CN102311681A - UV curing silver nanowire ink and its preparation method and application method - Google Patents
UV curing silver nanowire ink and its preparation method and application method Download PDFInfo
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- CN102311681A CN102311681A CN201110247486A CN201110247486A CN102311681A CN 102311681 A CN102311681 A CN 102311681A CN 201110247486 A CN201110247486 A CN 201110247486A CN 201110247486 A CN201110247486 A CN 201110247486A CN 102311681 A CN102311681 A CN 102311681A
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Abstract
The invention provides a UV curing silver nanowire ink, a preparation method and an application method thereof, namely a transparent conductive film with certain patterns is prepared by the application of one-step method. According to the invention, a silver nanowire ink containing a UV curing epoxy resin mixture; then, the ink forms a film on a transparent substrate by one-step method; the film undergoes selective UV irradiation and uncured ink is removed so as to form the transparent conductive film with specific patterns. Selective curing of the UV curing epoxy resin mixture can be accomplished according to pattern requirements; in addition, the production technology of the silver nanowire transparent conductive film is greatly simplified by one-step method. Therefore, the invention has a great practical application value.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to nano silver wire ink and preparation method thereof and method of use, refer in particular to UV-curable the nano silver wire ink preparation and use the method for use that its preparation has the transparent conductive film of certain pattern.
Background technology
Transparent conductive film is meant and is coated in surface or the suprabasil conductive membrane with high light transmittance.It has good optical transparency and surface conductivity simultaneously, is widely used in the products such as liquid-crystal display, touch-screen, LED and thin-film solar cells.
At present, indium tin oxide (ITO) film of vacuum evaporation chemical deposition process preparation becomes most widely used material because of having excellent optical transparence and electroconductibility.Yet ITO is membranous crisp, when receiving bending, damages easily, and this has seriously limited its application on flexible substrates.In addition, the scarcity of indium resource, higher depositing temperature and expensive vacuum evaporation process etc. all impel people to seek to be suitable for flexible substrates and can be low-cost, high yield quantizes the ITO substitute of producing.
Conducting polymer, carbon nanotube (CNT), Graphene, metal nanometer line etc. all are the materials that is expected to be used to replace ITO.Compare with the ITO film, conducting polymer has higher surface resistivity and stronger optical absorption, uses conducting polymer can't reach requirement of actual application merely.Application number is that 201010267254.1 Chinese patent discloses a kind of combination through conducting polymer and metallics and uses, and acquisition has the technology of the conducting film of higher clarity and electroconductibility.Though the conducting film (transmittance 90.1% that should technology obtains; Square resistance 240 Ω/) be superior to pure conducting polymer film (transmittance 90.5% on the performance; Square resistance 454 Ω/); But (transmittance>=90%, square resistance≤100 Ω/) compare still exists bigger gap with high-end ITO film.Diameter of single-wall carbon nano tube can reach 1 nm; Individual tubes has the specific conductivity of working as with metallographic phase; Therefore have excellent light transmission and electroconductibility, but bigger contact resistance makes the CNT network have lower specific conductivity (transmittance 80-90%, square resistance 200-1000 Ω/) usually between the CNT; And the preparation of CNT and purifying cost are high, have limited the large-scale application of CNT film.Graphene is the two-dimentional carbon nano-structured material that is made up of the mono-layer graphite sheet, has high mobility (20000-50000 cm
2/ Vs), high heat conductance (3500-5300 W/mK) and good mechanical property.The preparation method of graphene film mainly contains method such as reduce behind mechanically peel, epitaxy, chemical vapour deposition and the oxidation filming; Wherein reduction method is of greatest concern behind the oxidation filming; But graphene oxide film poorly conductive; And be used to improve the method for reducing of electroconductibility at present or need high temperature or potential safety hazard big, production cost is higher.
Metal nanometer line comprises nano silver wire, nanowires of gold, copper nano-wire and nickel nano wire etc., and wherein (resistivity is 1.59 * 10 to nano silver wire 20 ℃ the time because of the remarkable chemical property stability of argent and excellent electroconductibility
-8Ω m) obtained paying close attention to widely and studying.Application number is the preparation method that 200510060864.3,200710046510.2,200810019828.6,201010281639.3,201010281704.2 and 201010559335.9 Chinese patent has been introduced nano silver wire respectively from different perspectives, for the suitability for industrialized production of nano silver wire lays a solid foundation.
Application number is 200910112925.4 to have announced a kind of preparation method of the transparent conductive film based on nano silver wire with the Chinese patent of 200910112924.X.These two pieces of patents improve nano wire at suprabasil adhesive power through between substrate and nano wire conductive layer, increasing adhesion layer; Basically solved the difficult problem that nano silver wire comes off easily; But the nanometer line network that these two pieces of patents need will prepare through the method for transfer printing is in advance transferred on the adhesion layer; Increase the difficulty and the complicacy of work, be unfavorable for scale operation.Application number is the preparation method that 200910112923.5 Chinese patent has been announced a kind of flexible transparent conductive film based on organic polymer and nano silver wire.This patent is through forming the nano silver wire conductive network earlier on smooth substrate; On this nano silver wire conductive layer, cover transparent organic polymer films again; To be stained with the polymeric film of nano silver wire conductive layer and the method for smooth substrate separation at last and obtain organic polymer-based transparent conductive film; But this method need guarantee that organic polymer and smooth substrate can realize being easy to separate, and is high to the selectivity requirement of organic polymer and smooth substrate.More than three pieces of patents do not study using based on the composition of the transparent conductive film of nano silver wire.Application number is that 200680038150.5,200780045661.4 and 200880012842.1 Chinese patent is the patent of invention based on transparent conductor of metal nanometer line and preparation method thereof of U.S. Cambrios company application.Though this series of patents is studied using based on the composition of the transparent conductive film of nano silver wire; But need to prepare transparent conductive film through several layers or whole layer that multistep processes applies in adhesion layer, first conducting stratum (comprising nano wire layer and hypothallus), second conducting stratum (other conductive layers) and the performance enhancement layer (anti-dazzle photosphere, blocking layer, hard coat etc.); Complex technical process is not seen the report that has the transparent conductive film with certain pattern of excellent adhesion, good light permeability and satisfactory electrical conductivity through the preparation of nano silver wire ink single stage method at present.
So, develop a kind of nano silver wire ink and use method that the preparation of its single stage method has the transparent conductive film of certain pattern and have good actual application and be worth.
Bibliography
1. Chinese Lekai film Group Co.,Ltd. a kind of nesa coating [P]: China, 201010267254.1,2011-02-16.
2. Zhejiang University. a kind of compound method of nano silver wire [P]: China, 200510060864.3,2006-03-01.
3. Fudan University. a kind of method of high concentration mass-synthesis of silver nano-wire [P]: China, 200710046510.2,2008-07-16.
4. Jiangsu Polytechnic University. the method for preparing silver nano-wire in large batch [P]: China, 200810019828.6,2008-11-26.
5. Zhejiang University. a kind of nano silver wire compound method [P] rapidly and efficiently: China, 201010281639.3,2011-01-05.
6. Zhejiang University. a kind of high density fast preparation method [P] of nano silver wire: China, 201010281704.2,2011-01-05.
7. Zhejiang Kechuang New Material Technology Co., Ltd.. a kind of positively charged ion controlled microwave legal system is equipped with the method [P] of the controlled nano silver wire in line footpath: China, 201010559335.9,2011-04-27.
8. Fujian Inst. of Matter Structure, Chinese Academy of Sciences. based on the transparent conductive film of nano silver wire and preparation method thereof [P]: China, 200910112925.4,2011-06-08.
9. Fujian Inst. of Matter Structure, Chinese Academy of Sciences. nano silver wire transparent conductive film of planarization and preparation method thereof [P]: China, 200910112924.X, 2011-06-08.
10. Fujian Inst. of Matter Structure, Chinese Academy of Sciences. based on the flexible transparent conductive film of organic polymer and nano silver wire and preparation method thereof [P]: China, 200910112923.5,2011-06-08.
11. Cambrios Technologies Corporation. based on the transparent conductor [P] of nano wire: China, 200680038150.5,2008-10-22.
12. Cambrios Technologies Corporation. based on the transparent conductor and the application [P] thereof of nano wire: China, 200780045661.4,2009-11-25.
13. Cambrios Technologies Corporation. composite transparent conductors and forming method thereof [P]: China, 200880012842.1,2010-03-31.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to prepare a kind of nano silver wire ink of well behaved UV-curable, for this reason, the present invention adopts following technical scheme:
Said nano silver wire ink is by nano silver wire, epoxy resin, light trigger, photosensitizers, nano silver wire, solvent composition, and the weight ratio of each component is:
Nano silver wire: 0.1-1 part;
Epoxy resin: 2-8 part;
Light trigger: 0.1-0.4 part;
Photosensitizers: 0.06-0.3 part;
Solvent: 91-98 part;
The above component sum is 100 parts.
Through above technical scheme, contain the epoxy resin composition of UV-curable in the nano silver wire ink solution of the present invention, solidify through selectivity and can realize composition, thereby single stage method prepares transparent conductive film.
The present invention provides the preparation method and the method for use of said UV curing nano silver wire ink simultaneously, and said preparation method comprises the steps:
A), take by weighing quantifying ring epoxy resins, light trigger, photosensitizers and solvent, under stirring action, room temperature or heating for dissolving become uniform solution;
B), in aforementioned solution, add quantitative nano silver wire solution, stir, make the nano silver wire ink.
The method of use of described UV curing nano silver wire ink is to use the transparent conductive film that this ink preparation has certain pattern, and concrete method of use comprises the steps:
A), adopt that spraying, rod are coated with, the method for roller coat, spin coating, silk screen printing lets the nano silver wire ink in substrate, form even rete;
B), on said rete, place mask, to limit masks area and masks area not, integral body is exposed under the UV light, masks area does not carry out UV and solidifies, thus in substrate formation consolidation zone and uncured zone;
C), remove the ink in uncured zone through solvent cleaning; Prepare the nano silver wire transparent conductive film with certain pattern, said solvent is selected from least a in the following compounds: methyl alcohol, ethanol, Virahol, propyl carbinol, acetone, butanone, THF, methylene dichloride, trichloromethane.
Through above technical scheme, preparation method of the present invention is simple and convenient; When using, use the transparent conductive film that the single stage method preparation has certain pattern, the application of the big production of simple, easy to operate, the easy realization of technology.
Description of drawings
To 150 nanometers, length is between 3 microns to 100 microns in 20 nanometers for the scanning electron microscope diagram sheet of Fig. 1 nano silver wire, the diameter of most nano silver wires.
Fig. 2 uses the synoptic diagram of the transparent conductive film with argyle design of this patent method preparation.
Embodiment
The present invention provides nano silver wire ink of a kind of UV-curable and preparation method thereof and method of use, promptly uses the transparent conductive film that the single stage method preparation has certain pattern.The present invention has prepared a kind of nano silver wire ink that contains the epoxy resin composition of UV-curable; Then this ink is formed film on transparent substrates through single stage method; Remove the ink in uncured zone after the selectivity UV illumination, thereby form transparent conductive film with specific pattern.The epoxy resin composition of UV-curable can require to realize selectivity curing according to pattern, and single stage method has been simplified the production technique of nano silver wire transparent conductive film greatly, has good actual application and is worth.Below the present invention is detailed:
UV curing nano silver wire ink, said nano silver wire ink is by nano silver wire, epoxy resin, light trigger, photosensitizers, nano silver wire, solvent composition, and the weight ratio of each component is:
Nano silver wire: 0.1-1 part;
Epoxy resin: 2-8 part;
Light trigger: 0.1-0.4 part;
Photosensitizers: 0.06-0.3 part;
Solvent: 91-98 part;
The above component sum is 100 parts.
To 150 nanometers, length is between 3 microns to 100 microns in 20 nanometers for described nano silver wire diameter.
Said epoxy resin is selected from least a in the following resin: glycidyl ether based epoxy resin, glycidyl ester based epoxy resin, Racemic glycidol amine epoxy resin, cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, polyhutadiene epoxide, glycolylurea epoxide resin, organosilicon epoxy resin.
Said light trigger is selected from least a in the following compounds: aromatic diazo salt, aromatic sulfonium salts, fragrant salt compounded of iodine, ferrocene salt.
Said photosensitizers is radical initiator and light-sensitive coloring agent, comprises st-yrax dme, UVNUL MS-40, anthracene, thiodiphenylamine, di-isopropyl thiazolone, BPO, N-VCz.
Said solvent is selected from least a in the following compounds: methyl alcohol, ethanol, Virahol, propyl carbinol, acetone, butanone, THF, methylene dichloride, trichloromethane.
The preparation method of nano silver wire ink according to the invention comprises the steps:
A), take by weighing quantifying ring epoxy resins, light trigger, photosensitizers and solvent, under stirring action, room temperature or heating for dissolving become uniform solution;
B), in aforementioned solution, add quantitative nano silver wire solution, stir, make the nano silver wire ink.
The method of use of UV curing nano silver wire ink according to the invention is to use the transparent conductive film that this ink preparation has certain pattern, and concrete method of use comprises the steps:
A), adopt that spraying, rod are coated with, the method for roller coat, spin coating, silk screen printing lets the nano silver wire ink in substrate, form even rete;
B), on said rete, place mask, to limit masks area and masks area not, integral body is exposed under the UV light, masks area does not carry out UV and solidifies, thus in substrate formation consolidation zone and uncured zone;
C), remove the ink in uncured zone through solvent cleaning; Prepare the nano silver wire transparent conductive film with certain pattern, said solvent is selected from least a in the following compounds: methyl alcohol, ethanol, Virahol, propyl carbinol, acetone, butanone, THF, methylene dichloride, trichloromethane.
The substrate of said step a) both can be stiff base; Also can be flexible substrates; The substrate of preferably handling through surface hydrophilic, said substrate comprises: unorganic glass, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), urethane (PU), PEN (PEN), polyethersulfone (PES), PS (PS), Vestolen PP 7052 (PP), polyetheretherketone (PEEK).
Be to realize better electroconductibility, can pressurize, heat transparent conductive film or both combinations are handled.
The used nano silver wire employing of the present invention application number is 201010559335.9 the described method preparation of Chinese patent (structure and the pattern of nano silver wire are as shown in Figure 1), and the synthetic nano silver wire finally is mixed with certain density solution.
The nano silver wire ink comprises nano silver wire, epoxy resin, light trigger, photosensitizers and solvent.Earlier take by weighing epoxy resin, light trigger and photosensitizers by formula ratio, add an amount of solvent, under stirring action, room temperature or heating for dissolving become uniform solution, then press formula ratio and add nano silver wire solution, stir 30 minutes, make the nano silver wire ink.
Adopt methods such as spraying, roller coat, spin coating, silk screen printing to let the nano silver wire ink in substrate, form even rete; Realize composition through " mask covering-UV illumination-solvent cleaning " process then, thereby prepare nano silver wire transparent conductive film with certain pattern.Be to realize better electroconductibility, can pressurize, heat the nano silver wire transparent conductive film that has prepared or both aftertreatments such as combination.Usually, the organic polymer thin film surface hydrophilicity is not enough, directly can cause the reunion of nano silver wire at its surface coverage nano silver wire ink, can't obtain the nano silver wire network of good dispersibility.Through methods such as plasma treatment, UV ozonize, corona treatment and chemical treatments polymeric film is carried out surface treatment, improve wetting ability, can realize the good distribution of nano silver wire at film surface.
Prepare the nano silver wire transparent conductive film with certain pattern, the application of the big production of simple, easy to operate, the easy realization of technology through the described method of this patent.Fig. 2 is the get everything ready synoptic diagram of transparent conductive film of argyle design of this legal system of utilization, and wherein diamond-shaped portion is divided into the nano silver wire conductive layer, is prepared by the nano silver wire ink.This transparent conductive film can be applicable to projected capacitive touch screen.
Below embodiments of the invention are done further to set forth.
Embodiment 1
In having the 500mL there-necked flask of whisking appliance, add E51 epoxy resin 30g, triaryl sulphur hexafluoro antimonate 0.9g, UVNUL MS-40 0.6g; Acetone 150g, stirring at room adds nano silver wire ethanolic soln (5mg/mL to homogeneous; Mean diameter 90nm; Mean length 30 μ m) 300g stirs 30min, promptly makes the nano silver wire ink after mixing.
The PET that handled with surface corona is transparent substrates (visible light transmissivity 91.8%), adopts the method for spin coating to let the nano silver wire ink in substrate, form uniform rete, be evaporated completely solvent after; Shaded surface argyle design mask; Exposure 10min in 10 cm places cleans with acetone mixed solvent (V/V=1/1), to remove uncured portion under the 600W high voltage mercury lamp; Then carry out the pressure treatment of 30atm, promptly obtain to have the transparent conductive film of argyle design.Rhombus part visible light transmittance rate (550nm) 85.2%, square resistance 89 Ω/.
Embodiment 2
In having the 500mL there-necked flask of whisking appliance, add CY179 epoxy resin 20g, ferrocene a tetrafluoro borate 1.0g, BPO 0.8g; THF 100g, stirring at room adds nano silver wire aqueous isopropanol (15mg/mL to homogeneous; Mean diameter 70nm; Mean length 15 μ m) 150g stirs 30min, promptly makes the nano silver wire ink after mixing.
The PC that crosses with surperficial UV ozonize is transparent substrates (visible light transmissivity 90.5%); Adopt the method for spraying to let the nano silver wire ink in substrate, form uniform rete, be evaporated completely solvent after, shaded surface argyle design mask; Exposure 10min in 15 cm places under the 700W high voltage mercury lamp; Clean with acetone/isopropanol mixed solvent (V/V=1/2),, then carry out 150 to remove uncured portion
oC thermal treatment 30min, i.e. acquisition has the transparent conductive film of argyle design.Rhombus part visible light transmittance rate (550nm) 82.5%, square resistance 63 Ω/.
Embodiment 3
In having the 500mL there-necked flask of whisking appliance, add TDE-85 epoxy resin 20g, diaryl iodine hexafluoro antimonate 0.8g, thiodiphenylamine 0.6g; Trichloromethane 100g, stirring at room adds nano silver wire aqueous isopropanol (10mg/mL to homogeneous; Mean diameter 60nm; Mean length 10 μ m) 250g stirs 30min, promptly makes the nano silver wire ink after mixing.
The PMMA that handled with surface plasma is transparent substrates (visible light transmissivity 94.0%); Adopt the method for roller coat to let the nano silver wire ink in substrate, form uniform rete, be evaporated completely solvent after, shaded surface argyle design mask; Exposure 10min in 10 cm places under the 500W high voltage mercury lamp; Clean with THF/alcohol mixed solvent (V/V=1/1),, then carry out 150 simultaneously to remove uncured portion
oThe pressure treatment of C thermal treatment 30min and 35 atm, i.e. acquisition has the transparent conductive film of argyle design.Rhombus part visible light transmittance rate (550nm) 88.4%, square resistance 95 Ω/.
Embodiment 4
In having the 500mL there-necked flask of whisking appliance, add hexahydrophthalic acid 2-glycidyl ester 20g, triaryl sulphur hexafluoro antimonate 0.6g, anthracene 0.6g; Methylene dichloride 90g, stirring at room adds nano silver wire ethanolic soln (5mg/mL to homogeneous; Mean diameter 150nm; Mean length 100 μ m) 200g stirs 30min, promptly makes the nano silver wire ink after mixing.
The common unorganic glass of not handling with the surface is transparent substrates (visible light transmittance rate 98.2%), adopts the method for silk screen printing to let the nano silver wire ink in substrate, form uniform rete, be evaporated completely solvent after; Shaded surface argyle design mask; Exposure 10min in 10 cm places cleans with trichloromethane/alcohol mixed solvent (V/V=2/1), to remove uncured portion under the 500W high voltage mercury lamp; Then carry out the pressure treatment of 40atm, promptly obtain to have the transparent conductive film of argyle design.Rhombus part visible light transmittance rate (550nm) 78.6%, square resistance 150 Ω/.
Embodiment 5
In having the 500mL there-necked flask of whisking appliance, add bisphenol-A epoxy resin 20g, cyclopentadiene-isopropyl benzene iron a tetrafluoro borate 0.5g, st-yrax dme 0.25g; Acetone 100g, stirring at room adds nano silver wire ethanolic soln (15mg/mL to homogeneous; Mean diameter 20nm; Mean length 3 μ m) 150g stirs 30min, promptly makes the nano silver wire ink after mixing.
The PEN that handled with surface corona is transparent substrates (visible light transmissivity 91.5%), and the method that adopts rod to be coated with lets the nano silver wire ink in substrate, form uniform rete, be evaporated completely solvent after; Shaded surface argyle design mask; Exposure 10min in 15 cm places cleans with trichloromethane/alcohol mixed solvent (V/V=1/1), to remove uncured portion under the 600W high voltage mercury lamp; Then carry out the pressure treatment of 30atm, promptly obtain to have the transparent conductive film of argyle design.Rhombus part visible light transmittance rate (550nm) 81.8%, square resistance 80 Ω/.
For reaching illustration purpose; This patent is narrated as above with preferred embodiments, and so it is not in order to qualification the present invention, and any affiliated technical field is not breaking away from the spirit and scope of the present invention; When can doing a little change and polishing, so protection scope of the present invention is when exceeding with claims.
Claims (10)
1.UV curing nano silver wire ink is characterized in that: said nano silver wire ink is by nano silver wire, epoxy resin, light trigger, photosensitizers, nano silver wire, solvent composition, and the weight ratio of each component is:
Nano silver wire: 0.1-1 part;
Epoxy resin: 2-8 part;
Light trigger: 0.1-0.4 part;
Photosensitizers: 0.06-0.3 part;
Solvent: 91-98 part;
The above component sum is 100 parts.
2. UV curing nano silver wire ink according to claim 1, it is characterized in that described nano silver wire diameter in 20 nanometers to 150 nanometers, length is between 3 microns to 100 microns.
3. UV curing nano silver wire ink according to claim 1 is characterized in that said epoxy resin is selected from least a in the following resin: glycidyl ether based epoxy resin, glycidyl ester based epoxy resin, Racemic glycidol amine epoxy resin, cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, polyhutadiene epoxide, glycolylurea epoxide resin, organosilicon epoxy resin.
4. UV curing nano silver wire ink according to claim 1 is characterized in that said light trigger is selected from least a in the following compounds: aromatic diazo salt, aromatic sulfonium salts, fragrant salt compounded of iodine, ferrocene salt.
5. UV curing nano silver wire ink according to claim 1; It is characterized in that said photosensitizers is radical initiator and light-sensitive coloring agent, comprise st-yrax dme, UVNUL MS-40, anthracene, thiodiphenylamine, di-isopropyl thiazolone, BPO, N-VCz.
6. UV curing nano silver wire ink according to claim 1 is characterized in that said solvent is selected from least a in the following compounds: methyl alcohol, ethanol, Virahol, propyl carbinol, acetone, butanone, THF, methylene dichloride, trichloromethane.
7. the preparation method of UV curing nano silver wire ink as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that said preparation method comprises the steps:
A), take by weighing quantifying ring epoxy resins, light trigger, photosensitizers and solvent, under stirring action, room temperature or heating for dissolving become uniform solution;
B), in aforementioned solution, add quantitative nano silver wire solution, stir, make the nano silver wire ink.
8. the method for use of UV curing nano silver wire ink as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that using the transparent conductive film that this ink preparation has certain pattern, and concrete method of use comprises the steps:
A), adopt that spraying, rod are coated with, the method for roller coat, spin coating, silk screen printing lets the nano silver wire ink in substrate, form even rete;
B), on said rete, place mask, to limit masks area and masks area not, integral body is exposed under the UV light, masks area does not carry out UV and solidifies, thus in substrate formation consolidation zone and uncured zone;
C), remove the ink in uncured zone through solvent cleaning; Prepare the nano silver wire transparent conductive film with certain pattern, said solvent is selected from least a in the following compounds: methyl alcohol, ethanol, Virahol, propyl carbinol, acetone, butanone, THF, methylene dichloride, trichloromethane.
9. the method for use of UV curing nano silver wire ink as claimed in claim 8; It is characterized in that: the substrate of said step a) both can be stiff base; Also can be flexible substrates; The substrate of preferably handling through surface hydrophilic, said substrate comprises: unorganic glass, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), urethane (PU), PEN (PEN), polyethersulfone (PES), PS (PS), Vestolen PP 7052 (PP), polyetheretherketone (PEEK).
10. the method for use of UV curing nano silver wire ink as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that be realizing better electroconductibility, can pressurize, heat transparent conductive film or both combinations are handled.
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