CN102245370A - 使用泡沫作为模具而热成型丙烯酸类聚合物的方法以及由此形成的制品 - Google Patents
使用泡沫作为模具而热成型丙烯酸类聚合物的方法以及由此形成的制品 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102245370A CN102245370A CN2009801498596A CN200980149859A CN102245370A CN 102245370 A CN102245370 A CN 102245370A CN 2009801498596 A CN2009801498596 A CN 2009801498596A CN 200980149859 A CN200980149859 A CN 200980149859A CN 102245370 A CN102245370 A CN 102245370A
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- sheet material
- foam
- thermal barrier
- acrylic polymer
- inch
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明涉及通过在模具中加热含有丙烯酸类聚合物的片材而热成型所述片材的方法,所述模具包括(a)泡沫,所述泡沫在与所述受热片材接触时会降解,以及(b)热阻挡层,所述热阻挡层位于所述片材和所述泡沫中间以用于防止所述泡沫降解。在很多应用中,所得制品可在不移除所述泡沫的情况下使用。所述泡沫还可起到保护所述丙烯酸类片材的作用,例如在远距离装运期间。本发明还涉及一种多层式制品。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及一种热成型片材的方法以及一种由此形成的制品,所述片材由含有丙烯酸类聚合物的组合物形成。
背景技术
含有丙烯酸类的组合物是人们所熟知的三维固体表面材料,尤其可用于建筑业中的既注重功能又注重造型美观的厨房台面、洗碗池以及壁面涂料,例如来自DuPont的Corian固体表面材料。吸引消费者的是固体表面材料的内在品质,例如具有供选的各种颜色和外观的无孔易清洁表面。在建筑业中,含有丙烯酸类的组合物通常用作平片材。然而,使用平片材作为原料时,含有丙烯酸类的组合物能够被热成型。
热成型丙烯酸类固体表面片材的尝试遭遇了许多问题,这些问题限制了经济和实践方面的可行性,而这主要由现有模具技术的缺点造成。一个问题是相比热成型部件的价值,构造热成型模具的成本较高。另一个问题是模具较重,尤其是当模具需要具有较长寿命时。
热成型模具已由例如中密度纤维板和胶合板等材料制成。这些材料易得、易制造,并且一般具有足够的各向同性特性。由这些材料制备的模具在模塑丙烯酸类片材所需温度下不会立即降解;然而,反复暴露在热成型温度下可导致分层。模具还可由诸如铝之类的金属制成,尤其是当要在相同模具上热成型大量部件时。总体来说,应权衡模具寿命和初始成本对模塑材料进行选择,从而实现每个部件的配置模具成本最低。
需要提供一种使用能承受对片材进行再成型所需的高温的轻量模具来热成型含有丙烯酸类的片材的经济型方法。
发明概述
本发明涉及一种模塑片材的方法,所述片材含有包含丙烯酸类聚合物的组合物,所述丙烯酸类聚合物具有80至130摄氏度范围内的玻璃化转变温度,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)将片材加热到115至200摄氏度范围内的温度;并且
(b)向受热片材的表面施加升高的或真空压差以引起片材变形,其中所述片材是由允许片材变形的模具支撑,其中所述模具包括:
(i)在片材受热达到的最高温度下物理降解的泡沫;以及
(ii)位于片材和泡沫中间的热阻挡层,其中热阻挡层遵从泡沫的表面轮廓,前提条件是热阻挡层具有至少0.05平方英尺℉小时/BTU的热阻值。
为使用所得制品,可移除泡沫和热阻挡层。作为另外一种选择,泡沫可用作装运和减震材料,并且仅在装运后移除。在另一个实施方案中,泡沫和热阻挡层可与模塑片材保持在一起,并且在最终使用中不移除。
优选实施方案详述
片材形式的含有丙烯酸类的聚合物
本发明的模具用于热成型含有丙烯酸类聚合物的片材。优选的丙烯酸类聚合物是甲基丙烯酸甲酯。出于举例说明目的,片材可由含有溶解于单体甲基丙烯酸甲酯的甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物的溶液(聚合物溶于单体的溶液)、聚合引发剂和无机填料形成,无机填料优选地为氧化铝三水合物,例如授予Ray B.Duggins的美国专利No.3,847,865中所公开的。丙烯酸类聚合物具有80至130摄氏度范围内的玻璃化转变温度。
丙烯酸类聚合物通常占片材重量的15至80%、优选地20至45%,并且可包含甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物和甲基丙烯酸甲酯与其他烯键式不饱和化合物(例如,乙酸乙烯酯、苯乙烯、丙烯酸烷基酯、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯酸烷基酯、多官能丙烯酸类单体例如二甲基丙烯酸亚烷基酯和二丙烯酸亚烷基酯)的共聚物。此外,片材可含有少量其他聚合物(包括聚酯)。
片材通常含有20至85重量%、优选地约55至80重量%的无机填料,以利于阻燃。用作填料的材料包括钛酸盐、硫酸钡、碳酸钙、锌钡白、陶土、菱镁矿、云母、氧化铁、二氧化硅,以及各种黄土。优选的填料是氧化铝三水合物,其公开于以上提及的授予Duggins的专利中。任选地,片材料可含有装饰性颗粒,包括各种填充和未填充、涂色或染色、不溶性或交联的聚合物,例如ABS树脂、纤维素酯、纤维素醚、环氧树脂、聚乙烯、乙烯共聚物、三聚氰胺树脂、酚醛树脂、聚缩醛、聚丙烯酸类、聚二烯、聚酯、聚异丁烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、脲醛/甲醛树脂、聚脲、聚氨酯、聚氯乙烯、聚偏二氯乙烯、聚乙烯酯等。其他有效的宏观半透明和透明装饰性颗粒是天然或合成矿物质或材料,如玛瑙、雪花石膏、钠长石、方解石、玉髓、燧石、长石、燧石石英、玻璃、孔雀石、大理石、云母、黑曜石、猫眼石、石英、石英岩、石质石膏、沙土、二氧化硅、钙华、硅灰石等;布料、天然纤维与合成纤维;以及金属块。
含有丙烯酸类的组合物可被铸塑或模塑和固化,以制备具有重要特性组合的片材结构,所述特性包括半透明性、耐气候性、耐常用家用材料污染性、阻燃性、以及抗应力断裂性。此外,片材可通过常规技术(包括锯削和砂光)进行机器加工。该具体特性组合使此类结构尤其适用于厨房或浴室台面、后防溅板、模塑制品例如毛巾架等。合适片材厚度的一个实例是在十分之一至十分之八英寸(1/10英寸至8/10英寸)的范围内。
泡沫
在热成型所述丙烯酸类组合物时用作模具的泡沫,将在热成型温度范围即从115至200摄氏度的温度内降解。此类降解通常为物理或化学降解,将导致泡沫强度损耗和/或表面特性损耗。例如,面向含有丙烯酸类的组合物的泡沫表面将软化、融化和/或炭化。然而,如在下一节进一步所述,热阻挡层的使用起到保护泡沫的作用,否则泡沫将在进行热成型过程所必要的高温下和时间段内降解。
合适泡沫的实例是例如得自Dow Chemical(Midland,Michigan)的TrymerTM泡沫产品系列或得自Elliot Company(Indianapolis,Indiana)的Elfoam产品系列等聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫、以及聚苯乙烯泡沫。挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫材料可易于通过手动工具到计算机控制CNC电动工具等各种装置而成型。挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫的实例包括可得自Owens Corning Insulating Systems,LLC(Toledo,Ohio)的FOAMULAR硬质泡沫绝热材料;得自Dow(Midland,Michigan)的STYROFOAM挤塑聚苯乙烯绝热材料;以及可得自Pactiv(Atlanta,Georgia)的Green-Guard。
应当理解,合适泡沫所需的压缩强度可根据热成型过程中使用的压力而容易地确定。压力增大一般要求泡沫压缩强度增大,以维持结构刚度。影响泡沫压缩强度的因素包括泡沫密度和泡沫的化学组成。一般来讲,泡沫密度越大(假定化学组成相同)意味着泡沫刚度就越大,能够承受更大的压力。在选择泡沫时,需要考虑压缩强度会随温度升高而减小。
应当理解,可使用一层或多层泡沫,并且各层的化学组成不需相同。如果泡沫要在最终制品中保持在适当位置,可期望的是使一种类型的泡沫面向热阻挡层而另一种类型的泡沫面向与热阻挡层相对的方向。一般来讲,面向热阻挡层的泡沫表面将直接接触热阻挡层或通过粘合剂接触热阻挡层。
热成型过程中泡沫的功能是用作模具和承受该过程中使用的压力。使用的压力可高于或低于大气压,因为使用真空条件也在热成型范围内。
热阻挡层
热阻挡层保护泡沫不受正在热成型的含有丙烯酸类的片材的热量影响。如前一节所述,不具有热阻挡层的泡沫则会在所用热成型温度下软化、融化和/或炭化。如本文所用,“热阻挡层(thermal barrier)”和“热阻挡层(heat barrier)”是具有相同含义的术语。
热阻挡层需要具有至少0.05平方英尺℉小时/BTU、更优选地0.5平方英尺℉小时/BTU的热阻值。实际上限为10平方英尺℉小时/BTU的热阻值,因为增大热阻基本不带来附加有益效果。这些值是根据ASTM标准C1363-05“Standard Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building Materialsand Envelope Assemblies by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus”进行计算。
一般来讲,热阻挡层将非常薄,因为热阻挡层在热成型所用压力下将遵从模具的轮廓。出于举例说明目的,热阻挡层的厚度将不大于1或2英寸,尽管特别是在采用弹性体材料时可使用更大的厚度。
在大多数情况下,热阻挡层表面将具有平整表面,即平滑或平坦表面(如人所触摸到的),因为表面不平度将传递到在热成型过程中为被软化部分的丙烯酸类片材上。然而,如果面向热阻挡层的丙烯酸类片材的表面不是日常使用中常见的表面,对不平度的限制不会这么严格。然而,热阻挡层上过大的不平度可导致丙烯酸类片材的相对表面(即不面向热阻挡层的片材表面)出现不平度。
在某些情况下,热阻挡层可有意地具有纹理度,从而在热成型过程中将纹理赋予丙烯酸类片材。
适合用作热阻挡层的材料的实例为橡胶(如乙烯-丙烯-二烯单体橡胶或硅橡胶)、由天然或合成材料制成的毡、纸材以及织物,所述合成材料例如芳族聚酰胺,如聚(1,3-亚苯基异酞酰胺)。
模具的制造
如上所述的泡沫用作模具,并相应地在再成型丙烯酸类片材时,根据期望的最终构型成型。当热阻挡层第一次施用到泡沫时,热阻挡层将大体上遵从模具形状。在某些情况下,如使用弹性体材料时,直至施加压力,热阻挡层才会完全遵从模具形状。
热成型
热成型的条件为本领域所熟知,其中在施加压力前使用高温(在本方法中为115至200摄氏度范围)对丙烯酸类片材进行初始加热。例如,丙烯酸类片材可在滚筒式或对流式烘箱中加热,直到片材达到均匀温度为止。
丙烯酸类片材或者在升高的压力下或者通过使用真空而适形于模具的表面。升高的压力的实例在5至125psig的范围内,应当理解,最佳压力不仅取决于片材的温度,还取决于部件的设计。
作为另外一种选择,在很多情况下的优选模式中,使用真空条件进行热成型,并且可使用用于塑料成型的真空台。通过真空台施加真空,并且在真空膜两侧所得的压差会提供使丙烯酸类片材适形于模具所需的力。真空的压差实例在1至14psig的范围内。
成型的丙烯酸类片材被冷却且可被直接使用,而无需进一步处理或移除热阻挡层/泡沫组合。在某些情况下,模塑丙烯酸类片材将根据进一步用途而被裁边和/或砂光。
最终用途
模塑丙烯酸类片材可在不立即移除或最终移除热阻挡层/泡沫的情况下使用。例如,泡沫可用作装运材料,以在运输过程中保护模塑丙烯酸类片材。此外,在某些建筑构造中可能期望存在泡沫和模塑丙烯酸类片材,其中泡沫用作永久性安装材料。
模塑丙烯酸类片材还可在仅移除泡沫的情况下使用,允许热阻挡层保留在适当位置。此类用途的实例是通过由弹性体形成的热阻挡层来阻尼振动,否则振动将转移到模塑丙烯酸类片材上。
作为另外一种选择,将热阻挡层/泡沫从模塑丙烯酸类片材移除。
为进一步说明本发明,提供以下实施例。
实施例1-最高未保护泡沫温度的建立
进行了简单实验,以确定合适的热阻挡层。这些实验是设计用于建立位于成型范围下端的形成1/4英寸的固体表面所需的“最低标准”,以及位于成型范围上端的形成1/2英寸的固体表面所需的“一般适宜标准”。在每种情况下,固体表面均加热到均匀温度。然后将其置于泡沫材料片上,该泡沫材料片被覆盖有试验过的热阻挡层。将硅膜降低到试验样本上并施加真空。用热阻挡层任意一侧上的热电偶记录温度。当***冷却后,评估从泡沫和固体表面移除热阻挡层的简易性,以及对泡沫的任何损坏。
未保护的Foamular250一般不适于成型1/4英寸或1/2英寸的固体表面材料,因其在直接接触对于有效成型而言温度过低的固体表面时就会开始软化。未保护的ElfoamP200聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫可用于更低温度成型1/4英寸的固体表面。对于热成型更高温度的1/4英寸的固体表面和几乎极低温的1/2英寸的固体表面,ElfoamP200聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫在没有热保护时不适用。
实施例2-最低保护泡沫标准的建立
弹性体热阻挡层
如同未保护泡沫,可确定热阻挡层对于在有效热成型范围下端处1/4英寸的固体表面的最低要求情况的适用性。对于这些实验,泡沫和热阻挡层的初始温度在18-21℃范围内,而Corian固体表面的初始温度在121-123℃范围内。在每种情况下将Foamular250挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫用于热成型模具。
实验表明,在这些条件下,甚至在1/16英寸厚度下,很多弹性体也适用。泡沫外观的轻微改变并不意味着成型有限数量的部件存在任何问题,然而其可表明长期的生产运行中可使用更好的热阻挡层。从热阻挡层移除固体表面的难度表明实际用作热阻挡层是可能的但是困难的。
为测试用作热阻挡层的一般适用性,在较高温度下用1/2英寸的固体表面对热阻挡层进行测试。除更高的初始温度外,附加的厚度意味着附加的热量需要散失到环境中,从而使热阻挡层和下面的泡沫更长时间地暴露在更高的温度下。对于这些实验,泡沫和热阻挡层的初始温度在18-21℃的范围内,而Corian固体表面的初始温度在152-154℃的范围内。在每种情况下将Foamular250挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫用于热成型模具。
在较高温度下用1/2英寸的固体表面进行该实验,表明在1/16英寸时,虽然很多弹性体仍可从泡沫和固体表面剥离,但它们不足以使泡沫绝热,从而出现显著变形。只有硅树脂能提供一般被认为适于用作热阻挡层的性能,因为泡沫的峰值温度比其他弹性体低得多。通过检查1/4英寸EPDM可发现,相比在1/16英寸时所发现的,附加厚度提高了绝热性和吸热性使得泡沫峰值温度显著地降低,这使1/4英寸EPDM成为合适的热阻挡层。通过增加热阻挡层厚度对热阻挡层性能的改进还可期望用于其他弹性体。
概括地说,Foamular250仅适于1/4英寸的固体表面进行直接成型,片材温度至多105℃(221℉),其低于期望的成型温度,这表明需要热阻挡层。ElfoamP200聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫适于1/4英寸的固体表面成型(片材温度至多137℃(279℉))以及1/2英寸的固体表面成型(至多123℃(253℉)),超过所述温度则需要热阻挡层。1/16英寸厚的EPDM适于最低热成型条件,但1/2英寸的固体表面在较高温度下需要1/4英寸厚的EPDM热阻挡层。
纸材和织物
由纸材和织物成型1/4英寸的固体表面
由纸材和织物成型1/2英寸的固体表面
在低温下成型1/4英寸片材时,热阻挡层具有可接受的性能。在高温下成型较高热质的1/2英寸片材时,只有所测试的毡提供了足够热保护,使泡沫不被严重损坏。
绝热环氧树脂热阻挡层
如同未保护泡沫,可确定热阻挡层对于在有效热成型范围下端处1/4英寸的固体表面的最低要求情况的适用性。对于这些实验,泡沫和热阻挡层的初始温度在18-21℃范围内,而Corian固体表面的初始温度在121-123℃范围内。在每种情况下,将Foamular250挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫用于热成型模具。
先前用铝填充环氧树脂进行的实验显示,在该***中环氧树脂有助于剥离,但并不显著改变热阻,因为铝是良好的热导体。在此实验中,环氧树脂粘合剂中添加了作为油漆添加剂出售的中空陶瓷球体。将35克陶瓷添加到100克环氧树脂粘合剂中,涂布到挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫上并使之固化。
总结
Foamular250仅适于1/4英寸的固体表面直接成型,片材温度至多105℃(221℉),其低于期望的成型温度,这表明需要热阻挡层。ElfoamP200聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫适于1/4英寸的固体表面成型(片材温度至多137℃(279℉))以及1/2英寸的固体表面成型(至多123℃(253℉)),超过所述温度则需要热阻挡层。常用于MDF模具上的铝填充环氧树脂漆不能提供足够的热保护,故不能使用挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫。在环氧树脂中使用中空陶瓷球体能制得具有良好绝热性的热阻挡层。
实施例3-模具设计
设计时,首先由设计师提供对部件表面进行限定的电子文件。利用与待成型片材的厚度和热阻挡层的厚度结合的该信息来设计模具表面。然后根据泡沫厚度和机加工性能,将该表面分割为若干层。在本实施例中,使用Owens Corning Foamular250 2英寸厚的泡沫。然后从表面设计生成机器代码。加工速度和几何形状是由模塑材料决定。泡沫通常在CNC上以300-400英寸/分钟的速度进行切割,与MDF大致相同。虽然速度与MDF大致相同,但材料移除速率显著较高。泡沫的主轴负荷低得多,使得每次通过时更多的材料被移除。移除速率超过MDF的四倍,导致机加工时间缩短75%。在CNC上切割各层之后,使用热熔性粘合剂组合各层,从而形成最终形状。
实施例4-制造固体表面部件坯体的手工方法
在本实施例中,手工产生固体表面部件坯体几何形状,尽管也可通过数字方式进行计算。第一步是在模具上标记基准线。将牛皮纸片材覆盖在模具上,并将期望的外形轮廓临摹到牛皮纸上。从模具移除牛皮纸,并用剪刀裁剪出轮廓。然后将裁减好的牛皮纸定位于固体表面上。将纸材的轮廓临摹到固体表面片材上,然后用手动刳刨机切下该部件。
实施例5-热成型固体表面
在滚筒式烘箱中加热由Corian固体表面片材料制成的部件,直到片材均匀加热到280℉为止。将泡沫模具置于真空台上,然后将1/4英寸高强度耐候性EPDM(乙烯-丙烯-二烯单体)橡胶热阻挡层置于模具上并对齐。将加热的固体表面坯体置于模具上、对齐并降低真空膜。通过真空台施加真空,在真空膜两侧所得的压差能提供使固体表面坯体适形于模具所需的力。使热成型部件进行冷却,然后从模具上将其移除。
实施例6-泡沫作为后加工夹具的用途
移除部件后,移除热阻挡层并在裁剪和砂光过程中使用泡沫来支撑热成型部件。已发现在使用电动工具如手动刳刨机和CNC机器进行裁剪的过程中,泡沫用作加工夹具时能阻尼振动。使用热熔性粘合剂将热成型部件临时粘附到模具上以使***更具刚性,以便于后加工。然后,在完成时通过轻轻撬动而轻易将热成型部件从模具上移除。
实施例7-泡沫作为装运支撑物的用途
用热熔性粘合剂将部件粘附到泡沫上,使之固定以便装运。泡沫的低重量、均匀支撑、防冲性能和减震性能使泡沫热成型模具成为有吸引力的装运形式。
实施例8-泡沫作为安装夹具的用途
Claims (8)
1.模塑片材的方法,所述片材含有包含丙烯酸类聚合物的组合物,所述丙烯酸类聚合物具有在80至130摄氏度范围内的玻璃化转变温度,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)将所述片材加热到115至200摄氏度范围内的温度;并且
(b)向所述受热片材的表面施加升高的压力或真空以引起所述片材变形,其中所述片材由模具支撑,所述模具允许所述片材变形,其中所述模具包括:
(i)在所述片材受热达到的最高温度下物理降解的泡沫;和
(ii)位于所述片材和所述泡沫中间的热阻挡层,其中所述热阻挡层遵从所述泡沫的表面轮廓,前提条件是所述热阻挡层具有至少0.05平方英尺℉小时/BTU的热阻值。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述片材具有在1/10英寸至8/10英寸范围内的厚度。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中所述片材含有三水合铝。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中所述泡沫为聚苯乙烯或聚异氰脲酸酯。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中所述热阻挡层具有在0.004至2英寸范围内的厚度。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中所述热阻挡层具有至少0.5平方英尺℉小时/BTU的热阻值。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中所述热阻挡层为天然胶橡胶、胶乳橡胶、丁苯橡胶、聚氨酯、氯丁橡胶EPDM、丁基橡胶、环氧氯丙烷、硅橡胶、牛皮纸、或填充有陶瓷球体的环氧树脂。
8.制品,所述制品依次包括:
(a)模塑片材,所述模塑片材含有包含丙烯酸类聚合物的组合物,所述丙烯酸类聚合物具有在80至130摄氏度范围内的玻璃化转变温度;
(b)热阻挡层,所述热阻挡层(i)遵从(a)和(c)的表面轮廓,
(ii)具有至少0.05平方英尺℉小时/BTU的热阻值;以及
(c)在115至200摄氏度范围内的温度下降解的泡沫。
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US12/331,789 US20100143694A1 (en) | 2008-12-10 | 2008-12-10 | Process for thermoforming acrylic polymer employing foam as a mold and article formed therefrom |
PCT/US2009/067546 WO2010068787A1 (en) | 2008-12-10 | 2009-12-10 | Process for thermoforming acrylic polymer employing foam as a mold and article formed therefrom |
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JP (1) | JP2012511453A (zh) |
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TWI680849B (zh) * | 2019-04-26 | 2020-01-01 | 明志科技大學 | 中介模具製作方法 |
CN113400673A (zh) * | 2021-06-23 | 2021-09-17 | 深圳市沃珂科技有限公司 | 一种基于泡沫模胚的新型树脂纤维模型生产方法 |
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WO2016085984A1 (en) | 2014-11-25 | 2016-06-02 | Polymer Technologies, Inc. | Foam insulation with thermoformable film coating and process for manufacture |
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US3620286A (en) * | 1969-06-18 | 1971-11-16 | Richard Hofmann | Casting method |
US3847865A (en) * | 1972-04-28 | 1974-11-12 | Du Pont | Use of alumina trihydrate in a polymethyl methacrylate article |
US4946640A (en) * | 1989-04-17 | 1990-08-07 | Shell Oil Company | Method for forming preformed material |
US5486407A (en) * | 1993-06-08 | 1996-01-23 | General Electric Co. | High rubber backing multi-layer ABS system which exhibits improved chemical resistance to HCFC blowing agents |
US5951939A (en) * | 1997-07-30 | 1999-09-14 | Ford Motor Company | Method for heating films for thermoforming |
US6649122B1 (en) * | 1999-04-08 | 2003-11-18 | Larry L. Lough | Aqueous colorant system for incorporation into plastics |
US20030072917A1 (en) * | 2001-10-11 | 2003-04-17 | Ewen Anthony Campbell | Vacuum formed thermoplastic films and articles therefrom |
DE102007009384B4 (de) * | 2007-02-20 | 2020-11-26 | Faurecia Innenraum Systeme Gmbh | Verfahren zum Hinterspritzen einer Folie |
DE202007009025U1 (de) * | 2007-06-26 | 2007-10-11 | Produkt- Innovations-GbR Schmidhofer & Jakisch (vertretungsberechtigter Gesellschafter, Herr Franz Jakisch, 84367 Tann) | Modelanordnung, Model und Modelmaterial zum Thermoformen eines Kunststoffkörpers |
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TWI680849B (zh) * | 2019-04-26 | 2020-01-01 | 明志科技大學 | 中介模具製作方法 |
CN113400673A (zh) * | 2021-06-23 | 2021-09-17 | 深圳市沃珂科技有限公司 | 一种基于泡沫模胚的新型树脂纤维模型生产方法 |
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MX2011006076A (es) | 2011-06-24 |
AU2009324590A1 (en) | 2010-06-17 |
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US20100143694A1 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
NZ592657A (en) | 2012-10-26 |
EP2358515A1 (en) | 2011-08-24 |
CA2743179A1 (en) | 2010-06-17 |
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WO2010068787A1 (en) | 2010-06-17 |
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