CN102290840A - Efficient photovoltaic charge control method for independent photovoltaic generating system - Google Patents
Efficient photovoltaic charge control method for independent photovoltaic generating system Download PDFInfo
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- CN102290840A CN102290840A CN201110232267XA CN201110232267A CN102290840A CN 102290840 A CN102290840 A CN 102290840A CN 201110232267X A CN201110232267X A CN 201110232267XA CN 201110232267 A CN201110232267 A CN 201110232267A CN 102290840 A CN102290840 A CN 102290840A
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Abstract
The invention discloses an efficient photovoltaic charge control method for an independent photovoltaic generating system, comprising the three stages of MPPT (maximum power point tracking) charge, constant-voltage charge and floating charge: stage one: using an MPPT method to quickly charge a storage battery, carrying out once power judgment every other continuous five disturbances, and realizing the exact power tracking under the condition of quick changes of environment conditions; stage two: using lifting charge and equalizing charge to supplement the electric energy of the storage battery in the normal and overcharging states respectively; and stage three: maintaining the full electric energy of the storage battery. In the method, the charge states are managed effectively, the charge efficiency is improved, and the service life of the storage battery is prolonged.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of photovoltaic power generation, be specifically related to a kind of high-efficiency photovoltaic charge control method that is applied to independent photovoltaic generating system.
Background technology
Solar energy is as a kind of novel energy, with aboundresources, clean environment firendly, be subjected to advantages such as the region restriction is little, has been widely used, and wherein photovoltaic generation seems particularly outstanding.But storage battery problem short, that charge efficiency is low in useful life is more outstanding in the independent photovoltaic generating system at present.
Charge control method is the core of charge controller, and its quality directly influences the life-span of storage battery in the independent photovoltaic generating system and the operating efficiency of system.Charging method commonly used has constant current charge, constant voltage charge, the charging of 3 stages, Bradycardia to dash methods such as charging in independent photovoltaic generating system.Constant current charge influences the quality and the life-span of storage battery at charging easy bubbing of later stage; Constant voltage charge is at charging same meeting in early stage bubbing; Though it is a kind of big electric current quick charge method of utilizing that Bradycardia dashes charging, the power of exporting when photovoltaic cell has in limited time, does not reach the charging effect of expection; 3 stage charging method comprise constant current, constant voltage, 3 stages of constant current, the shortcoming of gassing when this method has been avoided constant voltage, constant current charge, and efficient is higher, therefore the independent photovoltaic generating system that relatively is suitable for middle low power, but system works long hours easily and is crossing the state of putting, cause the activity of storage battery to reduce, directly influence the working life of storage battery.
The output of photovoltaic battery array has strong nonlinear, exists unique maximum power point under specific environment, and along with the change of intensity of sunshine and battery temperature, maximum power point constantly changes.In order to make full use of the energy that photovoltaic cell transforms, just there are a MPPT maximum power point tracking (Maximum Power Point Tracking, problem MPPT).Realize in the engineering practice that MPPT maximum power point tracking method commonly used has: constant voltage process, disturbance observation method and conductance increment method.Constant voltage process control is simple, but this control mode has been ignored Temperature Influence, is only applicable under the less demanding situation of control precision; Conductance increment method control effect is more satisfactory, but its algorithm need differentiate when realizing repeatedly, and amount of calculation is big, and controller, transducer are had relatively high expectations, and is not suitable for being applied to cheaply in the independent photovoltaic generating system; The disturbance observation method can quick and precisely carry out MPPT control, but system must introduce disturbance, the end product of optimizing is near system's vibration back and forth maximum power point, and tracking accuracy and response speed can't be taken into account, and judge by accident easily when sunshine, temperature sharply change.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve in the prior art problem that storage battery in independent photovoltaic generating system useful life is short, charge efficiency is low, the present invention proposes a kind of high-efficiency photovoltaic charge control method that is applied to independent photovoltaic generating system.
A kind of high-efficiency photovoltaic charge control method that is applied to independent photovoltaic generating system comprises MPPT charging, constant voltage charge, floating charge three phases, is specially:
One, MPPT charging
At first determine the voltage setting value that is full of of storage battery according to battery condition, change charge pulse duty cycle by maximum power point tracing method then, make the photovoltaic cell power output reach maximum, storage battery is carried out quick charge, rise to up to battery tension and to be full of voltage setting value, the charged coefficient of storage battery this moment is 100%;
Two, constant voltage charge
After the charged coefficient of storage battery reaches 100%, adjust charge pulse duty cycle, storage battery is carried out constant voltage charge, make its voltage maintain near being full of the voltage setting value of storage battery, finish until the timing of constant voltage charge timer;
Three, floating charge
After constant voltage charge was finished, the target voltage that will charge was adjusted into float charge voltage, and storage battery is carried out floating charge, and its voltage is maintained near the float charge voltage, kept the full of electric weight;
In the stage of constant voltage charge and floating charge charging, greater than charging current, then the battery tension set point can't be kept as if load current, promotes below the recovery voltage if battery tension is reduced to, and storage battery will carry out the MPPT charging again.
The invention has the advantages that:
(1) high-efficiency photovoltaic charge control method of the present invention comprises MPPT, constant voltage, floating charge three phases, and wherein the constant voltage charge stage is divided into and promotes two kinds of charging and equalizing charges.
The MPPT charging stage has made full use of the electric energy that photovoltaic cell transformed, and has improved charge efficiency, avoids storage battery to be in the state of putting for a long time; Constant voltage charge and floating charge had both guaranteed the charging fully of storage battery, can reduce storage battery gassing and dehydration again as far as possible.
In the independent photovoltaic generating system, storage battery often was in the state of putting.For crossing the storage battery of putting, suitable equalizing charge can be stirred electrolyte, causes the depolarising reaction of battery terminal, thereby makes battery-operated in optimum state, and the life-span is effectively prolonged.
(2) maximum power point tracing method of the present invention carries out the maximum power point anticipation by sampling behind the open circuit voltage, the speed of the MPPT maximum power point tracking when having improved system's initialization greatly, and under the experiment condition, the MPPT maximum power point tracking time is no more than 15s; By the variable step optimizing, solved the contradiction between adaptive searching optimal algorithm tracking accuracy and the response speed; By the judgement after 5 of the continuous disturbances, subdued the erroneous judgement when weather condition changes fast; And by the hysteresis after the optimizing end relatively, make near the concussion of system maximum power point obtain effective alleviation.By the SASController system testing of Topcon company, static MPPT maximum power point tracking efficient of the present invention is more than 99%, and dynamically MPPT maximum power point tracking efficient is more than 95%.
(3) the present invention controls by energy, detects battery tension and charging current in real time, by changing charge pulse duty cycle, switched charge loop, prevents overcharge of a battery or overdischarge, and the protection storage battery also prolongs its useful life.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a method flow diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a maximum power point tracing method flow chart of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the control method schematic diagram that the present invention is applied to the 12V storage battery.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.
The present invention is a kind of high-efficiency photovoltaic charge control method that is applied to independent photovoltaic generating system, and flow process comprises MPPT charging, constant voltage charge, floating charge three phases as shown in Figure 1, is specially:
One, MPPT charging
At first determine the voltage setting value that is full of of storage battery according to battery condition, change charge pulse duty cycle by maximum power point tracing method then, make the photovoltaic cell power output reach maximum, storage battery is carried out quick charge, rise to up to battery tension and to be full of voltage setting value, the charged coefficient of storage battery this moment is 100%.
The voltage established standards that is full of of described storage battery is: if storage battery once took place to put, promptly battery tension once was lower than the low pressure off voltage, was full of voltage and was set at equalizing voltage; If storage battery did not take place to put, be full of voltage and be set at booster tension.
Maximum power point tracing method of the present invention, flow process specifically may further comprise the steps as shown in Figure 2:
Step 1, sampling photovoltaic battery open circuit voltage U
OCWith battery tension U
BAT
Step 2, initialization charge pulse duty cycle Duty=(f
1/ f
2) * U
BAT/ (K * U
OC), wherein, f
1Be CPU operating frequency, f
2Be the charging pulse frequency, K is a proportionality coefficient, and span is 0.75～0.85, and concrete numerical value is determined by the employing photovoltaic cell types.
Step 3, initialization perturbation direction are for just, and disturbance step-length Step is 1.
Step 4, sampling battery tension and charge in batteries electric current obtain the charge in batteries instantaneous power; Charge pulse duty cycle Duty is along perturbation direction change step Step.
Step 5 judges whether the charging pulse disturbance expires 5 times, if disturbance less than 5 times, then skips to step 4, otherwise, change step 6 over to.
Step 6,5 times of relatively obtaining charging instantaneous power value P
1, P
2, P
3, P
4, P
5, concrete condition is as follows:
A, if P
1＞P
2And P
1＞P
5, charge pulse duty cycle Duty is constant, and the perturbation direction negate skips to step 4, continues disturbance;
B, if P
5＞P
4And P
5＞P
1, charge pulse duty cycle Duty is constant, and perturbation direction is constant, skips to step 4, continues disturbance;
C, if P
2＞P
1And P
2＞P
3, charge pulse duty cycle Duty is behind disturbance changing inversely step-length Step, and the perturbation direction negate skips to step 4, continues disturbance;
D, if P
4＞P
3And P
4＞P
5, charge pulse duty cycle Duty is behind perturbation direction change step Step, and the perturbation direction negate skips to step 4, continues disturbance;
E, other, charge pulse duty cycle Duty is constant, disturbance step-length Step adds 1, the perturbation direction negate skips to step 4, continues disturbance;
F, if P
3＞P
2And P
3＞P
4, stop disturbance, change step 7 over to.
Step 7 traces into the maximum power point of photovoltaic cell under the current environment, and maximum power value is P
3
Two, constant voltage charge
After the charged coefficient of storage battery reaches 100%, adjust charge pulse duty cycle, storage battery is carried out constant voltage charge, make its voltage maintain near being full of the voltage setting value of storage battery, finish until the timing of constant voltage charge timer.
The difference that is full of voltage setting value according to storage battery, constant voltage charge is divided into and promotes two kinds of charging and equalizing charges, the time that promotes charging is selected according to selected storage battery by the user, is generally 10～120min, and the time of equalizing charge is for promoting the charging interval 3/4.
The constant voltage charge timer is specially: in the constant voltage charge stage, if load current is greater than the constant voltage charge electric current, battery tension might drop into and promote below the recovery voltage, reduces to when battery tension to promote below the recovery voltage and after keeping 20s, the constant voltage charge process is interrupted.Therefore be provided with single charge timer and total charging timer in the constant voltage charge process, the time set of single charge timer is that constant voltage charge is held time, and the time set of the timer that always charges is 2 times that constant voltage charge is held time.After the constant voltage charge process was interrupted, the single charge timer is assignment again, and the timer that always charges is constant; When any one timer timing end, constant voltage charge is finished, and storage battery enters the floating charge stage.Constant voltage charging time control of the present invention has been avoided because the load frequent switch causes long, the overheated gassing of storage battery of charging interval.
In the independent photovoltaic generating system, storage battery often was in the state of putting.For crossing the storage battery of putting, suitable equalizing charge can be stirred electrolyte, causes the depolarising reaction of battery terminal, thereby makes battery-operated in optimum state, and the life-span is effectively prolonged.
Three, floating charge
After constant voltage charge was finished, the target voltage that will charge was adjusted into float charge voltage, and storage battery is carried out floating charge, and its voltage is maintained near the float charge voltage, kept the full of electric weight.
Storage battery is not just had more electrochemical reaction again after being full of, charging current will be converted into heat and bubbing.At this moment enter the floating charge stage, with littler voltage and current storage battery is charged, when reducing battery temp and reducing bubbing, floating charge has been offset storage battery because of the electric weight that self discharge and low power load electricity consumption consume, and has kept the full of accumulators store electric weight.
In the stage of constant voltage charge and floating charge charging, greater than charging current, then the battery tension set point will be difficult to keep as if load current, promote below the recovery voltage if battery tension is reduced to, and storage battery will carry out the MPPT charging again.
For guaranteeing safe and effective the carrying out of independent photovoltaic generating system charge and discharge process, efficient charge control method of the present invention also comprises energy control.In the whole process of charge in batteries, system detects battery tension and charge in batteries electric current in real time, prevents overcharge of a battery or overdischarge, has effectively protected storage battery and has prolonged its useful life.Energy control specific embodiments is as follows:
A, battery tension are higher than the superpressure off voltage, and the storage battery superpressure is cut off charge circuit;
B, battery tension are lower than superpressure and disconnect recovery voltage, open charge circuit;
C, battery tension are lower than the low pressure off voltage, and storage battery is crossed and put, and turn-off all loads;
D, battery tension are higher than low pressure and disconnect recovery voltage, open all loads gradually;
E, when the charge in batteries electric current greater than 1.05 times of rated values, less than 1.1 times of rated values, single step length reduces charge pulse duty cycle;
F, when the charge in batteries electric current greater than 1.1 times of rated values, less than 1.2 times of rated values, two step-lengths reduce charge pulse duty cycle;
G, when the charge in batteries electric current greater than 1.2 times of rated values, turn-off charge circuit.
Embodiment:
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram that is applied to the high-efficiency photovoltaic charge control method of 12V storage battery, is specially:
Stage 1 is a MPPT oblique line section among Fig. 3, system at first determines to be full of the set point of voltage according to battery condition, change charge pulse duty cycle by the MPPT maximum power point tracking algorithm then, make the photovoltaic cell power output reach maximum, storage battery is carried out quick charge, rise to up to battery tension and to be full of voltage setting value, the charged coefficient of storage battery this moment is 100%.
The voltage established standards that is full of of described storage battery is: if storage battery once took place to put, promptly battery tension once was lower than low pressure off voltage (11.1V), was full of voltage and was set at equalizing voltage (14.5V); If storage battery did not take place to put, be full of voltage and be set at booster tension (14.3V).
Stage 2 keeps for lifting among Fig. 3 or broken line is kept in equilibrium, after the charged coefficient of storage battery reached 100%, system adjusted charging pulse, and storage battery is carried out constant voltage charge, its voltage is maintained be full of near the voltage setting value (14.3V/14.5V), finish until the timing of constant voltage charge timer.
Stage 3 is kept broken line for floating charge among Fig. 3, and after constant voltage charge was finished, system's target voltage that will charge was adjusted into float charge voltage (13.8V), and storage battery is carried out floating charge, and its voltage is maintained near the float charge voltage, maintenance electric weight full.
In 2,3 stages of charging, if load current is greater than charging current, then the battery tension set point will be difficult to keep, and promote below the recovery voltage (13.2V) if battery tension is reduced to, and storage battery will reenter the stage 1 and carry out the MPPT charging.
Claims (6)
1. a high-efficiency photovoltaic charge control method that is applied to independent photovoltaic generating system is characterized in that, comprises MPPT charging, constant voltage charge, floating charge three phases, is specially:
One, MPPT charging
At first determine the voltage setting value that is full of of storage battery according to battery condition, change charge pulse duty cycle by maximum power point tracing method then, make the photovoltaic cell power output reach maximum, storage battery is carried out quick charge, rise to up to battery tension and to be full of voltage setting value, the charged coefficient of storage battery this moment is 100%;
Two, constant voltage charge
After the charged coefficient of storage battery reaches 100%, adjust charge pulse duty cycle, storage battery is carried out constant voltage charge, make its voltage maintain near being full of the voltage setting value of storage battery, finish until the timing of constant voltage charge timer;
Three, floating charge
After constant voltage charge was finished, the target voltage that will charge was adjusted into float charge voltage, and storage battery is carried out floating charge, and its voltage is maintained near the float charge voltage, kept the full of electric weight;
In the stage of constant voltage charge and floating charge charging, greater than charging current, then the battery tension set point can't be kept as if load current, promotes below the recovery voltage if battery tension is reduced to, and storage battery will carry out the MPPT charging again.
2. a kind of high-efficiency photovoltaic charge control method that is applied to independent photovoltaic generating system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the voltage setting value that is full of of described storage battery is: if storage battery once took place to put, be that battery tension once was lower than the low pressure off voltage, be full of voltage and be set at equalizing voltage; If storage battery did not take place to put, be full of voltage and be set at booster tension.
3. a kind of high-efficiency photovoltaic charge control method that is applied to independent photovoltaic generating system according to claim 1 is characterized in that described maximum power point tracing method specifically may further comprise the steps:
Step 1, sampling photovoltaic battery open circuit voltage U
OCWith battery tension U
BAT
Step 2, initialization charge pulse duty cycle Duty=(f
1/ f
2) * U
BAT/ (K * U
OC), wherein, f
1Be CPU operating frequency, f
2Be the charging pulse frequency, K is a proportionality coefficient, and span is 0.75～0.85, and concrete numerical value is determined by the employing photovoltaic cell types;
Step 3, initialization perturbation direction are for just, and disturbance step-length Step is 1;
Step 4, sampling battery tension and charge in batteries electric current obtain the charge in batteries instantaneous power; Charge pulse duty cycle Duty is along perturbation direction change step Step;
Step 5 judges whether the charging pulse disturbance expires 5 times, if disturbance less than 5 times, then skips to step 4, otherwise, change step 6 over to;
Step 6,5 times of relatively obtaining charging instantaneous power value P
1, P
2, P
3, P
4, P
5, concrete condition is as follows:
A, if P
1＞P
2And P
1＞P
5, charge pulse duty cycle Duty is constant, and the perturbation direction negate skips to step 4, continues disturbance;
B, if P
5＞P
4And P
5＞P
1, charge pulse duty cycle Duty is constant, and perturbation direction is constant, skips to step 4, continues disturbance;
C, if P
2＞P
1And P
2＞P
3, charge pulse duty cycle Duty is behind disturbance changing inversely step-length Step, and the perturbation direction negate skips to step 4, continues disturbance;
D, if P
4＞P
3And P
4＞P
5, charge pulse duty cycle Duty is behind perturbation direction change step Step, and the perturbation direction negate skips to step 4, continues disturbance;
E, other, charge pulse duty cycle Duty is constant, disturbance step-length Step adds 1, the perturbation direction negate skips to step 4, continues disturbance;
F, if P
3＞P
2And P
3＞P
4, stop disturbance, change step 7 over to;
Step 7 traces into the maximum power point of photovoltaic cell under the current environment, and maximum power value is P
3
4. a kind of high-efficiency photovoltaic charge control method that is applied to independent photovoltaic generating system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the difference that is full of voltage setting value according to storage battery, described constant voltage charge is divided into and promotes two kinds of charging and equalizing charges, the time that promotes charging is 10～120min, selected according to selected storage battery by the user, the time of equalizing charge is for promoting the charging interval 3/4.
5. a kind of high-efficiency photovoltaic charge control method that is applied to independent photovoltaic generating system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described constant voltage charge timer is specially: in the constant voltage charge stage, if battery tension is reduced to below the lifting recovery voltage and after keeping 20s, the constant voltage charge process is interrupted.Therefore be provided with single charge timer and total charging timer in the constant voltage charge process, the time set of single charge timer is that constant voltage charge is held time, and the time set of the timer that always charges is 2 times that constant voltage charge is held time.After the constant voltage charge process was interrupted, the single charge timer is assignment again, and the timer that always charges is constant; When any one timer timing end, constant voltage charge is finished, and storage battery enters the floating charge stage.
6. a kind of high-efficiency photovoltaic charge control method that is applied to independent photovoltaic generating system according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the present invention also comprises energy control, and specific embodiments is as follows:
A, battery tension are higher than the superpressure off voltage, and the storage battery superpressure is cut off charge circuit;
B, battery tension are lower than superpressure and disconnect recovery voltage, open charge circuit;
C, battery tension are lower than the low pressure off voltage, and storage battery is crossed and put, and turn-off all loads;
D, battery tension are higher than low pressure and disconnect recovery voltage, open all loads gradually;
E, when the charge in batteries electric current greater than 1.05 times of rated values, less than 1.1 times of rated values, single step length reduces charge pulse duty cycle;
F, when the charge in batteries electric current greater than 1.1 times of rated values, less than 1.2 times of rated values, two step-lengths reduce charge pulse duty cycle;
G, when the charge in batteries electric current greater than 1.2 times of rated values, turn-off charge circuit.
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