CN102185256A - 尤其基于铝氧化物的陶瓷绝缘体及其制造方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及尤其基于铝氧化物的陶瓷绝缘体及其制造方法,该陶瓷绝缘体(2)尤其基于铝氧化物(Al2O3),其包括构造用于吸收UV射线的介质,其中所述介质是陶瓷材料。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及陶瓷绝缘体,尤其是基于铝氧化物的陶瓷绝缘体以及包括该种绝缘体的内燃发动机火花塞,本发明还涉及所述绝缘体的制造方法。
背景技术
在现有技术中,基于铝氧化物的陶瓷被认为具有极佳的绝缘性能与很高的耐压强度。对于这种绝缘体在例如火花塞中的应用,铝氧化物被配备以烧结辅助介质。所述烧结辅助介质例如由镁氧化物(MgO)、钙氧化物(CaO)和硅氧化物(SiO2)这三种成分组成。该烧结辅助介质在温度相当低时即出现熔液形态,因此提高了材料的烧结特性。
发明内容
根据本发明的具有如权利要求1所述特征的陶瓷绝缘体具有得到明显改善的电击穿强度。尤其是在将根据本发明的绝缘体应用在火花塞上时,火花塞可被构造得更小,而点火电压却可以保持不变或者提高。这种可提高点火电压的小结构火花塞尤其被应用于现代内燃发动机中,这是因为在现代内燃发动机,例如直喷式发动机中,火花塞必须被安置在离喷嘴很近的地方。在本发明的框架内已经确定:在分层化的电介质中,也就是说在一种(就像在火花塞中存在的那样的)“电极/空气/陶瓷/电极”或者“电极/空气/陶瓷/空气/电极”这样的结构中发生电击穿时,通常会产生局部放电,而且还可能产生“滑闪(Gleitfunke)”。所述滑闪又会放射出紫外线范围内的射线。铝氧化物是可以被UV射线穿透的。这意味着,射线能够入射到绝缘体中,并在存在的微孔中将气体电离。带电粒子在两电极之间的电场中被加速,其在撞击到微孔壁时可能会损毁陶瓷中的晶体结构并因此引起电击穿。因此普遍认为分层化的电介质中的绝缘强度明显小于直接接触式电介质的绝缘强度。因此根据本发明,陶瓷绝缘体需要防止受到电离性的UV射线的照射。由此绝缘强度的潜力能够得到更好的利用,并且在最好的情况下,能够提高到直接接触式绝缘体的水平。所有这些优点是通过陶瓷绝缘体,特别是基于铝氧化物(Al2O3)的陶瓷绝缘体实现的,所述陶瓷绝缘体包括构造用于吸收UV射线的介质,其中,该种介质是陶瓷材料。与例如金属料层相比,所述陶瓷材料具有决定性的优点,即陶瓷材料更加稳定。在绝缘体被应用到处于燃烧室极端环境中的火花塞上时,这一点尤其有利。
各从属权利要求示出了本发明其他的有利改进方案。
有利的是,用于吸收UV射线的介质是构造用于吸收UV射线的陶瓷添加物和/或陶瓷UV防护层。绝缘体基础材料中的陶瓷添加物或者说陶瓷UV防护层吸收尤其通过滑闪产生的UV射线。
另外有利的是,在所述绝缘体上设置导电防护层。由此可以驱散在电击穿之前产生的局部放电。
优选这样设置,即,添加物被集中在绝缘体的表面的至少一部分上并因此形成UV防护层。这种UV防护层在UV射线能够侵入到绝缘体内部之前就会将其吸收掉。由此就防止了绝缘体微孔中的气体的电离以及带电粒子在电场中的加速。
在另一优选设计方案中是这样设计的,即,添加物被集中在绝缘体的表面的至少一部分上,而且/或者所述添加物分布在所述绝缘体中,以便减小所述绝缘体的UV透射度。在制造这种绝缘体时,可以在例如烧结工序之前将基础材料铝氧化物与以粉末为形式的添加物混合到一起。这样,在烧结工序之后,所述添加物就被几乎均匀地分布在所述绝缘体中了。作为上述设计方案的补充或可选设计,所述添加物被集中在绝缘体的表面的至少一部分上并因此形成表面UV防护层。
另外有利的是,用于吸收UV射线的介质还包括金属氧化物。在此种情况下,优选应用钛氧化物(TiO2)和/或锌氧化物(ZnO)。这两种材料吸收UV射线极为有效,而且通过适当掺杂就可具有导电性。此外,两种氧化物对于燃烧室条件而言是非常稳定的。因此,上述可能方案中的每一种均可利用钛氧化物或锌氧化物来提高所述绝缘体的电击穿强度。第一,所述氧化物可在烧结工艺之前分布在铝氧化物中。第二,所述氧化物可被集中在绝缘体的表面的至少一部分上并因此形成UV防护层。第三,所述氧化物可以掺杂,并能够因此在绝缘体的表面的至少一部分上形成导电防护层。
有利的是,导电防护层和/或UV防护层具有1μm到100μm,特别是20μm到80μm,尤其是40μm到60μm的层厚度。
用于吸收UV射线的陶瓷介质的吸收系数优选至少以因子1000尤其以因子106大于铝氧化物(Al2O3)的吸收系数。因此,所述添加物的吸收系数优选至少以因子1000尤其以因子106大于铝氧化物(Al2O3)的吸收系数。另外,所述UV防护层的材料的吸收系数优选以因子1000尤其以因子106大于铝氧化物(Al2O3)的吸收系数。有利的是将UV防护层构造成吸收至少90%,尤其至少99%的UV射线。
本发明另外还包括用于内燃发动机的火花塞,所述火花塞包括上面描述的绝缘体。对于本发明的火花塞,在“电极/空气/绝缘体/电极”或“电极/空气/绝缘体/空气/电极”的介电层的区域中,所述陶瓷UV防护层优选构造在空气/绝缘体-过渡区上。因此可以构建更小的火花塞,其中,所述点火电压可以保持不变,甚至可以提高。这样就使得现代内燃发动机能够小型化,特别是使得火花塞能够安装在例如离喷嘴非常近的位置上。
在火花塞的优选构造中是这样设计的,即,在所述绝缘体与火花塞的壳体之间的向着燃烧室敞开的缝隙中构造导电的防护层,并将UV防护层构造在绝缘体上。在这里有利的是,与所述导电层相比,所述UV防护层被构建得更靠近燃烧室。这两个防护层优选呈环形地构造在绝缘体的整个外周边上。
此外,本发明包括用于制造基于铝氧化物(Al2O3)的陶瓷绝缘体的方法,其中,由陶瓷尤其由钛氧化物(TiO2)形成的UV防护层与由铝氧化物(Al2O3)形成的基底被一起烧结在绝缘体的表面的至少一部分上。由于钛氧化物的有利特性,由此种氧化物形成的防护层可以随着铝氧化物的烧结工序直接烧制。此时,在由钛氧化物形成的防护层与铝氧化物之间的分界面上构成反应区。有利的是,在根据本发明的陶瓷绝缘体的范畴内所描述的设计方案显然也可以在根据本发明的制造具有钛氧化物的绝缘体的方法范畴内得到应用。烧结优选在1480℃与1680℃之间,特别在1560℃与1600℃之间进行。
另外,本发明还包括用于制造基于铝氧化物(Al2O3)的陶瓷绝缘体的方法,其中首先烧结由铝氧化物(Al2O3)形成的基底并且接下来将由锌氧化物(ZnO)形成的UV防护层烧制在绝缘体的表面的至少一部分上。所述锌氧化物由于汽化温度低,优选在<1300℃的附加的燃烧过程中烧制。结合根据本发明的陶瓷绝缘体所描述的有利设计方案相应地也可以有利地应用于制造具有锌氧化物的陶瓷绝缘体的方法中。由铝氧化物(Al2O3)形成的基底优选在1530℃与1730℃之间,特别是在1610℃与1650℃之间烧结,而锌氧化物(ZnO)则在低于1300℃的温度下烧制。
在优选的实施方式中,钛氧化物在铝氧化物上所占的份额为0.01至2wt-%,尤其是0.01至1wt-%,特别是0.4至0.8wt-%。有利的是,锌氧化物在铝氧化物上所占的份额为0.01至2wt-%,尤其是0.01至1wt-%,特别是0.01至0.5wt-%。
根据另一种可选的制造方法,铝氧化物中被混入用于吸收UV射线的陶瓷添加物,然后再制成陶瓷绝缘体。这种由铝氧化物和陶瓷添加物组成的混合物也可作为基础材料应用在上面描述的两种方法中。
附图说明
下面将参照附图,对本发明的实施例作具体说明。在附图中:
图1示出了根据一个实施例的具有根据本发明的绝缘体的根据本发明的火花塞,以及
图2示出了该实施例的火花塞的细节。
具体实施方式
图1示出了根据实施例的火花塞1。火花塞1包括绝缘体2,在该绝缘体上安置有壳体10。在绝缘体2中设置有贯通的空腔3。在空腔3中,顺序安装有连接螺栓4、第一接触构件(Kontaktpanat)5,电阻构件(Widerstandspanat)6、第二接触构件7以及主电极8。在壳体10上安装有接地电极(Massenelektrode)9。
在火花塞1的靠近燃烧室的那一侧,在壳体10与绝缘体2之间有一缝隙13朝着所述燃烧室的方向敞开。
图2示出了图1所示的火花塞1的靠近燃烧室的那一侧的截取部分。其中尤其能够看到壳体10与绝缘体2之间的缝隙13。在该缝隙中,在绝缘体2的外侧面上具有陶瓷UV防护层11和导电防护层12。UV防护层11与导电防护层12呈环形地围绕绝缘体2的整个***布置。UV防护层11比导电防护层12离燃烧室更近。无论UV防护层11还是导电防护层12,优选的层厚度都在1μm与100μm之间。
借助于这一实施例示出了所述陶瓷UV防护层11与导电防护层12优选在绝缘体2上的布置之处,以便实现有利的绝缘强度特性。当然,有利的是,也可以仅采用陶瓷UV防护层11,而不采用导电防护层12。特别是对于像火花塞1的缝隙13中存在的那些分层化电介质来说,防护层11和12的特殊性能会得到发挥。通过导电防护层12可以适当驱散部分电荷。通过UV防护层11能够吸收UV射线。另外应当注意的是,作为可选或者补充方案,可以在绝缘体基础材料中掺混陶瓷添加物。
Claims (11)
1.陶瓷绝缘体(2),尤其基于铝氧化物(Al2O3),所述陶瓷绝缘体包括构造用于吸收UV射线的介质,其中,所述介质是陶瓷材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷绝缘体,其特征在于,所述用于吸收UV射线的介质是构造用于吸收UV射线的陶瓷添加物和/或陶瓷UV防护层。
3.根据权利要求2所述的陶瓷绝缘体,其特征在于,所述添加物被集中在所述绝缘体(2)的表面的至少一部分上并因此形成UV防护层(11)。
4.根据权利要求2或3之一所述的陶瓷绝缘体,其特征在于,所述添加物被集中在所述绝缘体(2)的表面的至少一部分上,而且/或者所述添加物分布尤其均匀地分布在所述绝缘体中,以便减小所述绝缘体(2)的UV透射度。
5.根据前述权利要求之一所述的陶瓷绝缘体,其特征在于,所述介质包括金属氧化物尤其钛氧化物(TiO2)和/或锌氧化物(ZnO)。
6.根据权利要求2或5之一所述的陶瓷绝缘体,其特征在于,所述UV防护层具有1μm到100μm尤其20μm到80μm尤其40μm到60μm的层厚度。
7.根据前述权利要求之一所述的陶瓷绝缘体,其特征在于,构造用于吸收UV射线的介质的吸收系数至少以因子1000尤其以因子106大于铝氧化物(Al2O3)的吸收系数。
8.用于内燃发动机的火花塞(1),包括根据前述权利要求之一所述的绝缘体(2),其中,尤其在“电极/空气/绝缘体/电极”或“电极/空气/绝缘体/空气/电极”的介电层的区域中,UV防护层(11)被构造在空气/绝缘体-过渡区上。
9.根据权利要求8所述的火花塞,其特征在于,所述绝缘体(2)上的UV防护层(11)被构造在所述绝缘体(2)与所述火花塞(1)的壳体(10)之间的向着燃烧室敞开的缝隙(13)中。
10.用于制造基于铝氧化物(Al2O3)的陶瓷绝缘体(2)的方法,其中由陶瓷材料尤其由钛氧化物(TiO2)形成的UV防护层(11)与由铝氧化物(Al2O3)形成的基底一起烧结在所述绝缘体(2)的表面的至少一部分上。
11.用于制造基于铝氧化物(Al2O3)的陶瓷绝缘体(2)的方法,其中,首先烧结由铝氧化物(Al2O3)形成的基底并接下来将由陶瓷材料尤其由锌氧化物(ZnO)形成的UV防护层(11)烧制在所述绝缘体(2)的表面的至少一部分上。
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CN105009389A (zh) * | 2013-03-01 | 2015-10-28 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | 火花塞 |
CN107248698A (zh) * | 2017-06-29 | 2017-10-13 | 宋天顺 | 一种电阻型火花塞 |
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JP6631201B2 (ja) | 2014-12-08 | 2020-01-15 | 株式会社デンソー | 点火装置並びにこれに用いられる超親水膜の製造方法 |
MX2017009710A (es) * | 2015-01-29 | 2018-04-30 | Fram Group Ip Llc | Aislante de bujia que tiene un recubrimiento antisuciedad y metodos para minimizar la suciedad. |
DE102019126831A1 (de) | 2018-10-11 | 2020-04-16 | Federal-Mogul Ignition Llc | Zündkerze |
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CN105009389B (zh) * | 2013-03-01 | 2018-04-24 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | 火花塞 |
CN107248698A (zh) * | 2017-06-29 | 2017-10-13 | 宋天顺 | 一种电阻型火花塞 |
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DE102009055397A1 (de) | 2011-07-07 |
CN102185256B (zh) | 2015-11-25 |
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