple light), 436nm (blue light), and 456nm (green glow) and 577nm (gold-tinted) are discrete spectrum.And compare with ordinary incandescent lamp, the wavelength that sends is too short, is prone to cause visual fatigue, and the rod cell of eye is sustained damage, and also is to cause the bathomorphic reason of young man.In addition, fluorescent lamp can produce ultraviolet radiation, if the fluorescent tube fragmentation also possibly cause the mercury pollution of environment.
The LED lamp (Light Emitting Diode) be light emitting diode again, is a kind of solid-state semiconductor devices, can directly be converted into light to electricity.LED is luminous to be based under the function of current electronics and hole-recombination in the semi-conducting material, and at this moment the electron institute excess energy of carrying need discharge.If this excess energy is with electronics and lattice dependent interaction and discharge and promptly produce phonon, will produce heat; If this excess energy is to discharge with the photon form, just produced light.Photon energy is two energy differences between the position, has determined optical wavelength.
Present white light LEDs mainly is to utilize " blue light technology " and phosphor powder matching to form white light.Implementation method has two kinds, and first method is that coating can be by blue-light excited yellow fluorescent powder on the blue led chip, the complementary white light that forms of the gold-tinted that blue light that chip sends and fluorescent material send.And the shortcoming of a principle of this scheme to be exactly the emission spectrum of Ce3+ ion in this fluorophor do not have continuous spectrum characteristic, colour rendering is relatively poor, is difficult to satisfy the requirement of low look illumination, and luminous efficiency is also not high simultaneously.The peak efficiency of this LED reaches 44.3lm/w, and high light flux is 187lm, and the industrialization product can reach 120lm, and Ra is 75-80; Second method is to apply green and red fluorescence powder on the blue led chip; Green glow and the compound white light that obtains of ruddiness that blue light that sends through chip and fluorescent material send; Colour rendering is better, but the effective conversion efficiency of the used fluorescent material of this method is lower, and especially the efficient of red fluorescence powder is lower.This LED colour temperature can reach the better result of 3000K-6000K, and Ra reaches 82-87, increases than before-mentioned products.Simultaneously, all there is the defective that uniformity is poor, colour temperature changes with angle in these two kinds of methods.Fluorescent material excite peak width and short, and blue-light excited peak height and narrow, wavelength is short, energy is high, can directly penetrate on the retina of the through eyeground of crystal, the active cell oxidation reaction starts Apoptosis, causes that the retina cell damages, and causes eyesight to descend even forfeiture.
The light of sunshine medium ultraviolet and infrared wavelength can cause injury to the people too.The reaction that infrared radiation produced is because molecular vibration and temperature raise caused.The heat radiation that infrared ray causes is strong to the penetration power of skin, can arrive hypodermis.Infrared ray raises skin temperature through its thermoradiation efficiency, telangiectasis, and hyperemia increases the direct harmful effects that skin is caused such as epidermis water evaporates.It mainly shows as red papule, skin crosses presenility and pigment is disorderly.Ultraviolet ray mainly causes photochemical reaction and photoimmunology reaction, can cause allergic dermatitis even cutaneum carcinoma.Under natural sunlight.Skin then can receive ultraviolet ray and ultrared double action, and infrared ray can also promote the development of UV-induced cutaneum carcinoma.
One Chinese patent application CN101806430 A discloses a kind of White LED with high color rendering property; The blue-light LED chip that comprises excitation wavelength range and be 445-465nm be coated on the phosphor powder layer on the blue-light LED chip; In this technical scheme; Described fluorescent material is included in blue-light LED chip and excites down the green emitting phosphor that produces green glow, and its emission wavelength is 495-535nm; Excite the yellow fluorescent powder that produces gold-tinted down at blue-light LED chip, its emission wavelength is 540-570nm; Excite the red fluorescence powder that produces ruddiness down at blue-light LED chip, its emission wavelength is 630-650nm.But there is following technical problem in disclosed White LED with high color rendering property in the document: the white light of (1) White LED with high color rendering property is mainly formed by the blue-ray LED excitated fluorescent powder; Therefore it is very high at 435-480nm wave band energy; The blue light of this part representative has stronger spread effect to the human eye retina, damages the human eye retina easily.(2) sunshine spectrum is best suited for the spectrum of Human Physiology, and it is not only continuous spectrum, and each wave band energy in visible-range is comparatively even.And the energy of the blue wave band of White LED with high color rendering property is high more than the light energy of other wave band, and does not meet the vision physiological rule of human body.
Up to the present, a kind of lighting source harmless to the mankind do not arranged yet.Though these photodamageds are slowly to the mankind's effect, we live in these light every day, and the infringement that they cause just can not be ignored.Therefore, we demand working out a kind of low power consuming, high energy efficiency urgently, and to human health and the more useful lighting source of environment.
Summary of the invention
In view of common white light LEDs spectrum is narrower band shape, color is incomplete, and colour temperature is higher, and colour rendering is on the low side, and light is neither soft also inharmonious to eyes; And the disclosed a kind of White LED with high color rendering property blue light composition of one Chinese patent application CN101806430 A is too high; Each wave band energy of spectrum is inhomogeneous; The present invention is through reducing the blue peak in the white LED light source; Replenish green glow and ruddiness composition in the white light LEDs spectrum; Make the continuous and wide length of spectrum, thereby reached the purpose of improved white light led light source.
First purpose of the present invention is: a kind of successional lighting source that can in the full spectrum of 380-780nm, the correlated colour temperature scope from about the 2700-13000K, keep spectrum is provided, and the relative spectral height of its each wavelength again can be close as much as possible with sunshine spectrum.
As a kind of form of Novel LED light source of the present invention, it is the integrated LED light source.It will be through carrying out following improvement to common white light LEDs.
At first, the present invention is attached to highly reflecting films on the medial surface of lampshade slide, thereby the blue light in the white light LEDs spectrum (435-480nm) composition is weakened 40%-60%.
The present invention is a silica with the slide material that highly reflecting films paste mutually, and employed highly reflecting films radius is 10-40mm, and thickness is 0.5-1.1mm, is titanium oxide and two kinds of mixtures of material of silica.
Highly reflecting films are the film of high index of refraction, are affixed on the slide of low-refraction, and two reverberation of film upper and lower surface make to interfere to be strengthened, thereby reverberation is strengthened, and transmitted light weakens.General individual layer highly reflecting films can make reflectivity bring up to more than 30%, and the multilayer highly reflecting films can improve manyly.The present invention is affixed on highly reflecting films on the slide, reduces the transmissivity of blue light, thereby plays the purpose that weakens blue light (435-480nm) composition.These highly reflecting films are that maximum reflectivity is arranged is 40%-60% at the 460nm place at wavelength, and reflectivity is that axle is the decay of middle mind-set both sides with 460nm with the wavelength, decays to 20% respectively at 420nm and 520nm place, decays to 5% at 380nm and 560nm place.The transmitance of the highly reflecting films that the present invention uses and the relation curve of wavelength of light are as shown in Figure 1.
Secondly; To the trough (generally between 480-520nm) behind the blue crest of white light LEDs; The present invention is through increasing the green light LED monomer on the white light LEDs luminous plaque, the green light LED monomer is launched the green glow of 480-520nm, and additional wavelength is the LED spectrum of 480-520nm.
At last, to the ruddiness composition of white light LEDs spectrum latter end decay, the design is through increasing the red-light LED monomer on the white light LEDs luminous plaque, and the red-light LED monomer is launched the ruddiness of 670-720nm, and additional wavelength is the red LED composition of 670-720nm.
The present invention is through the white light LEDs curve of spectrum before measuring New LED spectrum of the present invention and improving; Provided the curve of spectrum map (as shown in Figure 5) of novel white-light LED of the present invention and common white light LEDs; This shows; After novel white-light LED after the improvement has replenished the composition of green glow and ruddiness; Spectral energy is even; Similar with sunshine spectrum, meet the vision physiological rule of human body.Especially on the 435-480nm wave band, the energy of novel white-light LED has reduced 40-60% than the white light LEDs before improving, and has weakened the blue light that easily the human body retina is caused damage greatly, has increased the security of light source.
In addition, the present invention has also measured New LED light of the present invention, the common white light LEDs curve of spectrum and the disclosed White LED with high color rendering property spectral comparison of one Chinese patent application CN101806430 A figure thereof under the same measured condition, like Fig. 6, shown in Figure 7.This shows; (1) spectrogram of common white light LEDs and White LED with high color rendering property is all higher at 435 ~ 480nm wave band energy; The blue light of this part representative is prone to retina is damaged, and New LED is moderate in the light energy of this wave band, can not cause damage to human body.(2) light energy of each wave band of White LED with high color rendering property and common white light LEDs is inhomogeneous, and the blue wave band energy is higher, and the energy of red spectral band is lower, and tone is colder, does not match with the sunshine spectrum of optimum; And the light energy of each wave band of white light LEDs of the present invention is comparatively even, and the red spectral band energy is higher, and tone is warm partially, meets the psychological need of human body.
Strong excessively to LED luminescence chip surface light density, cause easily the burning of people's macula lutea, the present invention select for use low-yield LED module (the LED module be exactly LED by certain regularly arranged encapsulation more together, add the product that some water-proofing treatment are formed.) as lighting source, total luminous power of Novel LED light is 6.0w.Wherein the red LED monomer accounts for the 5%-15% of total light source, and the green LED monomer accounts for the 10%-20% of total light source.This light source color temperature is 2700-13000K, is preferably 2800-3500K, and colour rendering index is 85-97.This light source in the luminous intensity of room lighting preferably between 200-300Lux.
The present invention is through the red-light LED monomer of measuring different proportion, the novel white-light LED spectral curve of the present invention of green LED combination of monomers; On the basis of original white light LEDs monomer, increase the red-light LED monomer and the green light LED monomer of varying number proportioning; Obtain the lighting source of better continuous spectrum, and the relative spectral height of its each wavelength again can be close as much as possible with sunshine spectrum.Red-light LED monomer, the green LED combination of monomers of the different proportion that the present invention is fit to are: (1) 15% red-light LED monomer, 10% green light LED monomer; Or (2) increase by 5% red-light LED monomer, 10% green light LED monomer; Or (3) increase by 15% red-light LED monomer, 20% green light LED monomer.
Second purpose of the present invention is, a kind of lighting device of Novel LED light source of first purpose of the present invention of realization is provided.This device is shaped as cast, panel-shaped and pyriform, and the present invention is not limited to the shape of these devices.
When the lighting device of Novel LED light source was shaped as cast, light emitting module was made up of the led chip of white light, green glow and ruddiness, and chip is fixed on the rectangle base plate through screw.Highly reflecting films are glued on glass (or plastics) lampshade, and lampshade links to each other with the plastic feet of both sides.Power line connects transformer through base.
When the lighting device of Novel LED light source was shaped as panel-shaped, light emitting module was made up of the led chip of white light, green glow and ruddiness, and chip is fixed on the foursquare base plate through screw.Highly reflecting films are glued on foursquare glass or the plastic lamp shade, and glass or plastic lamp shade are embedded in the groove of round metal frame, and the round metal frame screws on the aluminium shell of light fixture through internal and external threads.Power line links to each other with the transformer of base plate dorsal surface through the aperture on the aluminium shell wall.
The lighting device of Novel LED light source is shaped as pyriform when (as shown in Figure 2), and light emitting module is made up of the led chip of white light, green glow and ruddiness, and chip is fixed on the retainer ring through screw, and the light that chip sends can be able to concentrate through the metal light-gathering shell.Highly reflecting films are glued on glass or the plastic lamp shade, and glass or plastic lamp shade are embedded in the becket groove, and becket screws on the metal light-gathering shell through internal and external threads.Radiating module is made up of metal shell and radiating fin, and radiating fin is fixed on the metal shell.Plastic casing screws on radiating fin with the internal and external threads form.Power line links to each other with transformer with aperture on the metal shell wall through plastic casing.
We adopt blue-ray LED chip and fluorescent material to organically combine and are aided with green and red LED monomer methods, use conventional packaging technology to become the hemispherical white light LEDs of radius as 3cm with epoxy encapsulation.Blue-light LED chip is installed in the bowl-type reflection cavity, covers to be mixed with the thin resin layer of YAG, and the mass content of YAG is 30-50%.The blue light part that led chip sends is absorbed by fluorescent material, and the yellow light mix that another part blue light and fluorescent material send can obtain white light, replenishes spectrum with red with green LED monomer in addition.Luminous component is encapsulated in the resin.
Another form of Novel LED light source of the present invention is a single great power LED.Single great power LED is made up of lampshade cover, highly reflecting films, integrated single high-power LED chip, constant-current driving power supply, heat sink, high power LED substrate.Integrated single high-power LED chip is the integrated single led chip of chip red, green by many, Bai Sanse.Highly reflecting films are affixed on lampshade cover medial surface, and highly reflecting films can weaken 40%-60% with blue light (435-480nm) composition of chip; The lampshade cover is installed on the high power LED substrate edge, and the high power LED substrate one side is connected with integrated single high-power LED chip, and another side is connected with heat sink.Integrated single high-power LED chip and constant-current driving power supply are positioned at lampshade, and integrated single high-power LED chip is connected with constant-current driving power supply.Single great power LED can replenish green glow and ruddiness composition in the white light LEDs spectrum through reducing the blue peak in the white LED light source equally, makes the continuous and wide length of spectrum, thereby has reached the purpose that improves original light source.
In a word, the present invention compared with prior art has following technical advantage:
First; In common white light LEDs; The high energy blue light is bigger to the infringement of human eye; The non-visual impression photosystem of human body is the most responsive to blue light in addition; Be in the environment that is subjected to the high energy blue light illumination for a long time and can upset the circadian rhythm of human body; This is unfavorable for promoting the use of of LED illumination; And the present invention is by adopting the quantitative decay technique of reflectance coating to 435-480nm spectrum; The blue peak of novel white-light LED is the 50%-60% of common white light LEDs; Greatly reduce the damage of blue light to human eye; And novel white-light LED of the present invention is when reducing blue peak, and effective launching efficiency of fluorescent material does not reduce, and has improved colour rendering and light efficiency.
The second, the infrared and ultraviolet spectra in the sunshine spectrum all can cause certain injury to human skin, in the spectrum of novel white-light LED of the present invention, does not have ultraviolet and infrared spectrum, thereby makes people when illumination, avoid the light injury of these two kinds of spectrum.
The 3rd, novel white-light LED of the present invention had both inherited common white LED light source efficiency height, the life-span is long, volume is little, reliability is high, can not cause advantages such as mercury pollution, has also corrected its part shortcoming simultaneously; Novel white-light LED of the present invention, approaching with the sunshine spectrum of optimum in the spectral region of visible light, be continuous spectrum, colour rendering index is high, and color is comprehensive, can reduce the color of object well.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the transmitance of the highly reflecting films of the present invention's use and the graph of relation of wavelength of light.
Fig. 2 is a kind of novel white-light LED illuminator structure sketch map figure of one embodiment of the invention.201 is power line; 202 is plastic casing; 203 is radiating fin; 204 is metal shell; 205 is the metal light-gathering shell; 206 is the becket groove; 207 is becket; 208 is becket; 209 is the metal light-gathering shell; 210 is retainer ring; 211 is screw; 212 is led chip.
Fig. 3 is a kind of novel white-light LED LED illumination device chip plane of one embodiment of the invention.301 is green light LED; 302 is white light LEDs; 303 is red-light LED; 304 is the led circuit plate.
Fig. 4 is the sectional structure sketch map of a kind of novel white-light LED lighting device of one embodiment of the invention.401 is power line; 402 is plastic casing; 403 is radiating fin; 404 is transformer; 405 is led chip; 406 is the metal light-gathering shell; 407 is highly reflecting films; 408 is drive circuit; 409 is retainer ring; 410 is glass (or plastics) lampshade.
Fig. 5 is the curve of spectrum map of novel white-light LED of the present invention and common white light LEDs.
Fig. 6 is the spectral curve of novel white-light LED, high colour developing white light LEDs (CN101806430 A disclosed White LED with high color rendering property) and the common white light LEDs of colour temperature when 3996K.
Fig. 7 is the spectral curve of novel white-light LED, high colour developing white light LEDs (CN101806430 A disclosed White LED with high color rendering property) and the common white light LEDs of colour temperature when 4986K.
Fig. 8 is under 6450 colour temperatures, the spectral curve of contained red, novel white-light LED that the green light LED ratio is different.
The specific embodiment
Below further describe the present invention through specific embodiment, but the present invention is not limited only to following examples.Those skilled in the art can use for reference this paper content, suitably improve or adjust step method of the present invention and can realize.Special needs to be pointed out is that all are similarly replaced and change, to those skilled in the art, is conspicuous, and they all are regarded as and are included in the scope of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a kind of novel white-light LED illuminator structure sketch map figure of one embodiment of the invention.Fig. 3 is a kind of novel white-light LED LED illumination device chip plane of one embodiment of the invention.Fig. 4 is the sectional structure sketch map of a kind of novel white-light LED lighting device of one embodiment of the invention.
A kind of novel white-light LED lighting device of present embodiment is shaped as pyriform (as shown in Figure 2).Light emitting module is formed (as shown in Figure 3) by the led chip 212 of white light, green glow and ruddiness, and chip 212 is fixed on the retainer ring 210 through screw 211, and the light that chip 212 sends can be able to concentrate through metal light-gathering shell 205.Highly reflecting films are glued on glass (or plastics) lampshade, and glass lamp shade is embedded in the becket groove 206, and becket 208 screws on metal light-gathering shell 209 through internal and external threads.Radiating module is made up of metal shell 204 and radiating fin 203, and radiating fin 203 is fixed on the metal shell 204.Plastic casing 202 screws on radiating fin 203 with the internal and external threads form.Power line 201 links to each other with transformer with aperture on metal shell 204 walls through plastic casing.
Fig. 3 has provided a kind of novel white-light LED LED illumination device chip plane of one embodiment of the present of invention.The rectangle blockage of white is represented the white light LEDs monomer, totally 28; The rectangle blockage of black is represented the green light LED monomer, totally 4; The center has the rectangle blockage of intersection to represent the red-light LED monomer, totally 5.The voltage of each LED monomer is 3V, and electric current is 20 milliamperes, and luminous power is 0.06w.It is radial that the arranging of monomer appears, and helps the balance of luminous intensity, improved light diffusing, luminous even free from glare.Simultaneously; Because Novel LED light adopts red with green LED monomer to replenish spectrum; And absorb the blue light about 40%-60% with high-reflecting film, make the spectrum of Novel LED light source, be expected to become the new type light source that is beneficial to health most near the visible light wave range of sunshine.
Claims (6)
1. a Novel LED light source is characterized in that, it is to produce according to the method that comprises the steps:
(1) in white light LEDs, highly reflecting films are attached on the medial surface of lampshade slide, the blue light 435-480nm composition in the white light LEDs spectrum is weakened 40%-60%;
(2) to the trough behind the blue crest of white light LEDs, through on the white light LEDs luminous plaque, increasing the green light LED monomer, the green light LED monomer is launched the green glow of 480-520nm, and additional wavelength is the LED spectrum of 480-520nm;
(3) to the ruddiness composition of white light LEDs spectrum latter end decay, through on the white light LEDs luminous plaque, increasing the red-light LED monomer, the red-light LED monomer is launched the ruddiness of 670-720nm, and additional wavelength is the LED spectrum of 670-720nm.
2. a kind of Novel LED light source as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that the red LED monomer accounts for the 5%-15% of total light source, and the green LED monomer accounts for the 10%-20% of total light source.
3. device that produces Novel LED light source as claimed in claim 1; Comprise the lampshade slide, it is characterized in that light emitting module is made up of the led chip of white light, green glow and ruddiness; Chip is fixed on the retainer ring through screw, and the light that chip sends can be able to concentrate through the metal light-gathering shell; Highly reflecting films are glued on glass or the plastic lamp shade, and glass lamp shade is embedded in the becket groove, and becket screws on the metal light-gathering shell through internal and external threads; Radiating module is made up of metal shell and radiating fin, and radiating fin is fixed on the metal shell; Plastic casing screws on radiating fin with the internal and external threads form; Power line links to each other with transformer with aperture on the metal shell wall through plastic casing.
4. a device that produces Novel LED light source as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that it comprises lampshade cover, highly reflecting films, integrated single high-power LED chip, constant-current driving power supply, heat sink and high power LED substrate; Integrated single high-power LED chip is the integrated single led chip of chip red, green by many, Bai Sanse; Highly reflecting films are affixed on lampshade cover medial surface, and highly reflecting films can weaken 40%-60% with the blue light 435-480nm composition of chip; The lampshade cover is installed on the high power LED substrate edge, and the high power LED substrate one side is connected with integrated single high-power LED chip, and another side is connected with heat sink; Integrated single high-power LED chip and constant-current driving power supply are positioned at lampshade, and integrated single high-power LED chip is connected with constant-current driving power supply.
5. device as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that, described device is shaped as pyriform, panel-shaped or tubular.
6. like claim 3 or 4 described devices; It is characterized in that; On the medial surface of described lampshade slide highly reflecting films are arranged; Described highly reflecting films radius is 10-40mm; Thickness is 0.5-1.3mm; Material is the mixture of silica and titanium oxide, and the slide material of described highly reflecting films is a silica.
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