CN102288124B - System for simulating, loading and measuring complex deformation of geological soft material - Google Patents
System for simulating, loading and measuring complex deformation of geological soft material Download PDFInfo
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- CN102288124B CN102288124B CN 201110207413 CN201110207413A CN102288124B CN 102288124 B CN102288124 B CN 102288124B CN 201110207413 CN201110207413 CN 201110207413 CN 201110207413 A CN201110207413 A CN 201110207413A CN 102288124 B CN102288124 B CN 102288124B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a system for simulating, loading and measuring the complex deformation of a geological soft material. The system comprises a loading unit, a control unit and a deformation measuring unit, wherein the loading unit is used for receiving a signal from the control unit, performs loading operation on a test piece to be measured by matching the signal with a result of the deformation measuring unit, and feeds loading information back to the control unit; the control unit is used for controlling the loading unit and the deformation measuring unit and receiving the loading information fed back by the loading unit and deformation information on the surface of the test piece, which is fed back by the deformation measuring unit; and the deformation measuring unit is used for receiving the signal from the control unit, acquiring a digital speckle image on the surface of the test piece according to a time sequence when the deformation measuring unit is matched with the loading unit according to the signal to load the test piece and is subjected to stipulated displacement action, analyzing the digital speckle image and feeding the deformation information on the surface of the test piece back to the control unit. The system for simulating, loading and measuring the complex deformation of a desktop small geological soft material can conveniently simulate the complex deformation of the geological soft material and quantitatively and accurately measure full-field deformation.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of system that simulation loading and measurement are carried out in the distortion of geology soft material, especially, relate to a kind of simulation loading and measuring system of the complex deformation to the geology soft material.
Background technology
Very complicated deformation and failure can occur in crustal rock under tectogenetic long term, this process has two distinguishing features: the one, and mechanism is very very long, and its action time is often in 1,000,000 years; The 2nd, the loading procedure more complicated, belong to multi-direction and the time the astable loading that becomes.Under this complexing action, very complicated distortion can occur and break in the crustal rock medium.It is significant for the understanding that geologic structure forms mechanism to be familiar with this complex deformation process, thereby all extremely important to various mineral products and oil-gas exploration, earthquake mechanism and prediction etc.In the experimental study field, for simulating this very long deformation process, often according to law of similitude criterion, under laboratory condition by above-mentioned deformation process is simulated and is studied in the at a slow speed loading of similar geology soft material.Expect easily, in this equivalent material simulating research, there are three key issues to need to solve: at first, in experiment, realize the multiaxis of similar geology soft material is accurately loaded, and to realize loading procedure the time become control, and the accurate maintenance of stablizing loading procedure in a period of time; Secondly, realize the quantitative observation to deformation process; Again, real-time Information Monitoring and feedback information.
And the easy manual loading device of normal employing loads simulation material in the existing research, then with the naked eye deformation process is observed and is described.The experiment method of this extensive style of existing manual loading accuracy, multiaxis, the time become, do not satisfy aspect stability and the long-term great many of experiments requirements such as accuracy, complicacy, repeatability of scientific research.Existing ripe loading equipemtn such as MTS mechanical test and simulation (Mechanical testing and simulation) testing machine, though can satisfy the accuracy requirement, but its structure and energy consumption are unsuitable for greatly long-time running, and need complicated servo-control system, greatly increased experiment credit requirement and power consumption cost.So how to solve above-mentioned 3 key issues and realize corresponding effect, just become key content.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of simulation loading and measuring system of the complex deformation to the geology soft material, this system solved in the experiment and can't the multiaxis of the materials such as geology soft material accurately have been loaded, the time become the problems such as controlled problem and quantitative observation.
In order to address the above problem, the invention provides a kind of simulation loading and measuring system of the complex deformation to the geology soft material, wherein, comprising: loading unit, control module and deformation measurement unit; Wherein,
Described loading unit couples mutually with described control module, is used for receiving the signal of described control module, according to the described deformation measurement of this Signal cooperation unit tested test specimen is carried out load operation, and the feedback load information is given described control module;
Described control module, couple mutually with described loading unit and deformation measurement unit, be used for controlling described loading unit and deformation measurement unit, and receive the load information of described loading unit feedback and the deformation information on this test specimen surface that the deformation measurement unit feeds back, select suitable loading speed and acquisition rate by foregoing;
Described deformation measurement unit, couple mutually with described control module, be used for receiving the signal of described control module, according to the described loading unit of Signal cooperation tested test specimen is loaded when being subject to regulation displacement effect, obtain in chronological order the digital speckle image on this test specimen surface, the deformation information of analyzing the gained speckle image and feeding back this test specimen surface is to described control module.
Further, the measuring system of a kind of complex deformation to the geology soft material of the present invention, wherein, described loading unit comprises: two structures identical but loading subelement, a loading frame platform and four stiff ends of perpendicular direction; Wherein, identical but loading subelement perpendicular direction of described two structures is connected with described loading frame platform, and described four stiff ends are arranged on the described loading subelement.
Further, wherein, described loading subelement comprises: two side force plates, four columns, self-locking type electric pushrod, initiatively pressure head, by dynamic head and sensor; Wherein said two described side force plates and four vertical two ends that are connected and are arranged on four columns of column, simultaneously at a described side force plate described self-locking type electric pushrod is set, this self-locking type electric pushrod and four columns be arranged in parallel, described sensor setting is on another side force plate, and being in a straight line by dynamic head of putting of the active pressure head that arranges of this self-locking type electric pushrod end and described covers disposed on sensor.
Further, wherein, described sensor comprises: displacement transducer and load transducer; Wherein, displacement transducer is arranged at initiatively pressure head and by between the dynamic head of electric pushrod bottom, load transducer is arranged on by between dynamic head and the side force plate, and being in a straight line by dynamic head of arranging on the active pressure head that arranges of this self-locking type electric pushrod end and the described load transducer.
Further, wherein, described deformation measurement unit comprises: CCD camera, camera lens and DSCM Measurement and analysis module; Wherein, described CCD camera is connected with camera lens, described CCD camera and camera lens are used at described loading subelement tested test specimen being loaded when being subject to regulation displacement effect, obtain in chronological order the digital speckle image on this test specimen surface, the data line of described camera is used for the digital speckle image transmitting that collects in described DSCM Measurement and analysis module.
Further, wherein, described control module comprises: loading unit controller, image acquisition trigger and include the computing machine of described DSCM Measurement and analysis module; Wherein,
Described loading unit controller, be connected with the image acquisition trigger with described computing machine, be used for receiving the indication of described computing machine, indicate described image acquisition trigger to operate the digital speckle image that obtains this test specimen surface according to indication information, sending load signal according to indication information simultaneously loads tested test specimen to described loading unit, then according to the feedback signal of passing back described loading unit is carried out servocontrol, record simultaneously the data of displacement and described load transducer, and these data are sent to described computing machine;
Described image acquisition trigger, be connected with described loading unit controller, be used for receiving the indication of this loading unit controller, open described CCD camera and be used at described loading subelement tested test specimen being loaded when being subject to regulation displacement effect, obtain in chronological order the digital speckle image on this test specimen surface;
Described computing machine, be connected with the image acquisition trigger with described loading unit controller, being used to indicate described loading unit controller and image acquisition trigger loads tested test specimen, and receive, store the load information of described loading unit controller feedback and the digital speckle image that camera gathers, and dynamic display analysis result, dynamically adjust again image acquisition rates according to the performance analysis result, by the DSCM Measurement and analysis module in the described computing machine the described digital speckle image that obtains being carried out relevant matches calculates, obtain this tested test piece deformation field information, and this deformation field finish message is preserved into a complete data file store.
Further, wherein, described displacement transducer and load transducer record the load information in the loading procedure simultaneously.
Further, wherein, the resolution of the measuring accuracy that described displacement transducer adopts is that 0.001mm, range are 40mm.
Further, wherein, the resolution of the measuring accuracy that described load transducer adopts is that 0.1N, range are 10000N.
Further, wherein, described loading unit also includes at each stiff end cushion block is set.
Compared with prior art, the measuring system of geology soft material complex deformation of the present invention has following features:
1, geology soft material complex deformation simulation loading that a kind of desktopization is small-sized and the system of measurement have been realized, can conveniently realize the geology analog material for a long time, the automatic accurate loading of twin shaft, complicated time course, and the quantitative Measurement accuracy of realization whole field deformation, for research complicated geological deformation process provides a kind of convenience powerful experimental system.
2, adopt the self-locking type electric pushrod as the displacement loading equipemtn, in miniaturization, realized accuracy, summary and low energy consumption that displacement loads.
3, develop a kind of digital speckle correlation method deformation measurement scheme based on the deformation process compensation data, cooperated the deformation measurement unit in the native system, can finish the whole audience quantitative measurment of soft material complex deformation.
4, the combination of the loading unit of system of the present invention and deformation measurement unit by the mode that loading procedure arranges image acquisition rates and dynamically adjusts, has been saved storage space and data processing time greatly.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the simulation loading of complex deformation of the embodiment of the invention one described geology soft material and the structured flowchart of measuring system;
Fig. 2 is the loading unit 1 concrete structure figure in the embodiment of the invention one described system;
Fig. 3 is the side view that loads subelement 11 described in the embodiment of the invention one;
Fig. 4 is the johning knot composition of each ingredient in the embodiment of the invention one described system.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the present invention is described in further detail, but not as a limitation of the invention.
As shown in Figure 1, simulation loading and measuring system for the complex deformation of the embodiment of the invention one described geology soft material, this system is comprised of three unit, be respectively loading unit 1 (also can be described as the deformation simulative unit), control module 2 and deformation measurement unit 3 (also can be described as image acquisition and processing unit).Wherein, loading unit 1 purpose is to realize can realizing twin shaft to the controlled accurate loading of the tested test specimen of soft material, and time becomes any scheme and loads, and loading procedure is accurately controlled, and it is stable that speed keeps, and can make the loading system miniaturization.Control module 2 purposes are the control that realizes loading unit 1 and deformation measurement unit 3.Deformation measurement unit 3 purposes are quantitative observations of realizing deformation field, adopt the DSCM method.Picking rate regulation technology and related algorithm based on the distortion real-time analysis have been adopted.
As shown in Figure 2, loading unit 1 concrete structure in the embodiment of the invention one described system, wherein, this loading unit 1 mainly comprises: the cushion block on the loading subelement 11 of the identical but perpendicular direction of two structures, loading frame platform 12, four stiff ends 13 and four stiff ends.Identical but the loading subelement 11 perpendicular direction of described two structures is connected with loading frame platform 12, described stiff end 13 is arranged on the described loading subelement 11, and can also be provided with cushion block on the stiff end 13, owing to those skilled in the art know that the position of cushion block, so do not illustrate in the accompanying drawing 2.
As shown in Figure 3, be the side view of the loading subelement 11 among the embodiment one, this loading subelement 11 comprises: two side force plates 111, four columns 112, self-locking type electric pushrod 113, initiatively pressure head 114, by dynamic head 115, displacement transducer 116 and load transducer 117.Wherein, two described side force plates 111 and four columns, the 112 vertical two ends that are connected and are arranged on four columns 112, simultaneously be provided with self-locking type electric pushrod 113 at a described side force plate 111, self-locking type electric pushrod 113 and four columns 112 be arranged in parallel, displacement transducer 116 and load transducer 117 are arranged on another side force plate 111, and being in a straight line by dynamic head 115 of arranging on the active pressure head 114 that arranges of self-locking type electric pushrod 113 ends and the load transducer 117.
The specific works engineering that loads subelement 11 is: the main power source that loads in the subelement 11 is self-locking performance electric pushrod 113, when loading subelement 11 is started working, drive active pressure head 114 by requirement of experiment by the self-locking performance electric pushrod 113 on it, to being moved by dynamic head 115 directions, clamping test specimen therebetween also loads with displacement-control mode.The displacement of active pressure head 114 is recorded by displacement transducer 116 in the loading procedure, and tested test specimen institute bearing load size records by load transducer 117.Two structures that load subelement 11 are identical, apply test load to same geology soft material test specimen, corresponding two pairs initiatively pressure heads 114 be vertical by the move toward one another track of dynamic head 115, these two directions that load the power of the test load that subelement 11 applies are vertical in other words, have realized like this biaxial loadings.
Geological materials stressing conditions in actual environment generally can be summed up as bidirectional stress, therefore, the while only applies the test load of a direction closer to actual conditions in the prior art routinely to the test load ratio that geology soft material test specimen applies both direction among the present invention.The self-locking performance electric pushrod 113 that the present invention has adopted provides power to load, self-locking performance electric pushrod 113 can be on request with advance continuously promotion movable press head of certain speed, also can self-locking with the holding position.Therefore, two load loading and the keep-process that subelement all can be realized complexity.Can simulate the complex loading process of geology soft material.Self-locking performance electric pushrod 113 in the present embodiment is can be in the situation that does not need power stable keeps the position, these characteristics so that the present invention when steady in a long-term loading is provided, save the uninterrupted Adjustment operation of conventional servo press when displacement keeps, when keeping displacement to load stability, saved simultaneously energy consumption.
In addition, apply the situation of testing the test load that also can change in the loading at the test specimen tested to soft material, this might cause that also initiatively the translational speed of pressure head 114 changes, therefore also need to use displacement transducer 116 with different measuring precision and the load transducer 117 of different measuring precision, be provided with above-mentioned two sensors at each described loading subelement.The concrete precision difference of two sensors is decided according to the actual measurement situation, if adopt a control circuit to select to use above-mentioned two sensors, can select according to the translational speed threshold value z that sets in advance.For example, adopt the low sensor of measuring accuracy when initiatively the translational speed of pressure head 114 is greater than threshold value z, namely the resolution of the measuring accuracy that adopts of load transducer is that 0.1N, range are 10000N; Adopt the high sensor of measuring accuracy when initiatively the translational speed of pressure head 114 is less than or equal to threshold value z, namely the measuring accuracy resolution that adopts of displacement transducer is that 0.001mm, range are 40mm.
As shown in Figure 4, deformation measurement unit 3 (also can be described as image acquisition and processing unit) is comprised of CCD (Charge-coupled Device, charge coupled cell) camera 31, camera lens 32 and DSCM Digital Speckle Correlation Method (digital speckle correlation method) Measurement and analysis module (in 33); Wherein, described CCD camera 31 is connected with camera lens 32, described CCD camera 31 and camera lens 32 is used for loading when being subject to regulation displacement effect at 113 pairs of tested test specimens of described loading subelement, obtain in chronological order the digital speckle image on this test specimen surface, the data line of camera lens 32 is used for the DSCM Measurement and analysis module 33 of the digital speckle image transmitting that collects to the computing machine 23 interior settings of control module 2, in addition, DSCM Measurement and analysis module (in 23) is used for the acquisition state of storage digital speckle image and control CCD camera 31.DSCM Measurement and analysis module (in 23) is carried out relevant matches calculating to the described digital speckle image that obtains, and finally obtains this tested test piece deformation field information.The ultimate principle of this DSCM is the geometric point on the digital speckle image that mates under the body surface different conditions, obtains the body surface deformation information thereby follow the tracks of motion of point.Present existing DSCM concentrates on the measurement of hard brittle material small deformation, and corresponding with it, the match search algorithm among the DSCM is also all for the small deformation situation.The large-deformation measuring to test specimen that therefore, can not be used for native system.DSCM in the embodiment of the invention one is the DSCM in existing DSCM basis development a kind of continuous rigid body displacement compensation for test specimen being carried out large-deformation measuring out.
Need to prove that so-called speckle refers to color spot (being also referred to as speckle) on the test specimen surface sprays in advance, in test specimen is subject to process that load deforms, obtain continuously the digital picture on test specimen surface (surface of spraying color spot).
Described continuous rigid body displacement compensation DSCM is a kind of continuity based on photographic images and the DSCM that carries out continuous rigid body displacement compensation.If continuous acquisition figure speckle picture in the test, then the captured image time interval is generally shorter, displacement difference between two adjacent images is less, generally be positioned at the hunting zone of traditional DSCM, therefore select the shift value of each point on the image as the offset of each point match search initial position on next image the matching initial position of each calculation level to be adjusted, thereby make the initial position of all calculation level match searchs become the coordinate position of calculation level on a upper deformation pattern.Last initial searching position after adjustment uses three steps even two steps or a step search procedure to search for, and finishes the match search of calculation level.
As shown in Figure 4, control module 2 comprises: loading unit controller 21, image acquisition trigger 22 and include the computing machine 23 of DSCM Measurement and analysis module 33; Wherein,
Loading unit controller 21, be used for the indication of receiving computer 23, opening described CCD cameras 31 and camera lens 32 according to indication information indicating image trigger collection device 22 is used for loading when being subject to regulation displacement effect at 113 pairs of tested test specimens of described loading subelement, obtain in chronological order the digital speckle image on this test specimen surface, and send load signal according to indication information and load to 1 pair of tested test specimen of described loading unit, then according to the feedback signal of passing back loading unit 1 is carried out servocontrol, record simultaneously the data of displacement and load transducer 117, and these data are sent to computing machine 23;
After the present invention finished according to the structure fabrication of embodiment one, the concrete steps that the tested test specimen of geology soft material class is operated were as follows:
The first, the artificial speckle of spray on the experiment test specimen at first is placed into test specimen on the loading subelement 11 in the loading unit 1 on the loading frame platform 12 between two pressure heads 114 and 115;
The second, the camera lens 32 in the deformation measurement unit 3 is installed on the CCD camera 31, again CCD camera 31 is connected on the computing machine 23 by data line;
The 3rd, focal length, the aperture of regulating the camera lens 32 in the deformation measurement unit 3 by the computing machine 23 on the control module 2 obtain clearly image;
The 4th, as shown in Figure 3, the self-locking performance electric pushrod 113 that loads in the subelement 11 by the computing machine 23 on the control module 2 and 21 operations of loading unit controller moves, and self-locking performance electric pushrod 113 promotes 114 pairs of test specimens of active pressure heads and loads;
The 5th, the loading velocity of active pressure head 114 in the loading unit controller 21 controlled loading subelements 11 on the control module 2, and by the image acquisition trigger 22 on the control module 2 and computing machine 23 acquisition rate of CCD camera 31 in the deformation measurement unit 3 is set, and acquisition rate is stored in the computing machine 23;
The 6th, the loading unit controller 21 on the control module 2 loads and image acquisition test specimen according to the loading velocity in the previous step and image acquisition rates, and is stored in the computing machine 23;
The 7th, the digital speckle image on this test specimen surface of 23 pairs of collections of computing machine uses that the continuous rigid body displacement compensation DSCM of new development calculates in the DSCM Measurement and analysis module (in 23), and (deformation field information comprises: the data such as load, displacement, image, distortion) to obtain the deformation field information of tested test specimen.
Compared with prior art, the simulation loading of the complex deformation of geology soft material of the present invention and measuring system have following features:
1, geology soft material complex deformation simulation loading that a kind of desktopization is small-sized and the system of measurement have been realized, can conveniently realize the geology analog material for a long time, the automatic accurate loading of twin shaft, complicated time course, and the quantitative Measurement accuracy of realization whole field deformation, for research complicated geological deformation process provides a kind of convenience powerful experimental system.
2, adopt the self-locking type electric pushrod as the displacement loading equipemtn, in miniaturization, realized accuracy, summary and low energy consumption that displacement loads.
3, develop a kind of digital speckle correlation method deformation measurement scheme based on the deformation process compensation data, cooperated the deformation measurement unit in the native system, can finish the distortion quantitative measurment of soft material.
4, the combination of the loading unit of system of the present invention and deformation measurement unit by the mode that loading procedure arranges image acquisition rates and dynamically adjusts, has been saved storage space and data processing time greatly.
Certainly; the present invention also can have other various embodiments; in the situation that does not deviate from spirit of the present invention and essence thereof; those of ordinary skill in the art can make according to the present invention various corresponding changes and distortion, but these corresponding changes and distortion all should belong to the protection domain of the appended claim of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. simulation loading and measuring system to the complex deformation of geology soft material is characterized in that, comprising: loading unit, control module and deformation measurement unit; Wherein,
Described loading unit couples mutually with described control module, is used for receiving the signal of described control module, according to the described deformation measurement of this Signal cooperation unit tested test specimen is carried out load operation, and the feedback load information is given described control module;
Described control module, couple mutually with described loading unit and deformation measurement unit, be used for controlling described loading unit and deformation measurement unit, and receive the load information of described loading unit feedback and the digital speckle image on this test specimen surface that the deformation measurement unit feeds back, obtain tested test piece deformation field information by foregoing;
Described deformation measurement unit, couple mutually with described control module, be used for receiving the signal of described control module, according to the described loading unit of Signal cooperation tested test specimen is loaded when being subject to regulation displacement effect, obtain in chronological order the digital speckle image on this test specimen surface, the deformation information of analyzing the gained speckle image and feeding back this test specimen surface is to described control module;
Described loading unit comprises: two structures identical but the loading subelement of perpendicular direction, a loading frame platform and four stiff ends; Wherein, identical but loading subelement perpendicular direction of described two structures is connected with described loading frame platform, and described four stiff ends are arranged on the described loading subelement;
Described loading subelement comprises: two side force plates, four columns, self-locking type electric pushrod, initiatively pressure head, by dynamic head and sensor; Wherein said two described side force plates and four vertical two ends that are connected and are arranged on four columns of column, simultaneously at a described side force plate described self-locking type electric pushrod is set, this self-locking type electric pushrod and four columns be arranged in parallel, described sensor setting is on another side force plate, and being in a straight line by dynamic head of putting of the active pressure head that arranges of this self-locking type electric pushrod end and described covers disposed on sensor.
2. simulation loading and the measuring system of a kind of complex deformation to the geology soft material according to claim 1 is characterized in that described sensor comprises: displacement transducer and load transducer; Wherein, displacement transducer is arranged at initiatively pressure head and by between the dynamic head of electric pushrod bottom, load transducer is arranged on by between dynamic head and the side force plate, and being in a straight line by dynamic head of arranging on the active pressure head that arranges of this self-locking type electric pushrod end and the described load transducer.
3. simulation loading and the measuring system of a kind of complex deformation to the geology soft material according to claim 2 is characterized in that described deformation measurement unit comprises: CCD camera, camera lens and DSCM Measurement and analysis module; Wherein, described CCD camera is connected with camera lens, described CCD camera and camera lens are used at described loading subelement tested test specimen being loaded when being subject to regulation displacement effect, obtain in chronological order the digital speckle image on this test specimen surface, the data line of described camera is used for the digital speckle image transmitting that collects in described DSCM Measurement and analysis module.
4. simulation loading and the measuring system of a kind of complex deformation to the geology soft material according to claim 3, it is characterized in that described control module comprises: loading unit controller, image acquisition trigger and include the computing machine of described DSCM Measurement and analysis module; Wherein,
Described loading unit controller, be connected with the image acquisition trigger with described computing machine, be used for receiving the indication of described computing machine, indicate described image acquisition trigger to operate the digital speckle image that obtains this test specimen surface according to indication information, simultaneously feed back to described loading unit to adjust the loading speed of tested test specimen according to speckle field result of calculation, then according to the feedback signal of passing back described loading unit is carried out servocontrol, record simultaneously displacement and load data, and these data are sent to described computing machine;
Described image acquisition trigger, be connected with described loading unit controller, be used for receiving the indication of this loading unit controller, open described CCD camera and be used at described loading subelement tested test specimen being loaded when being subject to regulation displacement effect, obtain in chronological order the digital speckle image on this test specimen surface;
Described computing machine, be connected with the image acquisition trigger with described loading unit controller, being used to indicate described loading unit controller and image acquisition trigger loads tested test specimen, and receive, store the load information of described loading unit controller feedback and the digital speckle image that camera gathers, and dynamic display analysis result, dynamically adjust again image acquisition rates according to the performance analysis result, by the DSCM Measurement and analysis module in the described computing machine the described digital speckle image that obtains being carried out relevant matches calculates, obtain this tested test piece deformation field information, and this deformation field finish message is preserved into a complete data file store.
5. simulation loading and the measuring system of a kind of complex deformation to the geology soft material according to claim 2 is characterized in that, adopt simultaneously described displacement transducer and load transducer that loading procedure is carried out record.
6. simulation loading and the measuring system of a kind of complex deformation to the geology soft material according to claim 5 is characterized in that the resolution of the measuring accuracy that described displacement transducer adopts is that 0.001mm, range are 40mm.
7. simulation loading and the measuring system of a kind of complex deformation to the geology soft material according to claim 5 is characterized in that the resolution of the measuring accuracy that described load transducer adopts is that 0.1N, range are 10000N.
8. simulation loading and the measuring system of a kind of complex deformation to the geology soft material according to claim 1 is characterized in that described loading unit also includes at each stiff end cushion block is set.
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